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==Explanation of Plates==


All drawings were made by Mr. James F. Didusch according to geometric projection. With the exception of figure 7, which was made from a profile reconstruction, all figures were drawn from the original plaster-of-paris models made from human fetus No. 886 of the collection of the Carnegie Laboratory of Embryology. The number of the model from which each figure was drawn is given, together with the magnification.  
All drawings were made by Mr. James F. Didusch according to geometric projection. With the exception of figure 7, which was made from a profile reconstruction, all figures were drawn from the original plaster-of-paris models made from human fetus No. 886 of the collection of the Carnegie Laboratory of Embryology. The number of the model from which each figure was drawn is given, together with the magnification.  

Revision as of 11:50, 16 February 2011

Links: Carnegie Institution of Washington - Contributions to Embryology


Explanation of Plates

All drawings were made by Mr. James F. Didusch according to geometric projection. With the exception of figure 7, which was made from a profile reconstruction, all figures were drawn from the original plaster-of-paris models made from human fetus No. 886 of the collection of the Carnegie Laboratory of Embryology. The number of the model from which each figure was drawn is given, together with the magnification.

Note - the magnifications refer to the original print versions, not the online images.

Plate 1

Macklin-plate01.jpg

Note - the magnifications refer to the original print versions, not the online images.

Fig. 1. Chondrocranium from above with frontal and parietal bones on right side. The densest part of the frontal bone is inclosed by a dotted hne. The basal plate is not quite horizontal, the cranial end being a little the closer to the eye of the observer. Model 1. X6.25.


Fig, 2. Chrondrocranium from below with cartilaginous branchial arch skeleton extirpated. Frontal and parietal bones are shown on right side. The basal plate is not quite horizontal, the caudal end being a httle the closer to the eye of the observer. The view is directly into the anterior nares. Model 1. X6.25.

Fig. 3. Skull from front, showing membrane bones on right side. Face is seen in frank view. The cervical vertebrae and cartilaginous branchial arch skeleton are also seen. Model 1. X6.25.


Fig. 4. Skull from back, giving a frank view of the foramen oocipitale magnum. The cervical vertebrtae are seen, their arches beiag as yet unclosed dorsaUy. Note the alignment of the hemiarch tips with the dorsal foraminal prominences, representing the extremities of the hemiarches of the occipital vertebra. The right half of the interparietal bone is seen. Model 1. X6.25.


Plate 2

Macklin-plate02.jpg


Fig. 5. Skull from right side, showing membrane bones. The cervical vertebrae and cartilaginous branchial arch skeleton are included. Only the right half of the skull is shown. Model 1. X6.25.

Fig. 6. Left half of chondrocranium, cervical vertebrae, and cartilaginous branchial arch skeleton as seen from left side. Model 1. X6.25.

Fig. 7. Profiles of external form of head, brain and upper end of spinal cord, and skull, in their normal relation to one another, as seen from the right side. Drawn from a profile reconstruction. Xl-9.

Fig. 8. Condensed mesenchyme enveloping the vomer, seen from front, side, and above. The anterior extremities of the vomer are indicated. The gutter in the center is for the lower edge of the nasal septum. There is a slight amount of lateral curvature. The cut edges of the mesenchyme are indicated. Model 22. X12.5.

Fig. 9. Two halves of the vomer from the same point of view as that of figure 8. They are very slender spicules of bone lying along the lower border of the nasal septum. Model 21. X12.5.

Fig. 10. Median stem of skull as seen from right side. It consists of the basal plate behind and the interorbital and nasal septa in front, forming ai- "btuse angle at the body of the sphenoid. The adjoining exoccipital cartilage is shown in part. Junctions with cartilage lying laterally are shown. Model 4. X12.5.

Fig. 11. Right half of basal plate and parts of upper two cervical vertebrae, sectioned in the mid-sagittal plane. The cut surface is seen in frank view. Shows the preossification center for the basioccipital, the notochord, the pharyngeal bursa with a little of the epithelium of the roof of the pharynx, the temporal wing, dorsum seUae and a portion of the exoccipital. Model 8. X12.5.

Fig. 12. Left cartilage of Jacobson from left side with neighboring septum. Models 2 and 25. Xl2,5.

Fig. 13. CartUages of Jacobson from below in relation to nasal septum. Models 2 and 25. X12.5.

Fig. 14. Right half of occipital cartilage and parietal plate from in front and within, with the ascending process and right half of inter-parietal bone in its mesenchyme. Connections with adjoining cartilages are shown. Model 24. X6.25.


Plate 3

Macklin-plate03.jpg


Fig. 15. Interior of right otic capsule from within and above. The inner wall of the capsule has been cut away to show the lateral wall of the cavity. Figure 21 shows this cavity modeled as a solid. The superior and posterior semicircular canals are shown, with the entrances to the lateral canal. A good view is afforded of the spiral septum in the wall of the cochlear space. The membrane fiUing in the vestibular window is indicated. Other features are the medial end of the tuba auditiva with its entrance into the pharynx, the alar process of the temporal wing of the sphenoid, the aUcochlear commissure, the internal carotid artery, and views of the fifth and seventh cranial nerves. Model 14. XlO.


Fig. 16. Right otic capsule and associated structures seen from right side, front, and a little below. The suprafacial commissure has been removed. The facial nerve is shown in its relation to the otic capsule and styloid process, with its off-shoots, the chorda tympani and the great superficial petrosal nerves, the latter arising from the geniculate gangUon. The tip of the long crus of the incus appears in relation to the chorda tympani. A prominent object is the tympanic cavity fundament, of which the lateral surface is shown, presenting an impression at the site of the future tympanic membrane. The auditory tube is shown in its full extent. The immense semilunar ganglion with its root and branches, the internal carotidartery, and the processus alaris of the temporal wing of the sphenoid are seen. Model 14. XlO.

Fig. 17. Right otic capsule, medial surface, frank view, showing connections with adjoining cartilages and openings toward the cranial cavity. Model 5. XlO.

Fig. I8. The space within the right otic capsule seen from within, modeled as a solid; the surface presented fits into the cavity shown in figure 23. Openings toward the cranial cavity are shown. Note the large volume of this cavity in comparison with that of the membranous labyrinth wliich fills it (fig. 19). Compare also figures 21 and 22 in this respect. Model 6. XlO.

Fig. 19. Membranous labyrinth of right otic capsule contained within the space shown in figure 18. Figures 17, 18, and 19 were all drawn from approximately the same point of view, so that an accurate idea may be gained of the space contained within the otic capsule and the membranous labyrinth within that. Model 7. XlO.

Fig. 20. Right otic capsule, lateral surface, frank view, with openings looking outward. The attachments of the cartilage of Reichert and of the short process of the incus are seen. Model 5. XlO.

Fig. 21. The space within the right otic capsule, seen from without, modeled as a sohd; the openings are indicated. Model 6. XlO.

Fig. 22. Membranous labyrinth of right otic capsule contained within the space shown in figure 21. Figures 20, 21, and 22 were all drawn from approximately the same point of view. Model 7. XlO.

Fig. 23. Medial wall of right otic capsule, seen from without, the lateral wall having been cut away. The cutting of the capsular wall was not done in quite the same way as in the model shown in figure 15, so that the cut edges do not fit together exactly. The inner wall of the space is seen with the endolymphatic and internal acoustic foramina. Model 26. XlO.

Fig. 24. View from front of mass of cartilage (massa angularis) partially inclosed by the semi- circular canals of the right otic capsule. Above is seen the superior canal leading into the space for its ampulla and, farther downward and to the right, into that for the utriculus. To the left is the space for the ampulla of the lateral canal and, farther back, the lateral semicircular canal appears. Model 15. XlO.

Fig 25. View of same mass of cartilage shown in figure 24, but seen from below. The lateral semicircular canal is conspicuous to the left, passing above into an enlargement for the ampulla of this canal and for the utriculus, with the beginning of the superior canal above. Below, the lateral canal passes medially into an erdargement for the inferior extremity of the posterior canal and for the crus commune. Model 15. XlO. Views of the angular mass from other aspects are seen in other figures, as from without in figures 20, 5, 6, and from within infigure 15.

Plate 4

Macklin-plate04.jpg

Fig. 26. Right maxilla, palate, medial pterygoid plate with hamular process, temporal wing, sphenopalatine ganglion, and associated nerves, seen directly from within. Cut surface showing junction of temporal wing with alar process is seen. Note the incisive suture partially separating the maxilla and premaxilla. Model 11. X12.5.

Fig. 27. The same structures as those seen in figure 26 with the exception of the medial pterygoid plate, seen from above. The relations of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve and its branches to the different structures are shown. Model 11. X12.5.

Fig. 28. Lateral aspect of the right palate bone and medial pterygoid plate, with their investment of condensed mesenchyme. Model 18. X12.5.

Fig. 29. The same structures seen in figures 26 and 27, but viewed from below. The tooth gutter of the maxilla and premaxilla is conspicuous and the lower end of the incisive suture appears. The zygomatic bone also is shown. Compare with figure 30. Model 11. X12.5.

Fig. 30. Condensed mesenchyme enveloping the right maxilla, palate, and medial pterygoid plate. The developing teeth are seen in their gutter in the maxilla. (Compare with figure 29 drawn from approximately the same point of view.) The cartilaginous hamular process is seen projecting from the medial pterygoid lamina. Compare also with figure 36, forbdeveloping teeth of the right lower jaw. Model 25. X12.5.

Fig. 31. Frank view of the right mandible, Meckel's cartilage, and associated structures, seen from within. The cartilaginous precursors of the auditory ossicles are seen above, in relation to the facial and chorda tympani nerves. A ghmpse of the squama temporalis is given and also of the goniale. Note the relations of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. Model 9. X12.5.

Fig. 32. Lateral aspect of lower end of the right Meckel's cartilage, showing especially the area applied closely to the mandible, where the cartilage is showing the changes preliminary to ossification. (Compare with figures 33 and 35.) Model 16. X12.5.

Fig. 33. Right mandible from same viewpoint as in figure 31, showing the tooth gutter and area of close apposition to the lower end of Meckel's cartilage. Model 10. X12.5.

Fig. 34. The same structures as those shown in figure 31, but the model was rotated somewhat medially around its long axis. While presenting all the structures from a new angle, it shows especially the relation of the nerves to the mandible. Model 9. X12.5.

Fig. 35. View of right mandible with the model in the same position as that shown in figure 34; it is rotated so as to afford a good view of the tooth gutter. Model 10. X12.5.

Fig. 36. Condensed mesenchyme around right mandible viewed from approximately the same point as that of figure 35. It shows the developing teeth of the right lower jaw. The mesenchyme is connected across the midhne with its partner of the opposite side, the cut edge being shown. Model 23. X12.5.


Plate 5

Macklin-plate04.jpg


Fig. 37. Mucous membrane of inner wall of right nasal cavity, overlying the septum; it is cut away to show the right organ of Jacobson. (Compare with figure 10.) Model 20. X12.5.


Fig 38. Mucous membrane of lateral wall of right nasal cavity, overljing the right ectethmoid, showing folds for the developing conchce. The mucous membrane fits over the structures seen in figure 41. The elongated nasopharyngeal canal, flanked by the developing palate and medial pterygoid plate, is well seen. Model IS. X12.5.

Fig. 39. Lateral aspect of right ectethmoid from the front, side, and a little below, showing especially the nasolacrimal duct, with the nasolacrimal sac and the lacrimal ducts above, and, below,the expanded end, applied to but not perforating the external aspect of the mucous membrane of the inferior meatus. The tip of the paranasal cartilage hes just lateral to the duct and the tiny shred of osseous tissue representing the lacrimal bone is seen lying along the posterior maxillary process. The cupular process of precartilage is conspicuous in the lower part of the figure. The broad plate of epitheUum, which represents the future inferior meatus, but which has not yet undergone cleavage except posteriorly, is plainly shown. Model 18. X12.5.

Fig. 40. Anterior end of right ectethmoid, with the epithelial plug in the anterior naris, embraced medially by the cupular process of precartilage. The terminal portion of the nasolacrimal duct is shown, entering the space for the inferior meatus, with a small portion of the mesenchyme of the maxilla. Model 19. X12.5.

Fig. 41. Medial aspect of right ectethmoid, showing the developing concha. Precartilage is especially evident in the superior concha, the small process of the middle meatus, and the cupular process. The other conchce are edged with it. Themesenchyme envelopes of the maxilla, the palate, and the medial pterygoid plate are seen. The cartilaginous hamular process is conspicuous, as are also the developing teeth of the right side of the upper jaw. (Compare figure 30.)

Note also the tip of the nasolacrimal duct in the space for the inferior meatus. Model 25. X12.5.

Fig. 42. View of right hyoid arch from without, below, and behind. The connection with the otic capsule is seen above and below appears the lesser cornu of the hyoid cartilage. The relations of the facial nerve, chorda tympani, and tympanic cavity are well seen, and the handle of the malleus is plainly shown in a concavity representing the stratum mucosum of the future tympanic membrane. Model 17. X12.5.

Fig. 43 Medial aspect of left ectethmoid (compare with figure 41), showing developing conchse. The anterior portion of the tectum nasi has been trimmed a little farther laterally than on the right side, and hence the cut surface is not quite the same in the two figures. The cupular process is omitted. Model 3. X12.5.

Fig. 44. View of right hyoid arch from within and slightly above, with its membranous connection with the lesser cornu of the hyoid below (as in fig. 42) and the cut edge of its connection with otic capsule above. Fitting into the curvature of its upper portion is the epithelium of the developing tympanic cavity, which from this point of view is almost parallel with the plane of the paper. The ring-like stapes is seen and to it is attached the tendon of the stapedius muscle, with the muscle itself passing medial to the facial nerve and to the upper end of the styloid process. The handle of the malleus is also seen, with the chorda tympani lying just medial to it. Model 17. X12.5.

Fig. 45. Cartilages of the hyoid, thyroid, cricoid, and upper end of the trachea, seen from the front. On the left side of the model the precartilaginous edging of the upper three cartilages is shown. Model 12. X12.5.

Fig. 46. Right haK of the same structures seen in figures 45 and 47, viewed from within. The precartilage of the arj'tenoid is seen and should be compared with the young cartilage of the same structure shown in figure 47. Model 13. X12.5.

Fig. 47. Same structures seen in figure 45, but viewed from behind. The asymmetry evident in the arytenoids and in other places is due to the fact that on the left side of the model the precartilage was shown, whereas on the right side only the cartilage and young cartilage appear. Model 12. xl2.5.



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