Book - Contributions to Embryology Carnegie Institution No.1-6: Difference between revisions
| Line 129: | Line 129: | ||
(Professor Brodel, Baltimore, Maryland.) | (Professor Brodel, Baltimore, Maryland.) | ||
Pathological embryo, 3.5 mm. long. Ovum hemorrhagic and fleshy, measures 45X45X22 mm. Its walls are thin and lined with the amnion. Villi few in number, ramifying through the blood clot; some fibrous, being rich in cells; others show mucoid degeneration. There is very | Pathological embryo, 3.5 mm. long. Ovum hemorrhagic and fleshy, measures 45X45X22 mm. Its walls are thin and lined with the amnion. Villi few in number, ramifying through the blood clot; some fibrous, being rich in cells; others show mucoid degeneration. There is very little trophoblast left. At certain points small knobs of syncytium are present, especially along the main wall of the chorion. It appears as if a renewed effort were being made to produce villi to take the place of those degenerated. | ||
[[Mall1915 fig02.jpg|600px]] | |||
'''Fig. 2.''' Figure of the distended tube of No. 324, with an outline of the ovum surrounded by the blood riot indicated with stipple. X 1/1. Drawn by Brodel. | |||
[[Mall1915 fig03.jpg|600px]] | |||
'''Fig. 3.''' Figure of the embryo found within specimen No. 324. X 7 times. (Drawn by Max Brodel.) | |||
Revision as of 17:23, 29 April 2014
Embryology - 16 Apr 2024    Expand to Translate
|
|---|
| Google Translate - select your language from the list shown below (this will open a new external page) |
|
العربية | català | 中文 | 中國傳統的 | français | Deutsche | עִברִית | हिंदी | bahasa Indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | မြန်မာ | Pilipino | Polskie | português | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ | Română | русский | Español | Swahili | Svensk | ไทย | Türkçe | اردو | ייִדיש | Tiếng Việt These external translations are automated and may not be accurate. (More? About Translations) |
Mall FP. On the fate of the human embryo in tubal pregnancy. (1915) Contrib. Embryol., Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 221, 1: 1-104.
| Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages |
|---|
 |
Description of the Individual Specimens
No. 109.
(Dr. Harvey Gushing, Baltimore.)
Embryo OR 10.5, NL 11, AR 9.5 mm.
(Plate 1, figs. 1, 2, 3, and plate 4, fig. 3.)
"The patient, a widow, had her last normal period m the latter part of September (1897). She thinks she was impregnated just before her November catamenia, which was very scanty and appeared in the middle of November. The operation, which was for supposed appendicitis, took place December 16, at 10 p. m."
At the operation the tube was found ruptured and from it an ovum, 30 mm. in diameter, protruded. This specimen appeared normal and upon being opened a normal embryo was found. In handling, the head became compressed a little, thus accounting for the slight injury of the midbrain. The specimen was first placed in dilute and then in 95 per cent alcohol. The embryo was stained in alum carmine, and cut into sections 20^ thick. Sections were also made of the chorion through its attachment to the tube wall. These were stained in various ways.
The villi of the chorion are beautifully developed, with a delicate mesenchyme, to all appearances normal. Their epithelial covering is very extensive and the trophoblast grades over into a layer which covers the tube wall. At certain points the chorion and tube wall are separated, the opening being filled with blood. On the one hand is the tube wall witli its epithelial lining, and on the other hand the villi butting up against the blood clot. When the trophoblast comes in contact with the blood clot, the cells invade it first as a layer and then as individual cells. These findings correspond with those of Bryce and Teacher in their young specimens. Between the outer border of the trophoblast and the mesenchyme of the villi are numerous characteristic groups of syncytial cells. The outer layer of the trophoblast not only permeates the adjacent blood clots, but also the wall of the tube, where it often forms layers encircling the blood lacunae. Apparently the trophoblast cells have invaded the blood sinuses of the tube wall; in places both trophoblast cells and characteristic endothelial cells he side by side. Of course it might be possible to describe this outer layer as belonging to the decidua, but as the cells are identical in appearance with the other trophoblastic cells and very unlike the endothehal cells of the blood sinuses, this interpretation is excluded. Where the villi do not come in contact with the tube wall, its epithelial lining is intact; at the point of juncture between the tube, epithelial colls, and trophoblast, the former degenerate, while the latter are very active in appearance. Occasionally groups of leucocytes are seen, showing that these are also implicated in the process which is destroying the tube wall. Apparently no decidua is present. The villi appear normal; they have a clear cellular mesenchyme, in which are embedded numerous embryonic blood vessels. The embryo is also normal.
No. 154.
(Dr. Boldt, New York.)
Ovum 10X7X7 mm., found within a mass of blood with the uterine tube.
When it was cut into serial sections no trace of an embryo could be found, but the sections show that the chorion had been torn, though the edges of the tear were rounded and infiltrated with mesodermal cells. The main wall of the mesoderm and the villi in the neighborhood of the tear were fibrous and atrophic. The rest of the villi were normal in appearance. The villi at the attachment of the mesochorion showed curious processes which in section make them look like "jacks." No amnion was found.
No. 175.
(Dr. Boldt, New York.)
Embryo CR 13, NL 13 mm.
This specimen came from an emergency case of tubal abortion, the patient having peritonitis at the time.
"The patient was supposed to suffer with acute dyspepsia; subsequently the condition was diagnosed as appendicitis. It was stated also that she had skipped her period 4 days, when a sound was put into the uterus and turned around several times, after which slight bloody discharge was present. Examination showed uterus slightly softened, perhaps enlarged, but owing to already existing peritonitis the conditions (?) could not be definitely mapped out in cul-de-sac. Moderate pouching, as though from intraperitoneal period, was discerned. Face anemic; features pinched, as found in cases of beginning peritonitis. On right side, diagnosis, ectopic pregnancy with rupture of tube; operation li hours later, proved to be tubal abortion. Abdomen full of blood ; tube still bleeding freely, hence it was taken off with the ovary. The ovum is intact and the distal part of the tube shows beautifully where the ovum has been contained. The latter floated out with the blood when the abdomen was opened. Usually they are lost."
On June 10 Dr. Boldt sent the ovum. It was put in 95 per cent alcohol within 5 minutes after removal from abdominal cavity. The normal ovum measured 30 by 25 by 25 mm. and was well covered with villi. Normal embryo'. Sections of the chorion are not satisfactory. The villi, which are embedded in a mucoid mass, are encircled by a thick membrane containing maternal blood vessels infiltrated with lymphocytes. Apparently the portion of the chorion sectioned is covered with a thin layer of inflamed tube wall, either giving rise to the peritonitis or due to it.
No. 179.
(Dr. Ellen A. Stone, Baltimore.) Embryo CR 70 mm.
This specimen was found free in the abdominal cavity mixed with blood at an operation by Dr. Gushing. Normal.
No. 183.
(Dr. Boldt, New York.)
Embryo CR 28, NL 23 mm.
" I send you a specimen of tubal pregnancy in the course of abortion; at least I think that I was able to feel the embryo still in the tube about 1.5 cm. from the abdominal extremity. The clinical part is very peculiar, in fact probably unique. The patient had been having hemorrhages off and on for 3 weeks, accompanied by intense pain, so that her physician thought she would abort daily; she not aborting, counsel was requested with a view of removing the uterine contents. When I examined the woman, two clots of blood, as big as my fist, escaped per vaginam and I was told that such profuse bleeding had been in progress for a week, moderate bleeding 2 weeks sooner. The patient was exsanguinated from loss of blood. The abdomen, too, showed that the bleeding, intra-abdominal, had been going on quite a while. It was full of blood; the bleeding from the tube could be seen very nicely. Some blood quite recent; blood very old, large clots of blood, probably 2 or 3 days old, were numerous. The oldest blood, which was in firm yellowish red clots, was on the floor of the pelvis. If you find anything to account for this typical picture, I would be pleased to get full particulars. It was suggested that it might be due to a placenta praev. in the tube."
Dr. Boklt sent a specimen of tubal pregnancy, in which the fetus of 2 months was found still within the tube. The great interest in this case lies in the fact that the operation was performed as the process of tubal abortion was taking place. The abdominal extremity of the tube is dilated to a diameter of 1 cm. The uterine end is completely occluded. The tube is 2.5 cm. in diameter at the thickest point. The patient had had bleeding for 3 months at irregular intervals, accompanied by cramp-like pains. During the week before the operation the bleeding was very profuse, so that the physician (who thought that the patient had an intrauterine pregnancy) said that she would abort. Large clots were expelled per vaginam. The patient was very anemic and suffered great pain. In the abdomen there was a large quantity of blood which had escaped at different times, as shown by the varying degrees of consistency; some clots were recent, bleeding having continued from the tube, while some were very firm and yellowish-red, the latter being on the floor of the pelvis. The bleeding for such length of time without completion of the abortion is the main interesting feature.
The entire tube is 85 mm. long and 38 mm. in diameter. The chorion fills most of the tube and the amniotic cavity is small, and encircles closely the normal embryo. The tube is open at its fimbriated extremity. In the folds of the fimbria; is a large quantity of blood. All stages of degeneration are found in the villi of the chorion.
No. 196.
(Professor Brodel, Baltimore, Maryland.)
The specimen, hardened in formalin, contained two suspicious bodies which were cut into serial sections. One proved to be the embryo, greatly deformed, representing a stage about 3 weeks old. The tissues of the embryo were quite homogeneous, only the central nervous system being recognizable. One eye and a large blood-vessel could
Fig. 1. Outline of tube of No. 196, showing method by which it was opened. X 3. From a sketch by Mr. Brodel.
still be faintly outlined. At points the amnion and umbilical vesicle were blended completely with the chorion. The outside of the chorion had attached to it a few long
and thick villi which did not branch. The chorion and these villi were covered with a layer of syncytium of unequal thickness, which in many places had invaded the mesoderm. The whole chorion was embedded in a large mass of mother's blood. The most remarkable part of this specimen is found within the blood-vessels of I hi' chorion. They are gorged with nucleated blood corpuwlcs filled with a pigment of the same color as that surrounding the mother's blood. It appears as if the syncytium, in destroying the mesoderm of the chorion and the mother's blood, at the same time made it possible for the blood of the embryo to take up the blood pigment thus liberated. At any rate, the blood of a human embryo 3 weeks old contains no pigment, and the sections of this specimen permit of this interpretation. There is also a considerable quantity of mother's blood within the ovum around the embryo, but as the specimen was opened before it was hardened and the corpuscles are all perfect, they need not be taken into consideration in the interpretation just given. The villi are covered with trophoblast, etc. On the outside of the clot is an extensive round-cell infiltration.
No. 197. (Dr. Little.) Normal embryo (CR 11?), 6 weeks old.
No. 256.
(Dr. Mabel Austin, Boston, Mass.)
Embryo CR, 16 mm., AR 11 mm.
(Plate 6, fig. 1.)
On October 27, 1905, Dr. Austin wrote to Dr. Knower:
"I gave you two cat embryos and one human embryo. The former were in quite perfect condition, but the little human had lost one eye, due to the fact of its sticking to the dry sponge on which it was laid at the operation. We remarked at the time that its aspect was very animal-like and compared it later with the cat embryos which it seemed so much to resemble. My notes say that the human embryo measured about 2 cm. in length, while the cat embryos were larger. The following is a page from my notes:
"'Mrs. W., aged 30. Para I, no miscarriages, child 8 years. Last menstrual period, January 10, 1904. Had regular flowing from that time until March 9, when she was taking with nausea, vomiting, and great weakness. She was operated upon March 10 at about 1 a. m. The fetus popped into view as soon as the abdomen was opened, floating on a mass of half-clotted blood. One uterine tube was found ruptured, with villi protruding through the aperture, which was 1 cm. in diameter. Microscopic examination of the tube wall showed it to be edematous, with foci of lymphoid cells. Some decidual cells and numerous well-preserved villi were found in the section. In the ovary, removed with the tube, was a large corpus luteum of pregnancy.' "
When the embryo was received it was found that the head had been injured and the midbrain and forebrain had escaped. A large hole over the eye shows where the brain had escaped from the head. The collapsed head makes the specimen look much like a cat, but the other features are human. There is no tail and there are twelve ribs. Normal.
No. 294. (Professor Brodel.) Normal embryo, CR 35 mm.
No. 298. (Dr. Pearce, Albany, N. Y.) Ovum about 4 mm. in diam. (Plate 5, fig. 3.)
"I am sending a Fallopian tube removed at an operation on March 13. The tube shows rupture over an hemorrhagic swelling. The clinical diagnosis is rupture of an ectopic pregnancy. It is from a woman, age 26, married, who states that the last menstruation was 3 weeks before the operation. The surgeon is positive that it is a case of ectopic pregnancy. I am not so sure of the diagnosis."
On examination two nodules were found, each about 10 by 6 mm., one hemorrhagic, the other with hemorrhagic walls and villus-like bodies on it. The second body had a lumen the coslom (?). Neither contained any trace of an ovum. The ends of the rupture were then cut into serial sections, and in one of them the remnants of the ovum were found. It is about 4 mm. in diameter, composed of small fibrous villi surrounded by trophoblast and blood. Some of the villi have been invaded by leucocytes.
No. 307.
(Dr. H. C. Coe, New York.)
Pathological embryo, 20 mm. long.
One ovary and hemorrhagic ovum, 40 mm. in diameter, and a distorted embryo, 20 mm. long, were received. Sections were made through the tube-cell, chorion, and embryo. The hemorrhagic mass consists of blood through which are scattered long fibrous villi and mucous strands richly laden with round cells. They seem to grade with each other, thus showing all stages of degeneration of the chorion. The embryo is thoroughly dissociated and there are secondary changes in the cartilages, bones, and connective tissues. It must have been strangulated when the villi of the chorion ceased to supply it with nourishment.
No. 314.
(Dr. R. M. Pearce, Albany, N. Y.) Pathological embryo, CR 24, NL 18 mm.
Clot
Embryo removed from a gestation sac of a tubal pregnancy; the fetus under 3 cm. in length.
The embryo had been placed in formalin immediately after the operation. Serial sections show that it must have been dead for some time before the operation, as the tissues are macerated. In the connective tissues there are signs of dissociation and infiltration. Head small and atrophic.
No. 324.
(Professor Brodel, Baltimore, Maryland.)
Pathological embryo, 3.5 mm. long. Ovum hemorrhagic and fleshy, measures 45X45X22 mm. Its walls are thin and lined with the amnion. Villi few in number, ramifying through the blood clot; some fibrous, being rich in cells; others show mucoid degeneration. There is very little trophoblast left. At certain points small knobs of syncytium are present, especially along the main wall of the chorion. It appears as if a renewed effort were being made to produce villi to take the place of those degenerated.
Fig. 2. Figure of the distended tube of No. 324, with an outline of the ovum surrounded by the blood riot indicated with stipple. X 1/1. Drawn by Brodel.
Fig. 3. Figure of the embryo found within specimen No. 324. X 7 times. (Drawn by Max Brodel.)
No. 338c.
(Prof. C. S. Minot, Boston, Mass.)
(Plate 6, fig. 4.)
Distorted embryo of fifth week. Normal.
No. 342.
(Professor Minot, Boston, Mass.)
(Plate 5, fig. 2.)
Pathological ovum, 30X20X20 mm.; pedicle within, 5X1 mm. The specimen has a very thin fibrous chorion, with traces of blood-vessels, practically without villi. Within is a thickened fibrous amnion, to which the process, the umbilical cord, is attached. The cord is also fibrous, contains remnants of its blood-vessels, and has attached at its free end a curious group of round cells, which probably represents what remains of the embryo.
No. 350.
(Professor Brodel, Baltimore.)
Normal embryo, CR 15 mm., NR 12 mm.
No. 352.
(Brodel Collection No. 36.)
Embryo, CR 9, NL 9 mm. Specimen normal in shape, but macerated. Outline of organs sharp, which would go to prove that the specimen is normal.
No. 361.
(Dr. Egbert, Washington.)
Ovum, 10 mm. in diameter.
" I am sending you what I think must be a 10-day ovum. I am indebted to Drs. D. Olin Leech and J. Thomas Kelley for the specimen, the case having occurred in Dr. Leech's private practice. The patient began her last menstrual period on April 15. Did not menstruate as expected on May 13. Attacked with severe pain, tenderness, and muscular rigidity in right iliac fossa on May 23. Operation refused. Patient grew rapidly worse until the afternoon and evening of May 26, when she was taken to the Sibley Hospital and consented to an operation, which was performed at 10 p. m. by Drs. Kelley and Leech. A mass of clot was found embedded in the pelvis and embedded in one of these I found the ovum. The tube was not ruptured, so that a tubal abortion must have occurred at the time of the sudden attack of severe pain on the 23d. Hemorrhage was still active, coming from the right tube near its distal end. Probably development ceased at the time of the abortion, as the ovum was entirely free from the tube. Considering the size of the ovum, impregnation must have taken place about May 13, 10 days prior to the abortion.
"The ovum was found in a mass of blood within the abdominal cavity, due to a tubal abortion. The operation was performed just 41 days after the beginning of the last menstrual period."
The specimen came after it had been in water for 24 hours. It was well covered with villi and filled with a mass of dense reticular and granular magma. No embryo could be found by direct observation. The specimen was macerated too much to allow careful microscopic examination.
No. 367.
(Dr. Hunner, Baltimore.)
Ovum, 10X7X5 mm.
(Plate 4, figs. 1 and 2.)
"This is the specimen of April 24, 1906. Patient's age 33, married 14 years; two children, 12 and 11. Menstruation usually regular every 28 days; flow 3 to 4 days, scanty, no clots. At times intervals of six weeks between periods. Last period April 8, 1906. Since then constant daily spotting. Previous period March 12. Previous period, February 16. These two periods perfectly normal."
The ovum from a tubal pregnancy came to me unopened, and with some adhering cells and blood clot it was cut into serial sections. The chorion was torn on one side, but its interior was packed with a dense reticular magma. No trace of an embryo was found. The mesoderm of the main wall of the chorion was of normal thickness, but on the side towards the coelom it was not sharply defined. Frequently strands of cells were found partly separated and running out into the magma. The tissue of the mesoderm
FIGS. 4 and 5. Sketch of ovum and tube, with an additional figure of the clot which was peeled out of the lumen of No. 367. Above this there is a figure of the remnant of the ovum which was attached to the lower part of the clot near the abdominal end of the tube. X 3. Fnun sketches by Prof. Brodel.
of the villi was not clearly defined as in normal specimens, some having undergone marked degeneration. The villi were developed better on one side of the chorioii than on the other, and here they contained structures which were undoubtedly blood-vessels. The trophoblast was not well developed. However, at points where it had come in contact with blood clots the individual cells were wandering away from it. The surrounding tissue was full of fibrin and contained numerous fragmented nuclei and some blood.
It is natural to read into this specimen the following history: The embryonic mass grew long enough to send its blood-vessels into the chorion and then the nutrition was cut off because the villi did not attach themselves properly. That this was the case is shown by the capsule of necrotic tissue which encircles the villi. As a result of impaired nutrition the embryo was destroyed, leaving only the isolated chorion filled with reticular magma.
No. 369.
(Professor Brodel, Baltimore.)
Ovum 7X3X3 mm. The specimen was removed by operation on October 9, 1906. The woman's last period began September 17. The distended tube measured 25 mm. in diameter and when cut open a small lump, 2 cm. in diameter, was seen on one side of its cavity. This was believed to be the embryo, but serial sections proved it to be a small mass of blood very rich in leucocytes. The sections show the chorion pretty well folded upon itself, and torn at several points. The torn edges are well rounded, that is, they have healed and are therefore not due to the operation. Only a few villi are left, and these, with the main walls of the chorion, are very fibrous in structure. There is but little syncytium present. The entire chorion is separated from the wall of the tube by a thick layer of blood, and the tube wall is well infiltrated with leucocytes. What is most remarkable in this specimen is that the amnion lines the chorion completely and all of the mesoderm of the chorion is well filled with blood-vessels from the embryonic mass, which must have been present at one time.
No. 378.
(Professor Brodel, Baltimore.)
Ovum, 12 mm. in diameter. From a tubal pregnancy, dumb-bell-shaped. It had been opened by Professor Brodel, who found no trace of an embryo in it. It was hardened immediately and later cut into serial sections. At no point in the sections could any trace of an embryo be found, although it is possible, but improbable, that it was lost while the fresh specimen was being examined. The ccclom contains some granular magma. The mesoderm of the main wall of the chorion is apparently normal, but that of the villi is edematous. There are no blood-vessels present. At many points the syncytium is necrotic, frequently rising from the villi, leaving small vesicles below. The necrotic masses are held together by a slimy mass, within which there are a great many small round cells, undoubtedly leucocytes.
FIG. 6. Diagram showing relation of the ovum to the tube lumen, which is ruptured and filled with blood. Natural size. (No. 378.)
No. 389.
(Dr. Casler, Baltimore.)
Embryo, CR 8, AR 8, GL 9 mm. Normal. Tubal abortion occurred several hours after severe hemorrhage. Large clots were found in the peritoneal cavity. These with the tube which was removed were placed in formalin. Before the clots were examined a normal embryo was found among them. It was surrounded by the amnion, but only a few villi were present. Sections show that the embryo is normal.
No. 390.
(Professor Brodel.)
Embryo, CR l.i.n, AR 11. f> mm.
No. 396.
(Dr. Casler, Baltimore.)
(Plate 5, fig. 1.)
Ovum, about 7 mm. in diameter; within the coelom a body measuring 2X1 mm.
"The tube was removed April 24, 1907, from a woman 21 years old. Last period, March 5, followed by a brownish discharge on April 11. Diagnosis of tubal pregnancy on April 23. The abdominal cavity was found well filled with blood and the tube was still bleeding through the internal ostium. The whole tube was removed and placed in a 10 per cent solution of formalin."
The hardened tube is 40 mm. in length and 20 mm. in diameter. It was cut into blocks 5 mm. thick and imbedded in celloidin. Two of the blocks were found to contain the ovum and these were cut out and reimbedded in paraffin and cut into serial sections. The sections show that the ovum has unusually long villi, fully 5 mm. long, which ramify throughout the blood in the tube and in many instances are attached to the decidua. The trophoblast is well developed. The walls of the tube are markedly distended and infiltrated with red corpuscles and leucocytes. Many contain fragmented nuclei, which are also scattered throughout the decidua. Within the coelom of the chorion there is a double vesicle, the large one, 2 X 1 mm. in diameter, showing all the characteristics of the umbilical vesicle. Its Ia3 r er of mesoderm appears to be thickened and at numerous points it has become adherent to the inner wall of the chorion. At these points the blood islands extend over to the mesoderm and from them blood-vessels ramify to all of the villi. These vessels are all lilled with nucleated blood cells. The smaller vesicle is about a millimeter in diameter, is lined with cylindrical cells, and is covered with quite an even layer of mesoderm, in which there are some quite large blood-vessels, but no blood. Towards one of its ends it is covered with a marked layer of cylindrical cells. It may be that this second vesicle represents what is left of the embryo. Around these two vesicles, filling the whole coelom, there is a dense reticular magma. The main wall of the chorion and many of the villi are somewhat fibrous in structure. Some of the villi are being invaded by sync} r tial cells.
This specimen is especially valuable, inasmuch as it shows the early changes which take place in an ovum after it has become lodged in the uterine tube. No doubt, owing to its faulty implantation, the nutrition of the embryo was affected and it consequently grew in an irregular fashion. The umbilical vesicle became adherent to the chorion and its blood-vessels grew out into most of the villi. The trophoblast is active in places and wanting in others (?). Apparently the ovum has been only partly implanted. Some villi are fibrous and denuded, some show mucoid degeneration, and others are normal and well implanted into the tube wall. All stages of destruction of the villi are seen and in many places they are being destroyed by leucocytes. Elsewhere the trophoblast is extensive and many of its single cells are wandering into the blood clot.
No. 415.
(Dr. Casler, Baltimore.)
Villi in tube. The unruptured tube is 40X20X20 mm. and filled with a blood clot. The operation took place 6 weeks after the last period. The entire tube was hardened in formalin and then cut into blocks. The region containing villi was then cut into serial sections. There are a few villi almost hydatiform and there is extensive mucoid degeneration of the mesenchyme. The trophoblast is scanty, often neerotic, as in fact are often the whole villi. A few of the villi which have extended into the tube wall are actively destroying the surrounding tissue with their growing trophoblast. No coeloin was found.
No. 418.
(Dr. Casler, Baltimore.)
A few fibrous villi. Tube removed 5 weeks after beginning of last period. The unopened tube was fixed in formalin and measured 50X25 mm., then cut into slabs, and the part containing the villi was cut into serial sections, every tenth section being mounted. Remnants of a degenerating ovum were found, with very fibrous chorion and villi infiltrated with lymphocytes. The strangulation of the ovum seemed to be complete.
No. 422.
(Professor Brodel, Baltimore.)
Embryo, CR 9, NL 9 mm. Normal. Ovum 30 mm. in diameter. Tissue not well preserved.
No. 426.
(Dr. Hunner, Baltimore.)
Embryo, CR 10, AR 8, NL 8. Normal. Patient's age 36. II para 13, 8; no miscarriages. Operation, October 8, 1905. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Last period due Saturday, September 30. Went to Doctor October 1, and asked him to bring on flow. Some flow on October 2. On Wednesday, October 4, Doctor dilated uterus and that night patient had signs of general peritonitis. I operated October 8 and found fetus floating from its sac in the abdomen. Free blood.
No. 430.
(Dr. Casler.)
(Plate 2, fig. 6.)
Unruptured. 60X35X35 mm., with a cavity 25X20 X15 mm., filled evenly with a dense reticular magma. On one side is a small nodule which in sections appears to be a particle of granular magma. Chorion fibrous, no amnion, the vi'li are for the most part degenerated. Trophoblast fanty. At certain points are large masses of chromatin granules, which no doubt represent the nuclear remains of the syncytium.
No. 431.
(Dr. Griffith, Baltimore.)
Embryo, CR 19, AR 12 mm. The unopened tube 60X45X35 mm., with an amniotic cavity 30X25X25 mm., lined with a smooth membrane and encircled with much magma reticule". The embryo was cut into serial sections and found to be normal in every respect.
No. 432.
(Dr. Chambers, Baltimore.)
Normal embryo, CR 18.5, AR 12.5 mm.
No. 448.
(Professor Brodel.)
Normal embryo, CR 52 mm. Sections of the embryo, which had been injected fresh, indicate that the embryo ia entirely normal.
No. 449.
(Dr. T. Cullen, Baltimore.)
Normal embryo, CR 36 mm. obtained alive. Dr. Evans injected ("he blood-vessels at once. Cut into serial sections.
No. 456.
(Dr. Hunner, Brodel Collection.)
Embryo, CR 19, AR 14 mm. Ovum 45X28 mm.
Patient aged 31. I para, 15 years old. No miscarriages. Expected period November 13. None; more or less pain in the right side, feeling of pressure, nausea and vomiting. Three days before coming to hospital severe pain in right side. Took to bed; nausea and vomiting. No mention of bleeding in history. Conditions at the operation indicate that the blood clot is older than 3 days.
No. 458.
(Brodel Collection.)
Normal embryo, CR 54, AR 39 mm.
No. 472.
(Dr. T. Cullen.)
(Plate 2, fig. 2.)
Hysterectomy for pelvic inflammatory disease. Villi of the chorion found in one tube. Two blocks embedded in celloidin and the entire uterus sent to the Anatomical Laboratory. Three blocks were cut and in one scattered villi, fibrous and well degenerated, were found in the tube lumen near its fimbriated extremity. These lie within a cleft in the thickened tube wall. A few large glands in their neighborhood make one suspect that the section is through the uterus or near to it. The muscular wall is unusually extensive for the tube also. At no point do the villi connect with one another nor with the main wall of the chorion; they are independent. Trophoblast present at parts and invades the muscular tissue. The epithelial "glands" are scattered in the muscular tissue and may represent an attempt at regeneration of the tube wall.
No. 477.
(Dr. A. Miller, Portersville, California.)
Pathological embryo, 5 mm. Tumor mass.
"Age 24. Last baby born April 5, 1908. When baby was 6 weeks old the patient flowed freely. Then there was slight staining during May and June. Nothing was seen during July and August. Became unwell September 1, flow scanty; again in October and flowed freely. Menstruated again about November 16; again December 16. Flowed again January 13, at which time she had severe abdominal pains, cramplike. The patient became very pale and the abdomen was distended and tender. There has been a blood-stained vaginal discharge since January 30, 1910. Laparotomy. Removal of left tubal pregnancy."
The embryo is in a small cavity, 10 mm. in diameter, irregular in form, about 5 mm. long. Sections show that it is markedly changed, being dissociated and possibly macerated. The body wall is greatly thickened. Sections of the tube show beautiful villi, active at some points and degenerating elsewhere. Trophoblast scanty. The main wall of the chorion has small tufts of epithelial cells upon it; at one point it is thin and nearly perforated, being invaded by leucocytes.
No. 478.
(Dr. A. Miller, Portersville, California.)
Embryo, CR 22.5 mm.
"Aged 26. Four months ago the patient felt as if something were pressing against the rectum and as if the bowels must move. One month later she had another attack. During the following week there were three such attacks. Then the discomfort changed to pains like labor pains. Such pains have occurred at intervals to date. Patient has had three children, the youngest 2 years old. The baby was nursed 14 months. Menstruation occurred every month during lactation and continued regularly for 5 months after, that is, menstruation was regular up to and including June 1909. July was missed. In August, 3 months ago, after going 2 weeks over time, she passed a clot and flowed freely. She menstruated again in September. Three weeks ago she had morning sickness for a week. November 27, 1909. Laparotomy. Removal of left extra-uterine pregnancy."
Tumor mass 85X60X45 mm. Within, a displaced pregnancy with a well-marked amniotic cavity just large enough to hold the embryo. Sections of the wall of the cavity showed villi curiously and evenly embedded in blood with an inactive trophoblast and round-cell infiltration of the mesoderm. It appears as if the embryo had been dead for some time, and although normal in form, does not look natural. The tube wall is markedly infiltrated with leucocytes, that also invade many villi. Irregular masses of trophoblast scattered all through the specimen. Lumen of outer end of the tube is filled with a fibrinous clot which
is organizing.
No. 479.
(Dr. T. Cullen, Baltimore.)
Pathological fetus, SO mm. long.
Dr. Cullen writes: "A patient of Dr. Jump; came to see me on January 9, 1911. She has had two children, one miscarriage. Her menstrual history began at the usual time and was regular; the flow was free and without pain. She did not miss any period, but since October the flow has been almost continuous. It would cease for a day or two and then reappear. There has been almost continual pain in the abdomen. It hurts her to sit down or to lie down. There has been no fever. Four years ago she first had an attack of appendicitis. Since then there have been several attacks, the last one just before Christmas of this year. On pelvic examination I could feel the uterus in normal position. To the right was some thickening, to the left and continuous with the uterus a mass about 3 times the natural size of the uterus. To the medical men assembled I said that the history was that of extra-uterine pregnancy. Bimanual examination suggested myoma. On opening the abdomen we found to the left of the uterus a dark reddish-blue mass about 7 cm. in diameter. Over its surface were congeries of congested vessels. It proved to be the left tube. On the surface were a few brown clots, much browner that I have heretofore seen. They were leathery in appearance. We removed the left tube and ovary. The right tube was adherent to the appendix. The ovary was normal. We removed the appendix and drained through the vagina. The patient stood the operation well. I regret exceedingly that I can not give you a definite menstrual history, but there was none. Some of our patients miss one period and then commence bleeding ; others have a period that is rather tardy, but that continues intermittently without any definite missing of the period."
The ruptured tube mass measures 90X70X70 mm. The fetus protrudes. It is flattened and edematous, one
foot being more swollen than the rest of the. body. Evidently it has been dead for some time. Its condition must be accounted for by changes in the circulatory system. The fetus is adherent to the chorion by a band of tissue which reaches from the wall to the neck. The chorion is necrotic, its mesoderm being edematous and the trophoblast is irregular and scanty. At some points it is invading the mesoderm of the syncytiuui. Sections of the leg of the fetus show marked changes in the bone; the epidermis has fallen off and the skin is infiltrated. All these changes can be accounted for by the death of the fetus, which must have occurred at the time of the rupture of the tube.
No. 481.
(Dr. T. Cullen, Baltimore.)
Normal fetus, 57 mm. long. Obtained two hours after the operation. The blood vessels were injected with India ink.
No. 484.
(Dr. T. Cullen, Baltimore.)
Normal fetus 96 mm. long. Injected with India ink two hours after operation. It came in a distended uterusshaped tube, 110X100X80 mm. Apparently normal. Beautiful large villi with scanty trophoblast. Its bloodvessels are distended with blood and the mesoderm is quite rich in nuclei. At its juncture with the tube wall the trophoblast is active and is invading the wall of the tube.
No. 487.
(Dr. R. B. Slocum, Wilmington, North Carolina.)
Normal embryo, about 11 mm. long.
"I am sending part of an embryo from a case of extrauterine pregnancy which had ruptured into the abdominal cavity. The woman menstruated regularly December 20, 1910, and the rupture occurred January 22, 1911. It was broken and put at once into 95 per cent alcohol before I knew it."
No. 488.
(Dr. Hunner, Baltimore.)
(Plate 5, fig. 4.)
Ovum about 5 mm. (?) in diameter.
On January 25, 1911, Dr. Hunner sent i,b*i following: "Since the operation in July 1910 the periods have always been over one week late. In December she was visiting in New Orleans and her period came two weeks late. It began December 11 and she menstruated normally for 3 days. The first intercourse after this period was December 10, on her return from New Orleans.
FIG. 7. Outline of the tube which has been cut off sufficiently to free the ovum (No. 488). XJ.
Intercourse took place one or twice a week until the January period, which began January 16, 8 days late. The first day of the period she walked a great deal and got chilled and that evening the period had almost stopped.
On January 17 she noticed that the period was not like her normal flow, and on January 18 there was only a little brownish discharge. I saw the patient January 19, and she complained that the breasts had remained sore and swollen. Pelvic examination showed the left ovary
Fig. 8. Clot containing the ovum which was removed from the tube lumen (No. 4S8). X 2J.
adherent to the left broad ligament, and tender. No mass could be felt in the tube region. The patient was kept under close observation and continued to have more or less spotting until January 25, the day of operation. The tube was found non-adherent and contained the specimen sent you. The corpus luteum of pregnancy in the left ovary had unfortunately ruptured during the preoperative examination.
FIG. 9. Outline of the ovum, which is covered with straggling villi (No. 488). X 8. (Sketches by Professor Evans.)
On February 28, 1911, Dr. Hunner wrote: "The history of the patient whose ectopic specimen you got on January
25 is as follows: I saw her first May 18, 1908. She was
26 years of age and had been married five years and had had an abortion performed at four months, one year after marriage. Apparently this had produced an infection. A few months after the abortion she had two separate attacks, about 6 months apart, of agonizing pain in the lower abdomen accompanied by fever. Drs. Osier and Russell saw her in these attacks and considered them due to the appendix. Two years after the last attack she consulted me concerning a constant heavy weight in the lower abdomen and because of a desire to become pregnant. I found the pelvic organs bound back on the floor of the pelvis by adhesions.
"Menstrual history: Periods occur on time or 7 to 10 days late, 4 to 5 days flow, moderate at times has to go to bed for a few hours, because of pain in epigastrium and over entire abdomen. In April 1909, while visiting in Boston, she had another attack, considered to be appendicitis. On May 12, 1909, I operated, removing an appendix which was undergoing fibrous degeneration; I freed the uterus, tubes, and ovaries from adhesions and brought them into position by bringing the round ligaments through
the recti muscles (Gilliam method). The tubes and ovaries were so fastened to the pelvic floor as to make a complete covering for the fimbriated ends of the tubes. By brushing off these adhesions in the act of freeing the structures the fimbriated ends were found to be open. The tubes were somewhat thickened and I made a note at the time that conditions were favorable for ectopic pregnancy.
"Operation July 28, 1910. Unruptured ectopic pregnancy right tube. On July 18, the patient began to have an abnormal spotting of dark, thick material which persisted off and on every day for the intervening 10 days. Her period was one week late, but this was not unusual for her. She always had tender, swollen breasts for some days before the period and normally this disappeared after the first day or two of flow. On this occasion the swelling and tenderness had persisted for the 10 days of spotting. She had had a queer feeling in the right side of the pelvis. A small, soft, tense mass was felt in the region of the right tube. Operation revealed near the outer end of the right tube a small swelling about 1 cm. in diameter and 2 cm. long, evidently a tubal pregnancy. The tube was removed. At this operation the left tube was found considerably kinked by adhesions and would have been removed had the patient not been so anxious to become pregnant. So far as possible the adhesions were gently freed."
The tube, considerably swollen in its middle portion, came to us fresh from the operating room. It was opened over the area of enlargement in warm salt solution under the binocular microscope, the coats being carefully dissected apart until the tube lumen was reached. Nothing suggesting a placenta was found, but a large blood clot lay practically free in the lumen. By careful manipulation of the tube from the exterior the blood mass was completely evaginated and freed from the tube, the interior of which was not touched. The lumen was then carefully laid open from the area in question through to the fimbriated extremity. The whole was fixed in Zenker's solution, in which the acetic acid was substituted by 10 per cent formalin (4 per cent formaldehyde) for 24 hours, after which the blood mass was explored and the ovum found and opened, the fixative continuing to act for 8 hours.
Alcohol: 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, etc., to absolute alcohol (4 hours in each).
The specimen, which had been carefully fixed, was cut into blocks, as shown in the figure, and sections were taken from each part. From block No. 6 serial sections were taken. The lumen of the tube is nearly obliterated at its uterine extremity, and towards its fimbriated end the folds become more and more marked. In region 6, these folds cut the tube into many compartments and where the ovum is located the folds are very large and have large blood-vessels in them. In this region there are peculiar cells possibly decidual in the connective tissue. The blood mass is cylindrical in shape and measures 31X12 mm. Near its center the ovum is lodged. This was carefully cleared of blood and found to contain long, irregular villi, some of which measure 3.5 mm. The ovum was opened by Dr. Evans, who noted that it was filled with an amorphous mass. Nothing resembling an embryonic rudiment or an embryo was seen. This mass was subsequently cut into serial sections.
The mesoderm at points seems to be necrotic. No blood-vessels are encountered. The interior of the ovum is filled with granular magma. But little trophoblast is present. Within the coelom curious hyaline bands are seen intermingled with maternal blood corpuscles. The mesoderm of the villi is partly fibrous and partly granular. In the latter case there are only a few nuclei present.
No. 495.
(Dr. C. F. Davidson, Easton, Maryland.)
(Plate 6, fig. 3.)
The specimen, which has been cut open, measures 30 X 25X25 mm. The cavity within, which has been cut into, was about 6 mm. in diameter. On one side of the cavity is a small nodule which, when sectioned, is found to be a clot of blood. No embryo is found. The cavity is lined with a smooth, fibrous membrane, the chorion; there is no amnion. The villi are also very fibrous, being covered with a scanty trophoblast. Between the chorion and the wall of the tube, which is very thin, is an organizing clot of blood. Scattered through it there are groups of chromatin granules from syncytium and also of leucocytes. At points the syncytium is invading the mesoderm of the chorion.
No. 490.
(Dr. Lee, New London, Conn.)
Normal embryo, CR 18 mm. Patient 37 years of age, 7 years previously had been delivered of a normal child. The present illness was believed to be due to a tubal pregnancy of about 6 weeks duration. A ruptured tube was found on the left side and an embryo 18 mm. long. One ovary was removed. The chorion was free and appeared to be normal. It was not cut. Sections of the tube wall show that very few fibrous villi were present.
No. 497.
(Dr. Walter Tobie, Portland, Maine.) Embryo, normal, CR 43 mm. Ruptured. The tube wall was sent to me.
No. 503.
(Dr. Hunner, Baltimore.)
Normal embryo, CR 13 mm., AR 11 mm.
"Mrs. D., age 28 years, admitted to the Johns Hopkins Hospital May 9, 1911. Clinical diagnosis, ectopic pregnancy right side. Has two children, youngest 3^ years old. She last had her menses normally on February 6. The following week, three weeks ago, she began to bleed and has been bleeding ever since. Has passed no clots, but the blood manifests itself as a stain and is not much in quantity. Since the onset of this bleeding the patient has had intermittent cramp-like pains in the lower abdomen, of from five to ten minutes' duration. On account of these she has been in bed for the last two weeks. Her stomach is intolerant of medicines. Before the peritoneum was opened through a median-line incision a blood clot was made out beneath. The right tube was large and distended with blood clot. The tube was removed and opened, the blood clot was exposed, and in it a fetus was found. The appendix was then exposed; it was long, thickened, bulbous at the end, and bound up in adhesions.
The mass measured 50X40X30 mm. The specimen had been in salt solution all night in a cool place. Next morning it was fixed in formalin. The tube was well ruptured, and the chorion, which was hemorrhagic, was exposed. Amnion about 15 mm. in diameter. Head of embryo crushed, but specimen appeared normal. The sections are hard to interpret. The folds of the tube are very large; in them may be seen great blood sinuses. The organized blood as well as the tube wall is being invaded by trophoblast. Villi irregular, with extensive trophoblast and syncytium. Some villi degenerating and invaded by leucocytes. Main wall of chorion thiu and covered with syncytium.
No. 507.
Ruptured tubal pregnancy brought from the Johns Hopkins Hospital by Dr. Evans. Specimen 50X35X30 mm., its cavity lined with a smooth membrane. No embryo found. Tissues quite hard, and do not stain well; apparently necrotic. History and specimen unsatisfactory. No follicular salpingitis on fimbriated side of ovum.
No. 513.
(Dr. T. Cullen.)
Unruptured. Placed immediately in strong formalin. It measures 70X30X30 mm. Later it was cut into slabs and in one of them was found a collapsed ovum. At one point some of the villi of the chorion were quite free. The coelom was filled with granular magma, and within it there was a sac, about 6 mm. in diameter (the amnion). No embryo found. The clot was well organized, being also encircled with a wall of leucocytes. Ovum collapsed, the villi irregular and fibrous, some long and slender and ending as a club. Trophoblast scanty; at some points it had degenerated completely, leaving a hyaline mass with granules of chromatin. Some showed a mucoid degeneration. Others had been invaded by trophoblast or by leucocytes. All kinds and stages of degeneration were apparent. There were blood-vessels in the chorion. Outpocketings in middle portion of tube.
No. 514.
(Dr. Harvie, Troy, New York.)
The tube measures 15X8X8 mm. and contains a small clot. Hardened in formalin. Sections show a few degenerate villi, some only as shadows, others hyaline, and a few with a number of buds of syncytium. Trophoblast scanty, often missing entirely.
No. 515.
(Dr. Ernest Cullen.)
Ovum 17X14X11 mm. Operated upon by Dr. Cullen, April 13, 1911. Patient colored, age 33 years; was in collapse; hemoglobin 20 per cent. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy was suspected. The peritoneum was full of blood; the tube was found ruptured near the isthmus. Many clots and apparent placental fragments were floating free. The left (?) tube and ovary were removed. Among the free fragments an ovum (about 12X15 mm.) was discovered; it showed many branched, rounded villi, averaging 1.5 to 3.5 mm. in length. An apparently normal yolk-sac, 3X5 mm. (?), with vessels. No trace of embryo. Specimen in bichloride acetic. (Beautifully fixed material.)
The specimen shows villi normal in shape. It had been split open by Dr. Evans. Repeated examinations revealed only a smooth internal surface without amnion or embryo. It was stained in lolo and cut into serial sections. There are blood vessels in the chorion but no amnion; possibly there are some remnants of an embryo. The villi appear to be fibrous, the trophoblast is scanty, and some of the syncytium has undergone hyaline degeneration. Corpus luteum apparently not normal; infiltrated with round cells which often look like the follicles of the lymph gland. Sections of tube normal.
No. 517.
(Dr. Sommer, Trenton, New Jersey.)
"The history is indefinite, as the patient does not speak English and the data were only imperfectly obtained through an interpreter. Age 34, Italian, multipura, married 5 years. One year ago she had pelvic pain, evidently from a peritonitis. Menses regular. Four months ago there was a recurrence of pain, but no irregularity of menses. The uterus is retroflexed and adherent. There is tenderness up to the left, where a cystic movable mass is felt, anterior to the uterus. Abdominal section April 2, 1911. There was free blood in the abdominal cavity and signs of an old pelvic peritonitis. On the left side was a thin-walled tube on the point of rupture. This ruptured and an organized clot was extruded, in the middle of which a set of membranes were found attached. The right tube was closed and filled with altered blood and adherent. Mass 40X30X30. Within there is a deep cavity containing a vesicle and a folded amnion, both attached to the chorion at the same point. The cord is broken and appears normal; no embryo found. Sections show a granular mass in the vesicle. The chorion and amnion appear normal, the former containing blood-vessels. The villi and trophoblast show marked changes, hyaline degeneration of the syncytium with destruction of its nuclei often appearing as a mass of bacteria (?). From the appearance one would say that normal development had gone on until a short time before the operation, when the specimen became 'detached' or 'strangulated.' "
No. .519.
(Dr. Hunner, Baltimore.)
(Plate 6, fig. 7.)
Unruptured. The kinked unopened tube with one ovary was sent to the laboratory. An organized clot found in the tube measured 25X20 mm. There was an open cavity in the ovary. Sections show only a few scattered fibrous villi in the organized clot. At some points large masses of leucocytes occur; at others these few trophoblast cells are invading the clot.
No. 520.
(Dr. Harvey, Troy, New York.)
Unruptured. The tube was distended with a large clot, which peeled out easily. It measures 60X35X30 mm. On the outside of the clot is a gelatinous mass 5X3X3 mm., which in sections appears to be the remnant of the ovum. From this a long fibrous process, a villus, enters the clot. Other fibrous villi are present: the leucocytes segregate in the middle of the clot.
No. 524.
(Dr. E. Cullen.)
The mass measures 70X60X50 mm.; within it has a cavity, 25 mm. in diameter, lined with a smooth membrane, to which is attached a hemorrhagic mass. This is 14 mm. long and continuous with a gelatinous cord, 15 mm. long and 2 mm. in diameter. The wall of the chorion is well denned. It is lined with the amnion, and the umbilical cord ends in a membrane which may represent the body wall of the embryo. There are definite blood-vessels in the cord and in the chorion. It appears as if the embryo hail reached an advanced stage of development, and then had been destroyed by trauma or otherwise. The villi of the chorion are all in a partly organized clot with many leucocytes and trophoblast cells scattered through it. At some points long streams of trophoblast run from the villi through the clot into the wall of the tube, where they linn a blood sinus. The villi are very irregular in form, often denuded of trophoblast and invaded by leucocytes. At other points are beds of syncytium. Follicular salpingitis.
No. 535.
(Dr. R. B. Slocum, Wilmington, N. C.) Embryo CR 11 mm. The tubal mass measures 60X 55X50 mm. and is Unruptured. It is lined with a smooth membrane, both chorion and amnion, and contains a distorted, but apparently normal, embryo. There an- no j external branchial arches, the ribs are easily seen and the | eye measures 0.6 mm. The tube wall and the rhorion is one thick organized clot with villi in all stages of degeneration. The inflammatory process has invaded the entire tube wall that is, the villi are almost destroyed. They are irregular and have but little trophoblast over them. No blood-vessels are in the villi, although numerous free blood-cells are in the meshes of the mesenchyme. Much of the trophoblast is necrotic.
No. 539.
(Dr. Mayo, Baltimore.)
A multipara, 27 years old, came complaining of pains in the left side. The period was one day overdue, but has always been irregular. The specimen has been somewhat injured. The tube is 40 mm. long and 8 in diameter. At certain points a blood clot is protruding from the lumen. Sections show a well-organized clot with much fibrin and many leucocytes. In the clot are scattered degenerated villi of irregular size, some distended and decidely mucoid in nature, others fibrous. There is very little trophoblast present, and many of the villi are being invaded by leucocytes.
No. 540.
(Dr. Mayo, Baltimore.)
(Plate 6, fig. 6.)
The patient is 35 years old and has had one child, 10 years old. A year ago she had acute pelvic inflammatory disease, and since that time has had continuous bleeding. An operation for chornic pelvic inflammatory disease was instituted, and a tubal pregnancy was found. The unruptured tube, measuring 50X16X16 mm., was hardened in loto. It was filled with a blood clot, 14 mm. in diameter. The blood clot fills the lumen of the tube and with it is a small collapsed ovum. Irregular villi ramify from it throughout the clot. Within the clot they are fibrous, but at its periphery they have an extensive and active trophoblast, which encircles the tube wall as well as the clot. The tube wall also contains masses of leucocytes, and is being destroyed rapidly. Outpocketings in uterine end of tube.
No. 553.
(Dr. Roeder, Grand Island, Nebraska.)
A Syrian, age 26, nursing her first child, which is now 13 months old. Started menstruating four months ago. Had two periods and then missed two. Operated on November 8, 1911, for pain in left lower abdomen. Blood clots were found in the peritoneal cavity. The left tube of a pregnancy of about 2 months was removed. It measured 50X23X23 mm. and contained a clot 30X15 mm.; this appears to contain a collapsed ovum. Sections show that the ovum is collapsed; in one section it is hourglassshaped. Irregular villi with a scanty trophoblast are scattered through the organized clot. There is some trophoblast in the tube wall. This ovum had failed to remain implanted. There were no embryo blood-vessels in the chorion. Mucous membrane of fimbriated end normal.
No. 554.
(Dr. W. B. Hetfield, Brooklyn, New York.) 50X20X20 mm. nodular embryo, 1 mm. long. Unopened tube sent fresh. It was placed in formalin at once and later cut into blocks. The clot within is closely adherent to the tube wall, and contains a cavity 20X10 mm. At one point in the coelom is a flattened nodule, composed mostly of round cells, and undoubtedly the remnant of the embryo. The villi are irregular, fibrous, and degenerating; some are necrotic. The chorion contains blood vessels. There is not much trophoblast and the leucocytes are very numerous, often invading the villi.
No. 561.
(Dr. Sperry, Baltimore.)
Operation January 8, 1912. Menses regular until October 17; then the period was missed until November 27. Profuse bleeding for the last few days. No decidua found in the uterine scraping. There was a tubal pregnancy near the uterine end. The tube measured 28X22 X22 mm. It was cut into blocks after it had been hardened in Zenker formalin solution. Within was a collapsed ovum. Part of the villi had degenerated and blood had entered the coelom. There were no blood-vessels in the chorion. The villi were partly fibrous and partly mucoid; where they reached the tube wall some were well formed and covered with trophoblast. The chorion was well implanted in the tube wall, but most of it lay in its lumen. There were, however, cyst-like spaces in the wall lined with epithelium, which were possibly pockets from the lumen of the tube. A curious granular mass stained intensely with hemotoxylin was present among the villi. Similar masses were seen in other specimens. Strands of fibrous mesenchyme extended into the ctt'lom. These possibly represent the remnants of the embryo. Multiple lumina in uterine end of the tube.
No. 567.
(Dr. T. Cullen, Baltimore.)
(Plate 2, fig. 5; plate 7, fig. 1.)
Embryo 5 mm. long.
"Admitted to the Church Home, January 31. The periods began at 14 and have always been regular, coming at intervals of 21 days and lasting about 5 days. There has been no history of intermenstrual bleeding, nor other disturbances with menstruation. Her periods have been at times associated with some backache. Present illness: About 2 weeks ago the patient began to menstruate, the previous period having been 3 weeks before, no longer time than this having ever elapsed between periods. This time bhe commenced to suffer with abdominal pain, which gradually decreased with cessation of the menstrual flow. A week later, one week before admission, she began to bleed again and to suffer severe abdominal pain which she described as cramps. The bleeding has become worse each day during the past week until her admission to the hospital."
Tube 55X30X25 mm., filled with blood and containing a cavity 15X10 mm. lined with a smooth wall. After a long search the embryo was found. As it was markedly dissociated and macerated, only the main features could be made out. The embryo and villi show remarkable changes. The villi are partly necrotic, fibrous, and mucoid. Some have large vesicles, making them appear much like fatty tissue. The trophoblast is extensive and invades the tube wall. The mesenchyme of the main wall of the chorion is very thin, having dissolved itself into the coelom. Pockets in middle of the tube (?).
No. 570.
(Dr. Hunner, Baltimore, Maryland).
(Plate 3, fig. 1.)
Patient aged 24, married lo months. In March 1911, after missing two periods and after heavy lifting, she had a miscarriage at about 6 weeks and curettagefor secundines. She has felt well since the miscarriage in March 1911 and has had regular periods, the last period beginning December 26. On January 9 she began to bleed, only a small quantity of thick, dark blood. This has continued ever since up to the day of operation, February 9. When the period was due, January 24, there was an apparently normal bleeding for a few days. On January 13, on coming home from theater, she complained of a heavy feeling in the lower abdomen, which was almost more than she could bear. On January 15 she had a similar pain. After this she had no pain or ache until February 3, when, before getting out of bed, she was seized with a sudden pain beginning in the lower right side and continuing for 2 or 3 hours. This was relieved after coming downstairs and taking some hot coffee.
She was examined on February 8. The abdominal walls were rather tense; there was slightly more resistance and tenderness in the right pelvis. No attempt was made to outline a mass for fear of rupture. On February 9, a vaginal exploratory incision was made posterior to the cervix, and a small amount of bloody fluid was found in Douglas's pouch. The right tube was delivered and excised. The right ovary was normal. The left ovary and tube were not seen but seemed to be normal. No recent Graafian follicle was found in the right ovary. Tube, 30 mm. long, opened by Prof. Brodel, who probed out a clot, measuring 25X14X8 mm. This was hardened in corrosive acetic mixture.
A collapsed irregular ovum, embedded in a curious fibrous mass, was found. The chorion consists of a ramifying mass of tissue without blood-vessels or typical villi. There is very little trophoblast.
No. 575.
(Dr. Hunner, Baltimore.)
(Plate 2, fig. 4, and plate 7, figs. 2, 3.)
Tube, 50X30X25 mm. The tube came unopened and was hardened in formalin. Later it was cut longitudinally and found to contain a blood clot 40X23X18 mm. Sections through the clot show a collapsed ovum with a coelom about 5 mm. in diameter. The clot is well organized and ramifying through it are fibrin bands, among which are many leucocytes. The villi show all stages of degeneration, fibrous and mucoid. Many are necrotic.
No. 576.
(Dr. Sperry, Baltimore.)
Embryo, CR 17, AR 16 mm, Normal ovum kept in normal salt solution for 8 hours, then placed in formalin. The tube measures 60X40 mm., the cavity 30X30X25 mm. Within the wall of the tube is a layer of blood into which the ovum has implanted itself. The villi enter the clot as tufts and look quite normal. At their tips the trophoblast enters the blood clot, and along fibrin strands leucocytes radiate. Numerous atrophic villi are in the clot. The ovum as a whole peeled out easily. It is completely covered with beautiful villi.
No. 597.
(Professor Brodel, Baltimore.)
Normal embryo, 9 mm. long. Last period about G ks ago. Began bleeding about 10 days ago and stopped on day of operation. The ovum, about 20 mm. in diameter, was about to abort from the uterine tube into the abdominal cavity. Fragments of an ovum and embryo are embedded in the blood clot. The villi are numerous and branch two or three times. Apparently they are all of the same size. The embryo is normal in form, but its head is broken. It is about the stage of No. 163. Its greatest length is 9 mm. There are numerous marked changes in the walls of the chorion, and curious cells in their mesenchyme. The villi are not robust and the trophoblast is scanty. The chorion is almost entirely separated from the tube wall by a mass of blood. The embryo, which is not cut, is perfectly smooth and apparently normal. Many degenerating villi are found in the clot. At certain points the villi butt up against a mass of leucocytes and here there are degenerative changes in the trophoblast. It is often scanty and wanting, and in the latter case the leucocytes are invading the mesenchyme.
No. 602.
(Dr. Sperry, Baltimore.)
(Plate 6, fig. 5.)
At operation the tube was found to be bleeding from its free end an apparently beginning tubal abortion. The tube measured 50X25X2.5 mm. After being hardened in formalin, it was cut into blocks and a collapsed ovum, 13 mm. in diameter, was found within. Sections through this show that it is filled with blood and separated from most of the tube wall by a fresh clot. At one point the villi are blended with a fold of the tube. The collapsed ovum is a mass of degenerating villi, many leucocytes and red corpuscles, as well as a most active trophoblast, so active that it often ramifies away from the villi into the clot, giving the appearance of connective tissue. At certain points the syncytium is enormous, the nuclei often making a continuous mass. Follicular salpingitis in fimbriated end of tube.
No. 612.
(Dr. Nichols, Baltimore.)
(Plate 6, fig. 2.)
Embryo, 8 mm. Patient, age 34, mother of a healthy 8 months old child. No miscarriages. Ruptured tubal pregnancy (left), operated upon by Dr. F. K. Nichols (St. Agnes) at 1 a. m. October 4. Sac opened at operating table, when embryo was seen. Put at once into 4 per cent formalin. Changed at 5 p. m. into 10 per cent formalin by Dr. Evans. The sac containing the embryo was sewed up at once. Two pieces were cut off and put into fresh 10 per cent formalin. October 8, 1912. The tube was cut open; it contained a beautiful white body, probably a distorted normal (?) embryo. The distended tube is about 30 mm. in diameter, with a cavity lined w r ith a smooth membrane, 10 mm. in diameter. In it is the body of an injured embryo, the sections of which look like those of a crushed normal specimen. The section of the chorion would pass for one from a normal ovum in the tube. All of the processes seem active. The tissues of the embryo are pretty well disorganized, but stain well. I was inclined to believe them normal, but Dr. Evans thought otherwise. The tissues are probably dissociated. The embryo is injured too much to determine its form and stage of development. The villi are beautifully
developed, having a transparent mesenchyme in which are delicate blood-vessels. The trophoblast is very extensive, with large syncytial masses. It is nccrotic where it comes in contact with masses of leucocytes. The trophoblast has eaten nearly through the tube wall and at some points has eroded the blood-vessels. In places the extensive trophoblast shows beautiful vacuolation.
No. 634.
(Dr. Hetfiekl, Brooklyn, New York.)
Embryo, CR 10, AR 14 mm. The patient, '_':> \<>;irs old, missed her period 4 weeks before the ectopic pregnancy was recognized. The embryo is somewhat distorted, but to all appearances is normal. Only the embryo was sent to the laboratory.
No. 640.
(Dr. Lowsley, New York.)
A ruptured tube (60X40X30 mm.) ami ovary were sent. Sections of the tube show a mass of villi with an extensive trophoblast. Many villi are degenerating, but many others appear to be normal. The villi have blood vessels filled with blood. Although they appear to be quite active, it is possible that the tube ruptured some time before the operation. The main chorionic wall could not be seen in any of the sections.
No. 657.
(Dr. Elting, Albany, New York.)
(Plate 7, fig. 4.)
Normal embryo, CR, 25 mm.
On April 20, 1913, Dr. Elting writes:
"The patient is a woman aged 36, who has been married twice. She is white, has one child 17 years of age, has never had any miscarriages previously, and has always enjoyed the best of health. Her menstruation has always been regular. What she regards as her last menstruation and which she says occurred at the regular time, began 3 or 4 days before she entered the Albany Hospital, March 12, 1913. She had no idea at that time that she was pregnant. On admission to the hospital she was flowing moderately. There was some enlargement of the uterus, and a small mass on the left side was made out. No positive diagnosis of extra uterine pregnancy was made, although such a condition was considered and thought possible. Aside from the specimen, there was practically no other pathology evident at the time of operation. The patient made a very satisfactory recovery and is at the present time perfectly well."
The whole uterus with both ovaries was received in formalin. A window cut into the distended tube revealed a beautiful normal embryo. This tube measures 90 X 50X50 mm. The ovaries are very fibrous on the opposite side of the tubal pregnancy containing the corpus luteum. The space between the chorionic membrane and the tube wall, some 8 to 10 mm. in thickness, is composed of a clot, much of which is fresh. Through the clot ramify the villi, many of them reaching the tube wall, where they are covered with a rich and active trophoblast. This invades the tube wall as villi in its folds, showing that a firm attachment has been made. Many of the villi are degenerating, and in the older portion of the clot there is an active invasion of the leucocytes. The chorionic wall is quite thin in places, but in general it appears to be normal. Many of the villi are necrotic and are being invaded by leucocytes. In places the folds of the tube unite at their tips, forming pockets. In general they have been pretty well eaten up by the trophoblast, and some of them lie in the clot. The ovaries are very fibrous, being filled with corpora fibrosa. No small Graafian vesicles are present in any of the sections. There is one large one, but the section is not through the ovum. The uterine mucosa seem normal. Mucosa of uterine end of tube inflamed.
No. 659.
( Dr. Vest, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore.) The specimen, secured fresh from an operation upon a white woman by Dr. Russell, consists of a tube with the ovary. Fixed at 9 h 45 m a. m. in hot (40 C.) sat. aq. HgCl 2 and 5 per cent glacial acetic in thermostat at 37 C. for 3 hours, then room temperature for 3 hours, then 60 per cent alcohol. March 28, 70 per cent; March 29, 74 per cent. The tube measures 30X15X10 mm. and contains a clot 9 mm. in diameter. The ovary contains two large cavities, each fully 15 mm. in diameter; one communicates with the surface through a small opening and the other through a large opening. Both are lined with a narrow layer of lutein cells. The clot lies in the tube, which is almost completely lined with a layer of epithelial cells. It contains a few degenerate fibrous villi. At one point the clot is adherent to the tube wall. Here there is an extensive inflammatory reaction, there being many leucocytes at this point. What must be regarded as a few trophoblast cells are also present.
No. 667.
(Dr. Swint, Baltimore.)
Normal (?) embryo. Woman, 24 years old, first pregnancy. Hemorrhage from March 10 to date of operation, April 5. The tube was found ruptured; the ovum, 20 X 12 mm., was protruding from it. The whole tube measures 40X30X30 mm. The villi of the ovum are ragged and long, and upon careful inspection it is clear that the ovum has ruptured and turned inside out. The stalk of the umbilical cord is 3 mm. in diameter and 15 mm. long. Undoubtedly the embryo has escaped. Sections of the villi show they are normal in appearance, with a transparent mesenchyme containing blood vessels filled with blood. The trophoblast is quite extensive. Apparently most of it has fallen off.
No. 670.
(Dr. Smink, Baltimore.)
(Plate 2, figs. 3, 7.)
Normal embryo, CR 12.5, All 9.5 rain. Tube very vascular, just ruptured, and the embryo in its amnion is hanging out. The implanted chorion was cut in position and found to be a beautiful specimen. The chorion seems normal; the epithelial lining of the tube is mostly intact and in many places the extensive trophoblast comes in contact with it. There are beautiful instances of the trophoblast penetrating the maternal blood-vessels and the epithelial lining of the tube, burrowing with gland-like processes into the rmiscle of the tube wall. The chorion and its villi appear normal, but there is much degeneration of the villi where they come in contact with a blood clot, as shown on plate 2. The trophoblast is most active after being piled up in large reticular masses. There are two large hemorrhages between the villi, but in general the intervillous spaces are filled with a clear fluid. In some of the villi there are deep invaginations of the epithelial covering, as shown in the figure. The mesenchyme of most of the villi is very rich in large flat cells which may be resting wandering cells. Pronounced follicular salpingitis.
FIG. 10. Outline of villas, showing group of cells growing into its mpsonuhyme (No. 670). X 60. The part within the square is enlarged on plate 2.
No. 673.
(Dr. Wells, Hartford, Conn.)
"A day or two ago I sent you a fairly early human ovum. It was from a tubal pregnancy in the fimbriated extremity of the left Fallopian tube, just aborting through the end or possibly the side of the tube. The woman was due to menstruate on February 15, but failed to do so. On March 11 she began to flow, but without pain. This continued for 2 weeks and stopped. Early on April 5 she was seized with a sinking spell, which quickly became severe shock. I was then called. She was kept under morphine until she rallied, and on April 7 I operated on her and removed the specimen which I sent you. It was put immediately into formalin and I hope reached you in good condition. The woman is doing well."
The unruptured tube measures 16X16X16 mm. It was cut into blocks and inside was found a collapsed ovum. Sections were taken from three parts of the tube. In one of the blocks the coelom was still present with very thin walls. It must have been ruptured, as it contained blood. In fact there is an indication of the obliteration of the coelom through adhesion of the adjacent walls of the chorion. No blood-vessels are present. The villi show degeneration changes, mostly of the mucoid type. The trophoblast is often extensive, especially when it comes in contact with the tube wall, also elsewhere in the blood clot. This is a fine specimen of the destruction of the ovum in the early stages of development.
No. 685.
(Dr. Hundley, Baltimore.)
A pear-shaped tubal mole, 70X60X50 mm., containing an amniotic cavity 15X10 mm., in which are remnants of a pathological embryo about 12 mm. long.
German woman, aged 30 years, married 7 years, no children or miscarriages. Menstruated regularly every month until last month, April, when the flow was profuse and painful. May 7 noticed a slight show of blood. Since that date has been bleeding in small amounts to present time. Was taken seriously ill on the morning of May 18 with severe abdominal pain and great prostration; has dyspmca. Diagnosis: Ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Operation, May 18. When the abdomen was opened, about a quart of free blood was found, some fresh with many dark clots of blood. In the left tube, partly extruded, was the specimen contained in the jar. The specimen was placed in 4 per cent formalin and not handled or disturbed. No history could be obtained as to the probable length of time of gestation. The bleeding , of May 7 occurred 2 weeks after her last menstrual period in April."
The pear-shaped mass, which appears to be a clot peeled out from tube, was cut inlo blocks and microscopic sections were made, one of these being from the middle of the mass. The section passed through the embryo, the amniotic cavity, and the degenerated hemorrhagic chorion. There are but few villi scattered throughout the organized clot of which the mass is composed. It has also within it numerous fibrous strands, often accompanied by many leucocytes. Throughout the clot are scattered degenerated villi, with but little trophoblast, but occasionally with buds of syncytium. The villi show all stages of degeneration, some being necrotic, others infiltrated with leucocytes. The amniotic cavity is encircled with a thin amnion and a degenerated chorion. The embryo stains fairly well and is macerated and disintegrated and appears to be pathological.
No. 686.
(Dr. Cecil Vest, Baltimore.)
Tubal mass, 70X50X40 mm. A colored woman, 29 years of age, has menstruated regularly every 28 days since her twelfth year. Has one child 11 years old. The patient has been menstruating 3 weeks before entering the hospital. Diagnosis: pelvic abscess, peritonitis, and extrauterine pregnancy.
The specimen was taken immediately to the laboratory. It consisted of the major portion of one Fallopian tube, much distended and with large tortuous vessels on its surface, so that the appearance of a placental site was given. A normal embryo being expected, the muscular wall was carefully opened and much clotted blood was met with. The smooth opening at one end revealed the same picture, so that it was decided to open the entire mass boldly by a transverse razor cut. This procedure showed that an exceedingly large and rather firm clot was responsible for the main mass and that through it villi occurred, so that the degenerating ovum was unquestionably inclosed by the clot. The tubal mass was laid into slabs from 3 to 5 mm. thick, none of the sections revealing the embryo. The material was placed in a sat. aq. sol. of HgCl 2 , to which 5 per cent glacial acetic acid was added and fixed 10 hours. While the specimen was in 60 per cent alcohol measurements of the entire mass were 70X50X40 mm. The slabs were separated for dehydration. Three sections were cut from different portions of the mass, one of which includes the outer end of the free tube, as the mass has burrowed into the tube wall, making a large pocket which communicates with the tube.
The mucosa of the free tube wall is markedly inflamed, indicating that the tube was inflamed before the ovum lodged in it. The blood clot is well organized and well adherent to the tube wall, which is inflamed and invaded with trophoblast cells. Scattered through the clot are many individual villi in process of degeneration and destruction. Some are necrotic, but most of them are surrounded with leucocytes. The trophoblast is not extensive and is degenerating, often forming masses of nuclear matter. In one of the sections is a remnant of the
collapsed ovum, fibrous and practirally without i i phoblast. The ovum is detached and is disint>n "it mi; with a clot in an unruptured tube.
No. 694.
(Dr. Tobie, Portland, Maine.)
(Plate 2, fig. 1.)
Protruding clot, 30X20X20 mm. in diameter, with a cavity inside. The specimen came out with the ovary attached. This contained a number of follicles, 4 mm. in diameter, and a small corpus luteum t>X7 mm. In the ovary there is also a second cavity (~Xl- r > mm filled with blood and encircled by a corpus lilirosutn. The tube is 40 mm. long and 10 mm. in diameter, except where the clot protrudes. The latter measures 30X20X20 mm. and contains a cavity (the en-lorn) 13X7X7 mm. This cavity is a closed one; it is lined throughout with mesenchyme and contains two small white nodules, 1 mm. in diameter, attached to the chorion. Sections through the chorion show the mesenchyme well developed, but the villi are degenerating. Many of them are necrotic and at some places there are large masses of nuclear mallei', remnants of the syncytium. At other points the trophoblast is very active, especially where it comes in contact with the tube wall. Here it is invading the tissues and encircling the blood-vessels. Within the blood clot strands of trophoblast run in all directions after being encircled with lymphocytes.
No. 697.
(Dr. G. K. Dickinson, Jersey City, New Jersey.) (Plate 7, fig. 5.)
Tubal mass, 55X30X30 mm. The specimen is from a German woman, 36 years old, this being the sixth pregnancy. The first two were normal; in the third an abortion took place at the fourth month; the fourth ended in a still birth; the fifth was normal. The last child was born on October 10, 1911. Menstruation began in December 1912 and continued until March 1913. The uterine hemorrhage, which relates to the present case, started on May 7, 1913. The operation for tubal pregnancy was on June 1, 1913, when the left tube was removed. There was no history suggestive of any pathological process in the uterus; no history whatever uf venereal disease. The specimen was hardened in '2 per cent formalin and sent to the laboratory in this solution; when it came to the laboratory it was found to consist of a rigid tube, the outer half of which measured 55X30X 30 mm. It had been cut open by the operator before the specimen was fixed. The incision made in the tube passed through the mass of a clot which was about 20 mm. in diameter. The clot appeared to be well fixed, and within was a cavity lined with membrane, folded in places, which probably represented the amnion. Within this cavity was soft granular tube about 3 mm., probably the embryo The specimen was cut through the outer third and the inner third of the tubal mass. The second cut passed through the embryonic "remnant." Sections through this show what appears to be a degenerate embryonic head, much resembling the lymph follicle, in which thenis a faint outline of the dissociated central nervous system. The inner mass is surrounded with a delicate membrane covered with a single layer of flattened epithelium. The cavity containing the embryo is lined throughout with a degenerated chorion, to which the amnion is attached more or less freely. The chorionic wall and villi show marked fibrous, as well as mucoid, degeneration. Many of them are necrotic. At no point in the sections does the chorion come in contact with the tube wall, but is separated by the clot, which is ramified by many bands of fibrin. This clot is markedly free from lymphocytes. Some of the villi are covered with an active syncytium, which extends into the clot, and forms pronounced trophoblast; in places there are also individual cells. The mesoderm and some of the villi are also being invaded by the syncytium. The tube is hypertrophied, but at no point in the sections does it show an invasion of trophoblast cells; it is, however, infiltrated with leucocytes. Follicular salpingitis and outpocketings are present.
No. 706.
(Dr. H. M. Tony, Detroit, Michigan.)
Ruptured tubal pregnancy, 55X15X15, containing a normal embryo 6.5 mm. long. American, aged 31 years. Contracted pelvis (anterior superior spine 20 cm., crests 23 cm., trochanter 31 cm., external conjugate diameter 16 cm.). This is the fourth pregnancy. Abortion by surgeon five years ago because of contracted pelvis, birth at 6 months two years ago. Patient seen on June 8, 1913. Periods have been regular, but last was missed 3 weeks ago. On June 2 had labor pains and a bloody discharge, passed clots, but the temperature and pulse were normal. At the time of examination the uterus was found enlarged and very tender, and there was a mass to its left. There was no evidence of infection. Venereal disease was positively denied. Diagnosis: Left tubal pregnancy.
The patient was taken suddenly with intense pain in the left lower abdomen on June 0. Pulse of collapse, 120; temperature 97.6. Improvement was gradual. Operation on June 10. The abdominal cavity contained many large clots, but. no fresh hemorrhage. The left tube contained a fetus and membranes, which had ruptured downward. Both ovaries appeared to be normal. No salpingitis, no pelvic imflammatory disease. The uterus waa enlarged but appeared to be normal. When the specimen came it contained a clot protruding from the ruptured tube. Within this there was a cavity, about 7 mm. in diameter, just large enough to hold an embryo. We were probably dealing with an unruptured specimen, as only the clot protruded from the ruptured tube wall. No description of the embryo was given. Sections of the clot containing the chorion show that the chorionic wall is fibrous, with few long, slender villi extending from it in various directions through the blood clot. Some of them contain blood-vessels and the blood-vessels are filled with blood like the main wall of the chorion. The blood clot is not infiltrated to any extent with leucocytes nor with trophoblast cells; there are, however, numerous isolated cells in the probable neighborhood of the villi and occasionally they run together and form a syncytium. The lymphocytes or leucocyt.es seem to accumulate more in the neighborhood of the villi. The ovary contains numerous corpora fibrosa and also a large cavity which is filled with clear fluid and is surrounded by small patches of lutein cells. This cavity communicates with the protrusions upon the surface of the ovary, but do not contain any fluid.
No. 720.
(Dr. J. M. Hundley, Baltimore.)
(Plate 8, figs. 1, 5.)
Unruptured right tube, 90X30 mm. This specimen consists of an unopened tube which has a smooth surface and is considerably swollen in its middle third. The straightened-out tube measures 90 mm. and the middle
distended third 30 mm. The diameter of the inner third is 5 mm., the middle third 14 mm., and the outer third 9 mm. The patient, aged 40 years, has had seven live-born children and six miscarriages. The youngest child is 4 years old. She has had two miscarriages since his birth. The menstrual periods have recurred every 3 weeks and are more profuse than formerly. The last menstrual period began on May 14. In June she should have menstruated 3 weeks after that date (June 4), but did not flow until June 29. On that date she was taken with violent pains in the abdomen and then with uterine hemorrhages. She bled profusely for 2 hours and then the bleeding ceased, but returned on July 3. She was operated on by Dr. Hundley July 4. She was brought to the University Hospital to be operated on for appendicitis, but a diagnosis of a possible tubal pregnancy was made before operation. The abdomen contained about a pint of old blood clot. The pregnancy had occurred in the right tube.
The specimen was received at the laboratory in formalin July 11, 1913, in which it was carefully preserved. A drawing of it, natural size, is shown in the illustration. It was cut into blocks, sections being taken from four portions of the tube. The smooth tube was found filled with a blood clot, apparently organized, but not adherent to the tube wall. At certain points the collapsed ovum could be made out. Sections through the tube near the uterine end of the clot show that the mucous membrane is in folds which are not in apposition with a small extension of the clot into this region. This portion of the clot is granular, apparently being composed of degenerated red blood corpuscles. The two sections through the clot (6 and c in the figure) show a well-organized clot with fibrin bands extending through it, degenerate villi, and masses of white blood-cells. The trophoblast is generally wanting, except where the villi come in contact with the tube wall, where it is quite active. At these points the epithelium of the tube wall is wanting and the trophoblast is invading the muscle wall, which shows an active inflammatory reaction. The villi show all stages of mucoid degeneration and at certain points some are necrotic. The section through the fimbriated end of the tube shows that its folds are intact, but bound together more or less by a fluid exudate. There is no inflammation here.
No. 726.
(Dr. Wright, Baltimore.)
Tubal mass, unruptured, 60X40X30 mm. The specimen came from a white woman, 30 years of age, who had been married two years, and had had an abortion at 3 months, and one full-term child was born in February, 1913. She menstruated in March and again from April 25 to 29. Ten days later began to flow, and continued to do so up to the day of operation. At first the flow was bright red, later it was scanty and dark colored. She denies having had venereal disease. Operation for ectopic pregnancy July 15, 1913. Right tube and ovary removed. The specimen came to the laboratory in formalin. The tube and ovary together form an irregular mass 60X40X 30 mm. The proximate end of the tube is small, and the distal fimbriated end can not be found. Towards the distal end there is a hemorrhagic mass, 20X35 mm., which had been cut into after the specimen was fixed. Sections were cut through the ovary and through three portions of the tube. The tube on the central side of the pregnancy has very extensive foldings, the section of the mucosa forming a network with numerous processes ending blindly in the mesh The spaces are filled with blood serum and pus, indicating that there had been an extensive salpingitis with pocket formation of the mucosa. fimbriated end shows a similar inflammation, but no pocket formation. The main mass consists mostly of a clot, partly organized, throughout which is seen much nuclear material representing degenerated syncytium, and i few villi on the loft, most of which show a mUCOld degeneration of their mesenchyme. The tube wall is somewhat inflamed; its epithelial lining is for the most part wanting. There is no trophoblast in any of the sections.
No. 728.
(Dr. Branham, Baltimore.) Tubal mass, 60X40X30 mm.
Ruptured collapsed tubal wall with several blood clots, some of which are about 5 cm. in diameter. Embryo 15 mm (?) The specimen was brought to the laboratory fresh and put in a finger bowl. Among the floating fragments were found the tail and legs of an apparently normal embryo about 15 mm. long. All were preserved in f< malin. _ n
The specimen came from a white American woman, .31 years of age, this being her second pregnancy, the first iviving ended at full term. Her last menstrual period began May 8 and continued to May 15. On May 29 she began to bleed. When she consulted Dr. Branham, he found that the uterus was markedly enlarged, and on July 17 she was operated on for tubal pregnancy. At the time of the operation, it was found that the left tube had ruptured near its distal end. No history of venereal disease The specimen consists of two large blood clots, a collapsed tube, which has been opened throughout its length, and one ovary, to which a piece of the tube is attached. This piece is apparently the fimbriated end. Within the ovary is a cavity filled with gelatinous fluid, but there is no hemorrhage. The lower part of the embryo which accompanies this specimen appears to be normal, as the legs are well formed.
Sections were made through the middle of the cavity which contains the embryo and through the large vesicle of the ovary. The section through the thick wall of the ovum shows that the chorion is well infiltrated with leucocytes and the villi are matted together with bloody syncytium and an organized clot. The epithelium covering many of the villi is necrotie, and at these points are large accumulations of leucocytes, showing that there was a very active inflammatory process before the tube was ruptured. At some points on the surface of the clot there is considerable activity of the trophoblasts. Elsewhere the cores of the villi show various kinds of degeneration, both fibroid and mucoid. Sections through the vesicle of the ovary show that it is completely surrounded with a wellformed corpus luteum. Outpocketings are present in middle portion of the tube.
No. 729.
(Dr. H. G. Sloan, Cleveland, Ohio.)
(Plate 10, figs. 3, 4, 5,)
Ruptured tube 20X10 mm., embryo 8 mm. 1-rom a white woman, aged 25, who was married in 1907. She has had four pregnancies. In the first two abortion took place at 6 weeks; the third ended in the birt of a healthy child at term, and the fourth is this tubal pregnancy. ' The last period was from June 22 to 25, 1913. The operation for tubal pregnancy, following rupture of the tube, was performed on July 16. At the time of the operation it was found that the right tube had ruptured
at a point 1 cm. from the uterus, and the fimbriated end of the left tube was inverted and closed by adhesions. The patient acquired syphilis in 1905, and she had a doubtful history of gonorrhea. She came from a large
family.
The specimen, which was fixed in formalin, was received at the laboratory on July 19, 1913, and immediately placed in fresh 10 per cent formalin. It consisted of a small piece of tube, which is about 20 mm. long and 10 mm. in diameter. It is distended with a blood clot and on one side a rupture has occurred which has allowed the ovum to protrude. The ovum is covered with so extensive a mass of villi that it seems to be composed almost exclusively of them. The entire embryonic mass is 8 mm. long; the individual villi are 4 mm. long and branch two or three times. Sections were cut in celloidin through the uterine end of the tube and through the middle of the rupture. The ovum was embedded in paraffin and cut into serial sections. The general appearance of the specimen and some of the villi are shown in the figure. The sections through the uterine end of the tube show that the mucosa is thrown into folds, but there is no indication that they are adherent. At one point there is a marked diverticulum of the epithelial layer of the mucosa, producing a distinct glandular appearance. Sections through the point of rupture are interesting. They show that the trophoblast is eating into the tube with great force, and at the point of rupture it has naturally destroyed the whole muscular coat. In the vicinity the tube wall is hemorrhagic and inflamed. On the broad-ligament side the process is extremely active. The syncytium is active and vascular and is being invaded by tissue's which are destroying the sides of the large arteries. The hemorrhages thus produced are barred off by the extended wall from which the trophoblast has protruded. There is very little hemorrhage between the villi, and at points where they are engulfed with blood they are necrotie and invaded by the leucocytes.
The ovum is covered with irregular villi, which indicates that it is pathological. The serial sections show that the villi are somewhat fibrous, but most of them contain welldefined blood-vessels, indicating that a recent but normal embryo must have been present. The wall of the chorion is torn, thickened, and collapsed, and contains a small amount of free blood. The coelom is well filled with many folds of the amnion, and through the opening in the chorion the umbilical cord protrudes. The structure of the amnion appears to be quite normal, but the chorion and cord are somewhat fibrous. Toward the free end of the cord it is easy to make out two arteries, while at its'tip there is an irregular ragged mass of cells, indicating that the cord has been torn from the body of the embryo. The examination of the specimen indicates that we are dealing with an ovum which contained a normal embryo at the time of the rupture and that shortly before the operation the embryo escaped from the ovum; however, enough time must have elapsed to allow for the secondary changes, as indicated by the fibrous end of the cord and the irregular form of the piece of the embryo which remains attached to the cord. Sufficient time elapsed to allow the injured cord to fall apart. The uterine end of the tube consists of multiple lumina.
No. 734.
(Dr. Vest, Baltimore.)
(Plate 9, figs. 1, 2.)
Unruptured tube, 50X25X25 mm. The specimen is from a colored woman, 33 years old. She has had two full-term children, but no miscarriages. No evidence of venereal disease. The last period began July 15, 1913, and the previous one 4 weeks earlier. Pain came on 5 weeks before the operation, which took place on July 26. A few old adhesions were found ; otherwise, with the exception of the distended tube, everything was normal. The right tube was removed. The unruptured specimen \v;is brought to the laboratory and fixed in formalin. The uterine end is apparently normal and the clot protrudes from the fimbriated end. .Sections were cut from four portions of the tube. Those through the uterine end show that the muscle wall is hypertrophied and the tube lumina multiply, about 20 being present in a single section. Some of the lumina end in blind pockets. The fimbriated end appears edematous, possibly a post-operative change, as the specimen is covered with a fungus. However, the blood-vessels are gorged with blood. The two sections through the clot show that it is well organized and contains a collapsed ovum and swollen, degenerated, and necrotic villi. The trophoblast is absent ; the clot is not adherent to the tube wall, but the latter shows some inflammatory reaction.
No. 741.
(Dr. Watkins, Baltimore.)
(Plate 8, figs. 2, 3, 4.)
Pus tube, 30 mm. in diameter, on the left side, and unruptured tubal pregnancy, 70X50X40, on the right side.
The specimen is from a white woman, 28 years old, married 2j years ago. No previous pregnancies. No apparent venereal disease. Low grade of chronic pelvic inflammation, possibly gonorrhea!. Last normal period March 16, 1913. Regular and normal till then. Missed three periods and then bled for 10 days. Operation, August 14, 1913. Specimen placed in 10 per cent formalin at
FIG. 11. Outline of tube with ovary attached (No. 741).
4 p. m. and slabs cut with a Gillette blade at 6 h 15 m p. m. Fresh formalin. The. blade laid bare the ehorion surrounded by a large blood clot. The pus tube, which was not opened at this time, is pear-shaped, with the stem kinked upon the body. The larger part, that is, the distal end, measures 30 mm. in diameter and has a very thin wall which is about to rupture. It extends up to the inner opening of the tube. When opened, it is found to be filled with a watery fluid containing some flakes. The middle third of the specimen is also distended, being 15 mm. in diameter, while the inner or uterine end seems to be normal.
The fimbriated end is closed completely. The unruptured tube is a large, solid mass 70X50X45 mm., to which an ovary is attached. Sections of the specimen show that it is for the most part filled with blood, the ehorion being in the center, triangular in shape, and lined with a smooth membrane. Its greatest diameter is 10 mm. The pus tube on the left side shows marked folding of the mucous membrane. At its uterine end some of the folds resemble the villi of the intestine. There are only a few folds in the tube where it is moderately distended, and very few where it is distended to the maximum. The wall shows no active inflammation. The right tube contains the pregnancy. The uterine end of the muscular wall of this tube is markedly thickened, and the mucosa is likewise thrown into folds; possibly there are several lumina instead of one. The fimbria are congested. The distended tube wall was cut through at the site of the ovum, which in section is 5 by 15 mm. The ovum is entirely detached from the tube wall. The villi are atrophic and necrotic, forming delicate threads which radiate from the ovum and are extended by means of fibrous bands to the wall of the tube. The clot is partly organized and partly fresh and the tube wall is more or less infiltrated with leucocytes, which in some places form abscesses. The cavity of the ovum is crossed by strands of mesenchyme, and on one side there is a small nodule which possibly is the embryo.
No. 754.
(Dr. Kolb, Baltimore.)
(Plate 3, fig. 2, and plate 9, fig. 3.)
Ruptured tube, 70X25X15 mm. Ovum 1X2 mm.
"Jewess, 27 years old, married 6 years; one previous pregnancy, which ended in a normal birth 5 years ago. Last period August 26 to 29, 1913. Operation for ruptured tubal pregnancy, August 30, 1913. No history of venereal disease. The uterus was found slightly enlarged, ovaries and left tube normal in appearance. Right tube and ovary removed."
The specimen consists of a tube presenting a small rupture and a clot protruding from the fimbriated end. It was cut into blocks and sections were taken from three parts of the tube. Those from the uterine end show that it contains a single small lumen. The other sections show a clot with the remnant of the ovum, the clot implicating the wall of the tube more or less in an inflammatory process. Sections show that the muscle is markedly infiltrated with round cells. The blood-vessels of the fimbria are engorged with blood and the folds are matted together with an exudate. Within the tube wall and on its peritoneal surface are two circumscribed solid masses of epithelial cells. Near the fimbriated end of the tube the sections struck the ovum, which measures about 1X2 mm. It lies detached upon the folds of the tube and some of the villi protrude into an adjacent clot. The villi show all stages of degeneration and necrosis, and the chorionic membrane is almost destroj'ed. At some points it is represented only by necrotic hyaline syncytium. The cwlom is filled with a mottled magma. There are no blood vessels in the ehorion. At no point has the ehorion remained attached to the tube wall. Repeated examinations of the blocks and the sections make it impossible to find the point of rupture in the tube. As the tube wall is much infiltrated and as the clot is protruding through the opening of the fimbriated end. it may be that we are not dealing with a case of rupture. In any case the rupture, if any, must have been very small.
No. 762
(Dr. Leonard, Baltimore.)
Unruptured tubal mass, 65X45X35 mm. From a white woman, who has been married 6 years. Soon after marriage she missed four periods and then aborted. The last period began on August It, 1913, the previous one having occurred on July 3. After the last period there were bleeding and pain until the operation, which took place September 24. The uterus was found somewhat enlarged and covered with adhesions. The left tube and the ovary were found plastered to the side of the uterus and covered with omentum which was densely adherent. There were no signs of venereal disease. The tubal mass consists of a convoluted tube, 20 mm. in diameter, reminding one much of a dog's intestine. The fimbria." are matted together and the ovary is attached. Uterine scrapings were also secured. These were fixed in corrosive-acetic mixture and cut into serial .sections. The tubal mass was cut in three places, as the figure shows. Sections of the mass show that the tube is filled with blood and at certain points it appears as if the ovum were present. Microscopic examination shows that the clot is well organized and much infiltrated with leucocytes. A few villi are present and some of them have been nearly destroyed by the leucocytes. Small patches of syncytium are occasionally seen, but are not connected with the villi. The villi are swollen throughout the specimen, showing that the remnants of the ovum have been scattered far and wide. The uterine scrapings are composed of small clots of mucosa and blood. They do not show inflammatory reaction.
FIG. 12. Outline of the matted tube of No. 762, the mass of which is composed of very large vessels interlacing the rlistended tube wall. X *.
No. 765a.
(Dr. Harvie, Troy, New York.)
Unruptured tube, 75 mm. long and 30 mm. in diameter. It is filled throughout with blood and is apparently ready to rupture. On one side there is attached to it a small white body about 20 mm. long, 15 mm. wide, and 5 mm. thick; probably the ovary.
The specimen was removed al an operation from a Jewess, aged 10 years, this being her eighth pregnancy. She has had two miscarriages and several normal labors since her last miscarriage. There are six healthy children, all living. The last menstruation occurred on July 2IJ, 1913. She began to flow again August 26 and continued to do so until the operation. September 20. Sections were taken through the middle of the tube which passed throiinh a stellate-shaped cavity, about 5 mm. in diameter. This cavity is lined with a membrane', the chorion, from which there radiate a few long fibrous villi. Between the cavity which is the cavity of the ovum and the tube wall is a well-organized clot. At the periphery of the clot is an extensive infiltration with leucocytes. Tin- chonon and radiating villi are mostly necrotic. However, the fewcells remaining, which cover the main wall of the chorion, take the hematoxylin stain. It appears as if the detachment of the ovum had caused its strangulation and death. A secondary inflammation on the periphery of the clot involves the tube, but does not reach the ovum. The section through the ovary shows numerous corpora fibrosa and very few Graafian vesicles, all of which are unrupt ured. One large Unruptured follicle has a layer of lutein cells, forming a zone around the granulosa cells.
No. 766.
(Dr. Haskell, Bridgeport, Connecticut.) Unruptured, 55X45X40 mm. Embryo 10 mm. "The specimen conies from a patient 27 years old, who has been married 7 years. She has never been pregnant and is very anxious to have children. No measures to prevent conception have ever been taken. She has had pain and tenderness in the right lower quadrangle for two years, but recovered without operation. Dilatation and curettage was performed 6 months ago, when a small polypus was removed from the minor as. On September 22, 1913, she was taken suddenly with pain in the lower abdomen; the pain was not definitely located. She had numerous fainting spells followed by collapse. Since then she has had more or less pain and marked tenderness in the lower left side, but little abdominal distention. There were intermittent bloody discharges from the uterus. The last period occurred early in August, but she missed the one due in September, and, therefore, believed herself pregnant. Operation, October 2, 1913."
The specimen resembles a walnut; it is hard and hemorrhagic, and measures 55X45X40 mm. It has a very thin wall, which appears to be a well-developed chorion infiltrated with blood. Within is a cavity, 15 mm. in diameter, partly filled with reticular magma and partly with free blood clot, as well as a degenerated embryo and an ovary. The specimen is attached to the ovary. The embryo is granular and degenerating. Sections were made through the ovary and through the middle of the tube, striking the embryo. The section is circular in form, measuring 42 mm. in diameter. In the middle is a cavity, 15 mm. in diameter. The thickened tube wall consists of a mass of organized clot which has destroyed the ovum (?). This clot is permeated with villi in all stage's o! degeneration, syncytium, and masses of leucocyte's. Man\ of the villi are necrotic. The trophoblast upon the chorionic membrane is quite active, while that at the tips of the villi is scanty or necrotic. The chorionic membrane is clear and quite normal in appearance and lined with a thin amnion. The embryo is completely dissociated; individual structures can not be made out. Many of the villi are being invaded by leucocytes, which often appear in great hordes.
No. 772.
(Dr. Lowsley, New York.) Unruptured tubal mass, 30X20X15 mm. The last period began June 23, 1913, and the bleeding continued for 15 days. Operation, July 9. The specimen, preserved in formalin, came with the ovary attached. The tube is kinked upon itself and shows a disteution in its middle portion, which is filled with a clot of blood, 12 mm. in diameter. There is a second specimen in the bottle which appears to be a portion of the other ovary with a corpus hemorrhagicum in it. Sections were made through both ovaries, through the middle of the enlargement and the distal and proximal ends of the tube. The uterine end of the tube appears to be normal; the lumen is well denned and folds of the mucosa are covered with a beautiful epithelium. The fimbriated end also appears to be normal. Between the folds there is some blood and possibly a little exudate. The clot within is well organized, is fully detached from the tube wall, and shows strands of fibrin running through it. Along these strands are many leucocytes and also rows of trophoblast cells. The scattered villi show all stages of degeneration, but near the surface of the clot a small group of these is covered with an active mass of trophoblasts. Here there is a pronounced syncytium. The clot as a whole peels out of the tube wall very readily, showing that the chorion did not attach itself to any portion of its wall.
Fig. 13. Outline of tube with ovary attached (No. 772). X \.
No. 773.
(Dr. Lowsley, New York.)
Unruptured tube, 55X20X15 mm. The specimen, without any history, was given me, hardened in formalin. It is spiral-shaped, as the figure shows. Sections were cut from parts of the tube, which were found filled with an organized clot. At some points the strands of "fibrin" seemed to represent a disintegrating ovum. The uterine end of the tube seems quite normal; the fimbriated end is somewhat hyperemic. The intermediate portion of the
FIG. 14. Outline of kinked tube before it was opened (No 773). X .
tube contains a well-organized clot, which is reticulated; in the meshes are fresh hemorrhages. In the middle of each area of fresh blood there is usually a villus, indicating that the fresh blood entered the clot along the hues of the villi. There is quite an extensive leucocytic infiltration around the clot and along the fibrin bands. The clot is attached to the tube wall at one point only in a pocket; the epithelial lining and folds are intact.
No. 775.
(Dr. Lowsley, New York.)
(Plate 10, fig. 1.)
Unruptured tubal pregnancy, 70X40X35 nun. The tube is filled with an organized clot, within which lies a collapsed ovum radiating from the center to the periphery of the clot. The walls of the chorion have collapsed to form a plexifrom structure with occasional cavities in the chorion. It is entirely uecrotic. On the periphery is a zone of leucocytes. On one side the tube wall is intact; it is markedly infiltrated and gradually merges on the other side with the clot.
No. 777.
(Dr. Tobie, Portland, Maine.)
Unruptured tubal pregnancy, 75X55X55 mm. From un American woman, 28 years of age, married twice within five years. She was never pregnant before, although her first husband was the father of children by another wife. The first husband probably had gonorrhea. The patient conies from a fertile family. She has been treated for tenderness over the left ovary, probably a pyosalpinx. Her last period was from July 4 to 8, the flow continuing until the time of the operation for tubal pregnancy, September 30, 1913. The left tube and ovary were found matted together with a large amount of blood. This tube was removed.
Upon examination of the specimen a very large oval, unruptured tubal pregnancy is found, which is quite vascular. The dimensions are 75X55X55 mm. It is completely filled with large, partly organized blood clots, in the center of which is a stellate cavity about 5 mm. in diameter, which probably represents the cavity of the ovum. The clot is mottled with fresh masses of blood, showing that the hemorrhage in the tube has been continuous. The clot is not attached to the tube wall, which is lined with folds more or less matted together. The tube is inflamed and is encircled by a thick inflammatory deposit. Within the clot are a few necrotic villi, but very few signs of nuclear dust. Nor have the leucocytes permeated the clot to any marked extent. A few detached tubal folds in the clot are surrounded with leucocytes.
No. 784.
(Dr. Iseman, Chicago.)
Ruptured tubal mass, 75X35X35 mm., dumbbellshaped. Pathological embryo, 5 mm. long. The specimen is from an American woman, 41 years old, who was married 14 weeks before the operation. She had not been pregnant before. No history of venereal disease. She had suffered from chronic catarrhal and interestitial inflammation of both tubes and chronic pelvic peritonitis. She came from a very fertile family. The last period began August 2 and continued until August 6, 1913. On September 2 the patient began flowing in the usual way, but the flow did not stop at the end of 4 days, continuing until the time of the operation, October 2. On September 20 the patient had severe pains and all of the symptoms of rupture of the tube. At the time of the operation the uterus was found to be somewhat enlarged and soft; the cervix was very soft. There was no infection.
The entire mass consists of a tube apparently ruptured, which has also been cut into. One of the enlargements contains a cavity from which a very delicate membrane protrudes. At the bottom of this cavity is an elongated embryo, showing arm and leg buds. The straightened embryo measures S mm. On account of its smoothness, the shape of the head and extremities, it may be normal; the fact, however, that the amniotic sac measures 15 mm. in diameter speaks against it. Upon further study it appears as though the specimen had not been ruptured, but opened by the operator. Also, in moving the embryo around slowly in formalin, it naturally rolls upon itself, taking a normal form, the greatest length of which is 5 mm.
Sections through the tube wall show that the chorionic membrane, villi, and tube form a continuous mass, being tied together by an inflammatory hemorrhagic mass. There are some degenerate villi attached to the peritoneal side of the wall, showing that the tube had ruptured before the operation. Many of the villi are well formed, being covered also with an active trophoblast. This often extends away from the villi in long streams, which are lost in the blood clot or which are extended to the peritoneal side of the tube by means of fibrin bands. Much of the syncytium is necrotic, some is vaeuolated, and some shows nuclear fragmentation. The mesenehyme of the villi shows a variety of forms of degeneration and some of them contain blood-vessels. The chorionic wall is quite thin and apparently normal. Serial sections of the embryo show that it is markedly deformed, the tissues are dissociated, and the individual organs can not be outlined.
No. 787.
(Dr. Sanderson, Canandaigua, New York.) Unrupturc-' tube, 40X11X11 mm. From an American woman, 28 yrnrs old. She had been married 7 years and this is her first pivgnancy. Last period from September 15 to 20; operation, October 26, 1913. Periods had been normal and regular. No history of venereal diseases. At the operation it was found that the uterus was small, but in normal position. The ovaries and other tubes were apparently normal. There is a tendency towards sterility in the family.
The specimen consists of 4 blood clots, the largest of which is 2 cm. in diameter, and an unruptured tube 40 mm. long and 11 mm. in diameter. The distention is near the fimbriated end. A number of blood clots have been formed from the blood which has leaked into the peritoneal cavity. Sections were taken from the tube in three places. At the uterine end the folds were matted together, almost obliterating the tube lumen. A number of gland-like ducts extend into the muscle wall. At the fimbriated end a similar condition exists. In the center of the tube the folds of the mucosa form a dense plexus all around the tube and the clot in the center is well organized. There are numerous fresh hemorrhages. At one point is a small group of fibrous villi between the clot and the mueosa. In the neighborhood of these the mucosa is infiltrated with fresh blood, showing the source of the hemorrhage. In some of the sections is a group of peculiar cells, which line part of the tube wall. They may be trophoblast cells.
No. 790.
(Dr. Darling, Milwaukee.)
Tubal mass, 75X45X40 mm. Embryo, 20 mm. long.
"The specimen was removed by Dr. F. Munkivity and myself and submitted to Dr. Bunting for diagnosis, ;is it appeared to be one of true implantation of the phu-rnta. At the lower angle of the opening incision in the specimen the fetal cord was attached to the cavity wall or rather to the placenta, which in turn was here implanted. To us the
FIG. 15. Outline of small tube containing a remnant of an embryo (No. 7S7). X 5.
FIG. 16. Tubal pregnancy which has broken into the broad ligament (No. 790). X f.
tissue beneath this appeared to be ovarian. When fresh the yellow lutein tissue at this point was very distinct."
Patient, a German American, 28 years old, this being her first pregnancy. Married in 1906. Last period January 20-26, 1913; missed February 20; nausea, with abnormal appetite. Operation, April 21. In 1906, the year of marriage, the patient bled every 2 weeks for 2 or 3 days; no pain. A surgeon removed two cervical polypi. Bleeding ceased for a year, when the same thing again occurred. Polypi were then removed. In 1909 polypi were again removed. No other previous history bearing on condition. In 1913 intermittent bleeding from February 23 until April 21. Pain in side April 20. Uterus enlarged to size of two months' pregnancy. No venereal disease discoverable, nor is there a history of it; no discharge. The husband denies gonorrhea. Left adue.xa normal. Very little blood in abdominal cavity. Tube unruptured, but distention threatened. Peritoneum velvety and slightly torn by distention.
This specimen is said to be an ovarian pregnancy. The entire mass measures 75X45X40 mm. At one end the specimen has been opened and contains a cavity, 28 mm. in diameter, which is lined with a smooth membrane and contains a distorted and much injured embryo, apparently normal in form, but adherent at the back of its neck to the wall of the ehorion. This anomaly is due to a stitch. The adhesion is composed of delicate fibers. The specimen was cut into slabs, 4 mm. in thickness, and was found to be the hemorrhagic wall of the ovum, that is, the ehorion lined with a shell of tough tissue, which may or may not be the ovarian tissue. This is to be determined after the sections have been cut.
Sections were cut from four of the blocks, as indicated in figure 16. Those through the uterine end of the tube show a lumen, 2 mm. in diameter. The mucosa is hypertrophied and the folds are matted together. The section through the enlargement, as indicated in the figure, shows that it contains a cavity which communicates with the cavity containing the ovum and a cross-section of the tube which has a lumen, 8 mm. in diameter. It has very large folds, which are hyperemic and more or less matted together. The cavity is lined with degenerating villi. The two other sections are through the ehorion and its wall. At no point is there any ovarian tissue around this cavity. In one section the tube communicates with the cavity containing the ovum. It is clear that we are here dealing with a tubal pregnancy, which has ruptured into this broad ligament, and not with an ovarian pregnancy. The embryo is normal in form, but the ehorion is markedly changed in appearance. The chorionic membrane is quite normal in appearance, but the villi are fibrous and degenerating. Many of them are necrotic and covered with masses of necrotic syneytiuni. Some of them contain blood-vessels from the embryo, showing that an embryonic circulation could still take place. What is especially remarkable is the great activity of the trophoblast, which is invading everything necrotic syncytium masses, mesoderm, blood clot, and the adjacent maternal tissue. In some places the scattered trophoblast cells in the maternal tissue give the exact appearance of cancer. In fact, the cells have invaded the venous sinuses and in some instances a whole villus may be seen in them. There is much inflammatory reaction all through the specimen. In some instances, the leucocytes are invading the necrotic villi. A small degenerated ovary lies upon the specimen, as shown in the figure. Sections through it contain no follicle, but numerous corpora fibrosa. As the cavity under this small ovary communicates freely with the tube, the interpretation of the specimen, namely, that a tubal pregnancy has ruptured into the broad ligament, is the only tenable one.
No. 794.
(Dr. T. Cullen, Baltimore.)
Unruptured tube, 60X20X20 mm.
Patient, white, aged 29, admitted to the Johns Hopkins Hospital November 6, 1913. Operation: Right salpingostomy; appendectomy; D. & C. on November 8, 1913. Diagnosis: Extra-uterine pregnancy and chronic pelviappendicitis. Complaint: pain in abdomen and bleeding. Catamenia began at 15; regular from onset every 28 days, duration about a week. Flow not excessive. Has never had any leucorrhea. Last menstruation 7 weeks ago. Preceding one 11 weeks ago. Married 7 years. Two children, aged 5 and 6 years respectively; no miscarriages.
Present illness: Missed last regular period 3 weeks ago. Following this she had considerable pain in the abdomen, gradually becoming more and more severe. Ten days ago she had nausea and vomiting, with acute attacks of cramps in the lower abdomen, more severe on the right side. For a few days preceding this pain she had a faint trace of bloody discharge from the vagina. The pain 10 days ago was so severe that morphine was required. This pain was of a labor-like character. Two days after this acute attack she began to pass large clots of blood and thick mucus and continued to pass these clots of blood for 2 or 3 days. She had very little pain at this time, but very marked "soreness" in lower abdomen. She has continued to have a constant flow since that time, which has resembled in every way a regular period. For the past week she has had no sharp pain, but extreme tenderness. She is a fairly well nourished woman.
Note on admission: Considerable tenderness over lower abdomen; no muscle spasm and no mass felt; outlet not relaxed; some bloody discharge; cervix small and somewhat softened; uterus small and in anteposition; some induration in both fornices; considerable tenderness. No mass is felt. Convalescence was prolonged by a phlebitis in the right leg.
The specimen was sent to the laboratory fresh, being the right tube from a woman 29 years old. It was fixed in formalin. Tube evenly distended in outer half and, upon section, is found filled with blood, a portion of which reaches almost to the fimbriie. This is well illustrated in the figures. Sections show that the clot is not adherent to the tube wall. It distends the tube lumen near the uterus. Here the mucous membrane is thrown into single folds. Near the fimbria the tube also shows normal folding of the mucous membrane, but the clot is streaked with fibrin bands. At, no part is it adherent to the tube wall. The central end of the distention, like the uterine end of the tube, contains blood.
The clot was cut into small blocks and in its middle was found a small white nodule, about 5 mm. in diameter, composed of an old clot much infiltrated with leucocytes; also many thick fibrin bands; no villi. This old clot is surrounded with blood in circular layers marked by semicircles of fibrin strands. Occasionally there are small groups of cells which may represent syncytium; otherwise there is no sign of the ehorion. The clot was carefully cut in small blocks and each examined under a lens, but no suspicious places could be found. However, since in a specimen like this only a villus or two are sometimes found, this is probably one in which the ovum has been entirely destroyed.
FIG. 17. Sketch of distended tube, showing a kink between the pregnancy and the uterus (No. 794). Xj.
No. 804.
(Dr. Thomas S. Cullen, Baltimore.)
Pathological, embryonic mass. Unruptured tube with fimbriated end attached, measuring 50X40X40 mm., came from an unmarried negress, 20 years of age. There had been one previous pregnancy, 3 years before, but no miscarriages. The last menstrual period had begun November 25; the previous one November 4; the opera! ion was performed December 6. Except for severe pain in the iliac fossa for one month before operation, there hail been no symptom of tubal pregnancy. The patient had had a puerperal infection and pelvic peritonitis after the birth of her child, 3 years before. At the time of the operation the ovaries and tubes showed dense adhesions. Gonorrhea probable.
The specimen consists of an organized blood clot, apparently in the middle of the tube, with a fimbriated extremity attached. The clot is organized in the middle with numerous fresh hemorrhages nearly 1 cm. in diameter on the periphery. There is an irregular cavity, 8 mm. in diameter, lined with a smooth membrane, filled with a granular mass and blood (chorionic cavity). Sections were taken from the central end of the enlargement, through the middle of the enlargement, and through the distal end of the tube. The section through the central end shows an organized clot without any tube wall surrounding it. Evidently it was stripped off in the operation. The whole clot is permeated with hands of fibrinoid substance, between which are scattered necrotic villi. In the center of the block is an irregular cavity about 1 cm. in diameter, containing a dense mass of cells which take the hematoxylin stain well, and presenting every appearance of a section through an embryo; however, none of the more solid portions of the embryo can be seen. It appears as if the cells had broken up, forming a "stew" in which the largest particles are individual cells. A section through the middle of the enlargement also shows strands of fibrin and scattered villi. Upon the tips of some of these villi are some trophoblast cells. On one side of the tube wall is a single gland-like structure bin-rowing into the muscle. Section through the outer end of the tube shows that the lumen is filled with well-formed folds, some of which are adherent. It appears, however, to be normal.
No. 808.
(Dr. J. M. Hundley, Baltimore.)
(Plate 1, fig. 4, and plate 11, figs. 3, 4.)
Normal embryo, 4 mm. long. Operation, December 11. No infection, no venereal disease, and at time of operation the uterus and ovaries appeared to be normal. Patient aged 23; married; has one child, '2 years old; no miscarriages. Menstruated the third month after the birth of the baby and without pain. Menstruated each month normally and at the proper time up to November 1913. Did not skip a period and they were not delayed. On November '25 the menstruation began and lasted for a day. On November 29 she had a hemorrhage, which lasted for a few minutes and then ceased, but recurred December 3. She suffered severe pain from November 25 to December 11, the day of operation.
The specimen consists of a distended tube, measuring 70X25X25 mm. It is attached and lying in the broad ligament with an adjacent spherical tumor, 50 mm. in diameter, which appears to be a cystic ovary, on one side of which is a crescent-shaped corpus luteum. The tube was cut through the middle and found to contain a blood clot separated by about 1 mm. from the tube wall. The first section went directly through the embryo, cutting it into 3 parts. The cavity containing the embryo measured 3 mm. in diameter and extended a considerable distance down the center of the tube. As the specimen had been hardened in loto in formalin, the parts of the embryo were not injured, so that they could be easily drawn and each cut into serial sections. The form of the embryo was sharply defined, with beautiful arm buds.
The form of the tube and its adjacent cyst is well shown in the drawing. Sections were cut from many parts of the tube, permitting a careful reconstruction of the specimen. The section through the uterine end of the tube shows a small lumen with delicate folds and no sign of inflammat ii in. Within the lumen of the tube is a clump of cells which appear to belong to the ovum. At the beginning of the distended portion the folds are very pronounced and contain very large spaces lined with endothelium and filled with clear fluid. Some of these spaces extend through the bases of the folds into the tube wall. They look very much like lymphatics. At this point the contents of the tube are composed mostly of an organized blood clot. The folds are not adherent, nor are there any outgrowths of the epithelial cells into the muscular wall. A little nearer to the embryo the section contains many active villi, with a very extensive trophoblast adherent to the tube wall all around. The lumen of the tube is sharply defined on one side of the clot. It contains an organized mass, but other
wise- appears to be normal. The proper interpretation of this specimen is that the ovum has implanted itself in the tube wall between the lumen and (he broad ligament. Section through the middle of the ovum shows the same relation as given above, but the tissue between I he lumen of the tube and the chorion is composed partly of a thick layer of trophoblast, although mainly of a large nerroiic plug into which there have wandered a number of leucocytes. This section is through the part of the chorion containing the embryo, but in tins as well as in all the resl there is no remnant of an amnion. Possibly the entire aiimion was removed with the embryo. The coelom is filled partly with a delicate magma and partly with granular magma, which takes the hematoxylin stain. These nnicin-like particles are often stratified and a few of them have layers which encroach on central ground. Apparently we have here a substance which I have frequently described as granular magma. Large patches of flakes like these are often seen in specimens of tubal pregnancy. The cavity of the chorion continues within the tube wall for about 1 cm. and suddenly reappears within the lumen itself. In other words, we have here an interstitial implantation of the ovum which has ruptured in the tube wall in both direc
FIG. lf>. Outline of tube attached to ovary which contains a large cyst (No. 808). The dimensions of the pregnancy and of the tube lumen are indicated by the clotted lines. The lumen itself is long-drawn-out and lies iu the center of the clot. X 0.75.
tions, extending outward to the h'mbriated end of the tube. The chorionie mass extending outward has in it an irregular coelom. Where the embryo is located, the space is 5 mm. in diameter. It is reduced to 2 mm. at the point of the entrance of the clot into the tube lumen. Further on it is smaller, but then becomes larger again. In other words, the ovum is elongated and constricted. The outer dilatation contains a very small vesicle, which does not communicate with the embryo. As it is not an extension of the umbilical vesicle, it appears to be a detached portion of it. Further downward the umbilical vesicle disappears and here the coelom is completely filled with a dense reticular magma. In this region the mesoderm of the chorion is of very irregular thickness. Some of the cells ramify through the magma and at other points there seems to be a complete rupture. At any rate, numerous groups of maternal red blood corpuscles are scattered through the magma fibers. As the specimen was hardened in lulu and as the sections were cut in celloidin, these corpu-di -, must have entered the culom before the operation. Beyond the clot the folds of the tube are again well pronounced, but show no signs of inflammation. Here, as throughout the tube lumen, the "large lymphatic spaces" within its folds are greatly distended.
In general the form of the embryo and its tissues and organs seem to be normal. The lens is just beginning to form. The spinal cord, however, shows marked histolysis in the dorsal region. The change begins on the ventral side of the upper cervical cord and reaches its maximum in the middle of the back, where the ventral two-thirds of the cord has broken down. In the neighborhood of the leg the cross-section of the cord is hourglass-shaped, with a lumen in each half. Although the destructive changes in the ventral side of the cord are so very severe, numerous cell divisions are present in the dorsal side, an evidence that it is continuing to grow.
No. 809b.
(Dr. Lowsley, New York.)
Ruptured tube from which a large clot protrudes. The entire mass measures 60 X40 X30 mm. The clot, which is peeled out with great ease, is solid and appears to be unorganized. It measures 45X25X20 mm. Sections were cut through the distal and proximal ends of the tube and through the clot. Section through the proximal end shows that the tube lumen is normal in form, but the folds seem somewhat thin and dovetail together. They are markedly infiltrated with leucocytes. The section through the distal end, however, shows no folds in the lumen. The tube wall is matted together and hyperemic with muscle bundles running in all directions. Instead of single large folds, we have a few hyperemic folds, markedly inflamed, with outgrowing pockets of epithelial cells into the tube wall. Somewhat nearer to the uterus the tube wall has in it a great many pockets, less than a millimeter in diameter, each of which has its own accompanying muscle-wall. It seems like an active effort towards regeneration of the tube lumen. In this region there are at least 50 of these lumiua. The clot, which is protruding from the rupture, appears to be quite fresh, but it is more or less cut up by thin bands of fibrin, which are associated with myriads of leucocytes. A few necrotic villi are present.
No. 809c.
(Dr. Lowsley, New York.)
Tubal mass, 80X45X35 mm. Operation in Bellevue Hospital, July 25, 1913. Last regular menstrual period, July 15. The specimen came to the laboratory unruptured, with an artificial constriction in the center, due to a band which had been tied around it. Practically the entire tube is distended; in its proximal portion the pregnancy is contained within the tube wall, but protrudes from it into the lumen more distally. Sections were cut from four portions of the tube. In the outer third, the collapsed ovum was found. Section through the uterine end shows that the mucosa is practically normal. Possibly the folds are hyperemic. Sections between the uterine end and the ovum show that the clot has invaded the tube wall throughout the greater part of the circumference, leaving a small space on one side which may represent the lumen of the tube. Into this space a few tubal folds protrude. The clot is well organized and permeated with an irregular mass of villi, many of which are necrotic. The trophoblast is quite active and invades the tube wall; in some places it has intermingled with it large masses of leucocytes. Toward the outer end of the tube, near the ovum, the clot has become entirely separated from the tube wall. It appears as though we have a more advanced stage in
this specimen than that shown in an early stage in specimen No. 808. The wall of the collapsed ovum appears to be necrotic and at many points is being invaded by leucocytes. The villi are long and slender; many of them reach the tube wall. The periphery of the clot is encircled by one mass of leucocytes. Between the clot and the tube wall is a curious granular mass which takes the hematoxy1m stain and is especially well marked with the Van Gieson stain. Possibly this may be a rnucoid secretion, or it may be granular magma; it is occasionally seen in other specimens. The mucosa of the tube wall is of about normal thickness and is hyperemic; in places the adjacent folds are united. This condition is much more pronounced in the outer end of the tube. Here there is a very marked inflammation of the tube folds, which are agglutinated. We have here a marked salpingitis. In this specimen the inflammatory process is pronounced in the distal, but not in the proximal, end of the tube.
No. 815.
(Dr. Leonard, Baltimore.)
Tubal mass, 50X30X25 mm.
The specimen came from a colored woman, 39 years old, who had been married 10 years and had had one child, 9 years old, but no miscarriages. The last period began December 1, 1913. Operation, January 7, 1914. Her periods had been irregular for some time and there were indications of chronic inflammatory disease; probably gonorrhea. At the time of the operation (January 7, 1914), it was found that the tube and the uterus were involved in extensive adhesions.
The specimen consists of the left Fallopian tube (from which the ovary has been dissected away), measuring 8 cm. in length. Extending to within 2 cm. of the fimbriated extremity and beginning 1 cm. from the uterine end, the tube consists of a large oval mass, 5X3X3.5 cm. The top and posterior surface of this mass is deeply blotched by what appears to be a large and rather firm subjacent clot of blood, making up most of the tumor. An abundance of small tortuous venules run over the surface of the tumor. The fimbriated extremity of the tube is open, as determined by a blunt probe (1 mm. in diameter). Cut adhesions are abundantly evident from many points of the surface of the tube. With a razor two complete trailsections of the mass were made, one near the outer pole, the second at the mid-portion of it. The latter disclosed distinct, small chorionic cavity, in which no embryo was visible. The specimen was immediately fixed in 10 per cent formalin at 40 C.
Sections were cut through the distal and proximal ends of the tube, and two sets through the middle of the distention. Sections through the uterine end of the tube show that the muscle wall is well formed and apparently normal, but practically all of the epithelial lining of the lumen has been exfoliated. Some new flattened cells are still adherent, but more are found free in the tube lumen. Sections through the outer end of the tube show that the lumen is quite small ; the folds are hypertrophic and more or less matted together by a muco-purulent exudate. In fact, the stroma of the folds is also much infiltrated with leucocytes. At the bottom of the folds are numerous villus-like processes. All these findings indicate the presence of a follicular salpingitis.
Sections through the cavity of the ovum show that the chorlon is mostly fibrous and contains no blood vessels. The trophoblast forms occasional nests upon the chorionic wall and in places is invading it. The tube wall is markedly inflamed and contains abcesses. Its epithelial lining has disappeared entirely. The chorion is star-shaped; the tips of the processes are encircled by a mass of fresh blood. Between these processes are older hemorrhages in which the corpuscles are no longer well defined. Within the second area are numerous necrotie villi. Those within the first area, which still communicate with the chorion, take the stain well and are covered with an active trophoblast. It appears as though the fresh hemorrhage in these specimens is favored by the presence of live villi, and that in turn this hemorrhage causes the trophoblast to be more active.
FIG. 19. Outline of specimen No. 815.
No. 825.
(Dr. Vest, Baltimore.)
(Plate 9, figs. 4. 5.)
Specimen, 90X40X25 mm.
Unmarried colored woman, age 29 years. Last menstrual period, January 2, 1914. Bloody discharge, January 26. Abdominal discomfort, especially in iliac fossa, for 3 weeks. She probably has a mild chronic gonorrhea.
At the tune of the operation it was found that the ovaries, tube, and uterus were covered with adhesions and were very vascular. A small corpus luteurn was found in the right ovary. The fimbriated extremities of both tubes were open. The uterus is normal in size and consistency, and the ovaries appear to be normal, except for the adhesions. About 50 c.c. of fresh blood, including fresh clots, were found in the abdominal cavity.
The specimen consists of the entire tube with the ovum lodged in its outer half. It is unruptured and bound together with numerous fibrin bands, as shown in the figure. The wall is very vascular. The whole specimen measures 90X40X25 mm. On the distal or abdominal end two openings are seen; the lower one appears to be normal, whereas the upper one may possibly be due to a mechanical injury, which has allowed the folds to protrude, this simulating a second opening. The specimen was cut through the point of its greatest distention, and the section seems to include the chorion in its greatest diameters. It is covered with a well-formed membrane, which encircles the whole ovum, but the wall is somewhat thin at the point at which it is destined to rupture. What is especially remarkable is that the ovum contains two sharply defined cavities, separated from each other by a transverse membrane. This septum is composed of two layers, the space between them being encircled by a wreath of invading villi. Both cavities appear to be amniotic, but contain no trace of an embryo; however, under the membrane lining the outer cavity there is a small club-shaped nodule, about 2.5 mm. long, which may be the embryo. Sections will be required to determine this point. Projecting from the outer cavity is an extension, which is shown in the figure. This extension protrudes from the ostium, which is described above as possibly an artefact. The real ostium does
not seem to contain a lumen. This must be determined by sections.
The specimen was cut in the middle, revealing the double ovum described above. On one side of one of the cavities was a small white body, which was cut into serial seel ions It was found to be composed of a neerotic mass of tro|ih<iblast infiltrated with leucocytes and lying on the outside of the chorion; otherwise, no embryo could be found. Sections through the uterine end of the tube show that the mucosa is made up of marked folds which are much infiltrated with polymorphonuclear leucocytes. There is a fibrinous exudate within the lumen. Sections through the fimbriated end of the tube reveal quite a normal mucosa with some fibrinous exudate. A section through the middle of the tube, as indicated in the figure, discloses a double ovum with a membrane separating two cavities. Each ovum is lined with its own mesoderm, from which strands pass into the coelom. No trace of an amnion in either cavity. In the larger coelom is a rich tuft of magma arising from a small nodule, which may represent the remnant of the embryo. This is somewhat encircled with strands of mesodermic tissue and contains several epithelial-like cells. The membrane separating the two ova is double and composed only of the chorionic wall with but little trophoblast between the two layers. The villi have a tendency to separate this membrane, as shown in the figure. The villi are well covered with trophoblast and there is an outer shell of fibrinoid tissue, which takes on an intense eosin stain. Beyond this is the tube wall, which is more or less infiltrated. The spaces between the villi are mostly empty, partly rilled with trophoblast intermixed with a scanty amount of blood and partly filled with small organized clots containing many leucocytes.
No. 835.
(Dr. Harvie, Troy, New York.)
Unruptured tube, 40X30X30 mm. From a white woman, 35 years of age, this being her fourth pregnancy. She had had two children, 9 and 6 years old respectively, and had had an abortion 3 years previously at the end of the second month. The periods had occurred on November 1 to 4, 1913; December 8 to 19; and January 12 to the time of operation. (Specimen received February 9.) At the time of the operation the uterus was found to be normal as to location and mobility; there was no indication of venereal disease, nor of tubal or ovarian trouble. The specimen consists of a tube which is very much distended by an oval mass measuring 40X30X30 mm. A crosssection of it shows that it is composed chiefly of a compact red clot, in the center of which a dark area, 12 mm. in diameter, is seen. Throughout the clot are scattered white pieces of chorionic villi.
Sections through the uterine end of the tube show that it is normal in appearance. The folds, however, are quite pronounced and seem to be hypertrophied. The same is true of the abdominal end of the tube; here also is no indication of inflammation. Sections through the enlargement of the tube show that it is mottled and is composed of two zones: an inner, fibrous and organized, and an outer, composed of fresh blood. The mass has implicated completely hau" of the tube wall, while in the other half the lumen is present. In it the folds also seem to be normal. A few scattered villi are present, and several long fibrous villi permeate the clot. The trophoblast is scanty, excepting on one side, where it shows activity at the point of juncture of the clot with the tube wall. There is sniin j inflammatory reaction in the tube wall.
No. 838.
(Dr. Kittridge, Nashua, New Hampshire.)
(Plate 11, fig. 2.)
Clot, 25 mm. in diameter, contains a pathological embryo, 6 mm. long.
The woman, a patient of Dr. A. K. Wallace, did not suspect pregnancy, but was sent to the hospital with the usual abdominal symptoms. She was immediately operated upon and a rupture of the tube was found near the uterus with the inclosed specimen protruding. The specimen consists of a dark chestnut-shaped mass, 27X23X29 mm. From the middle of one of the flattened sides white chorionic villi protrude. A cut through the specimen disclosed a spherical smooth-lined cavity, about 9 mm. in diameter, into which projected a nodular opaque white embryonic rudiment, measuring about mm.
"The clot" consists of the choriun, which is hemorrhagic; from one side a tuft of white villi protrudes. The cavity within contains a very much deformed embryo. The wall of "the clot" is well organized and permeated with strands of mucus leucocytes, which in turn are being invaded by long lines of trophoblast cells. The villi show all grades of degeneration, mucoid and fibrous. Some are necrotic and others appear to be very active. Upon the tuft of protruding villi the trophoblast is as well defined as in the normal chorion. The tissues of the embryo are thoroughly dissociated, but the central nervous system can still be made out. This is all of the anatomy which can be determined with certainty. On the external surface, as the illustration shows, are prominences which may represent the extremities.
No. 840.
(Dr. Elting, Albany, New York.)
Ruptured tube, 85X40X30 mm., contains a pathological embryo, 8 mm. long. The specimen comes from a white woman, 45 years of age, who has had four previous pregnancies, the first 20 years ago, the last 10 years ago. On January 7, 1914, she had pains low down in the abdomen. On January 10 she passed what was thought to be an embryo and membrane [decidua]. On January 13 the flow began, and continued for 6 days. On February 2, at 2 p. m., there was some pain in the lower abdomen, with hemorrhage. She was brought to St. Peter's Hospital late the same night. At the operation on the next day the uterus was found moderately enlarged. The left
FIG. 20. Outline of specimen No. S40, before it was cut into sections. The cavity within is indicated by the clotted line. X 3 tube was distended and there had been an extensive hemorrhage from it into the abdominal cavity. There was no evidence of any infection or venereal disease. The right tube and ovary were normal. The uterus was 1.5 times its normal size. The specimen consists of an unruptured tube, 85X40X30 mm. It is quite evenly distended (fig. 20). On section, it is found to be composed of a wellorganized clot, containing within it a cavity 15X10X 5 mm. Part of this is filled with a dense reticular magma, probably the cavity of the amnion. The tube wall is covered with a dense layer of well-developed blood-vessels. This finding illustrates again the fact that the vascularity of the tube does not indicate that it contains a normal embryo.
Sections were made of the tube through its largest, diameter, and also through the uterine and fimbriated ends. The uterine end appears to be perfectly normal, showing delicate folds of mucous membrane and fully developed circular muscles. At the fimbriated end the folds are somewhat adherent, and into the lumen protrudes one very large fold with immense blood-vessels. This, and the wall surrounding the tube, are infiltrated with many leucocytes, showing that an active inflammation is present. The section through the distended part shows that the tube wall has been almost entirely destroyed, but its side is occupied by large accumulations of leucocytes. The clot is mottled, showing that fresh hemorrhages are taking place. The chorionic wall is partly necrotic and has been invaded by numerous trophoblast cells, which in some places form small mounds. The villi ramify through the organized clot, some of them reaching its surface. At some points the trophoblast is active, especially where it comes in contact with the invading leucocytes. What appears to the naked eye to be magma proved to be a dissociated embryo. The central nervous system can still be made out sufficiently to determine its size. Sections were not serial, so it is impossible to obtain a complete description of the specimen. Although there is no history of infection, the inflammatory reaction of the tube wall is too severe to be accounted for simply by the presence of the ovum.
No. 851.
(Dr. Sexton, Baltimore.)
Ruptured normal embryo, CR 52 mm. The specimen came from a white woman, aged 36 years, this being her third pregnancy. There was no history of any venereal disease. She was married in 1904 and has two living children. Her last period began December 23, 1913. Her physician, Dr. Seldner, sent her to the Hebrew Hospital, where an operation was performed by Dr. Ney on March 9. Dr. Sexton described the fetus as being free from the tube, but still attached by its cord and apparently living at the time of the operation.
The specimen consists of a collapsed ruptured tube about 50 mm. in diameter, from which protrudes what appears to be a normal ovum covered with rich villi. The collapsed ovum is about 40 mm. in diameter. Transverse sections show that it is for the most part detached from the tube wall, but is well implanted on the side. A section was taken from the middle of the attachment of the chorion to the tube wall. The chorionic wall, as well as the tube, is quite fibrous, but apparently normal for this stage. The villi are long and slender and covered with small tufts of trophoblast, showing a slight amount of blood between the tips. There are active necrotic masses of trophoblast between them. The zone between the tips of the villi and the tube wall is composed mostly of fibrinoid tissue, which grades over into the tube wall. This zone has in it also a large accumulation of leucocytes, which at some points seem to be forming small abscesses. The fibrinoid tissue has been invaded by trophoblast cells and often suggests the appearance of cartilage. At one point in the specimen the fibrinoid tissue has been penetrated by the trophoblast cells which are puncturing the blood vessels, from which a small amount of blood streams into the intervillous spaces. Wherever flow comes in contact with the trophoblast a syncytium seems to form which is more or less vacuolated.
It appears then that tho cavity of the ovum is lined by a layer of fibrinoid t issue, to which the villi attach I hernsolves and occasionally perforate it to gain nutrition from the blood vessels of the tube wall. In many respects the conditions here do not differ much from those found in the uterus as described by Grosser.
No. 867.
(Dr. Branham, Baltimore.)
Ruptured tubal pregnancy with a normal embryo, CR 37 mm.; separate ovum, and broken embryo. The operation was performed by Dr. Branham on April 9, 1914, at Franklin Square Hospital. The ruptured tube was sent to the laboratory, fixed in neutral formalin, 3 hours after the operation. The ovum is collapsed and covered with some very long, well-developed villi with numerous opaque white nodules, about 1 mm. in diameter, attached to them. The collapsed tube is 60X35X30 mm.
Sections were cut through tho uterine and fimbriated ends of the tube and through the middle of the implanted cavity. The folds of the uterine end of the tube are hypertrophic, markedly infiltrated, and rendered more or less adherent to one another by an inflammatory exudate. There are numerous outpocketings from the epithelial covering both into the tube wall and in the larger folds. A like condition, although not so marked, is found in the mucous lining of the fimbriated end. The implanted cavity is lined with a layer of fibrinoid tissue. It is more or less riddled by the trophoblast and has attached to it on its inner side numerous tips of villi. Between the fibrinoid layer of the tube wall are some remnants of the folds of the tube and often patches of inflammatory tissue. Some of the villi have also reached this same zone (between the tube and fibrinoid zone).
No. 874.
(Dr. Vineberg, New York.)
(Plate 11, fig. 1.)
Tubal mass, 80X30X25 mm., with a fragment of an embryo 1 mm. long. The specimen came from a Jewish woman, aged 27 years, married 4 years, and the mother of one child. The last period began February 23, 1914, and the operation was performed on April 15. The first symptoms began April 1, when the patient complained of abdominal pains. At the time of the operation the uterus appeared to be normal and there were no signs of inflammatory or venereal diseases. The specimen, which came fixed in formalin, is kinked upon itself and irregularly distended, as shown in the figiire. The clot is protruding through the abdominal opening, and opposite this point is a small perforation. Between the distended portion of the tube and the one near the inner opening is a contraction of the tube wall. The specimen was cut into numerous small blocks which disclosed to the naked eye an ovum near the abdominal end in process of abortion. No chorion is present at the point of contraction between these portions of the ovum.
Sections were made through these regions of the tube, and the microscopic examination confirmed the observations made by the naked eye. A section through the uterine end shows large tubal folds projecting into the lumen. The muscular wall seems hypertrophied, and there is an inflammatory reaction in the tissues of the folds. The block through the distended area near the uterus (marked 2 in the drawing) passed through the tube lumen and a mass of chorionic tissue is implanted within the tube wall. It is clearly a case of interstitial implantation. The implanted cavity is surrounded by a layer of trophoblast and the ovum consists of a general conglomeration of
villi, trophr iblasl, swieytium, and fresh blood. At a place 25 mm. beyond this (marked X in I he figure) we liavc the same mix-up, ti> which is added a collapsed and turn chorionic membrane. Here the rhorioiiie ma.ss lie.- within the tube lumen. At one point is the remnant of an embr\ci. which seems to be composed cif the body wall. Its tissues are also intermingled with maternal blond, and there are signs of irregular growths resembling a tissue culture. This fragment from the embryo is about 1 nun. in length. Judging by its shape it should have come from an embryo about 7 mm. long. At no point is the trophoblast altaelicd to the tube wall; the tube wall, however, shows inflammatory reaction and the spaces within the folds arc' tilled with an unusually large number of leucocytes. The trophoblast covering the villi, which are intermingled with fresh blood, is very active, but these clots are partly organized. Beyond this, at the point marked 4, the tube lumen contains blood, but no remnant of the chorion. A section through the outer end of the tube includes the point of rupture and the abdominal opening. It contains a large piece of ruptured ovum with numerous villi and trophoblast and maternal blood, some of which lies within the cirlom. The chorionic wall and the mesoderm of the villi are quite fibrous and a good portion of the trophoblast is neerotic. The clot surrounding this mass is more highly organized and has in it numerous strands of leucocytes, which at some points are destroying the villi. At the bases of some of the folds of the tube are marked pockets. There are also large flakes of granular magma taking on the peculiar hematoxylin stain in this portion of the tube.
We undoubtedly have in this specimen an ovum which has broken in half; one part has remained near the point of implantation, while the other has moved to the outer end of the tube and is being aborted. The part near the point of implantation is fresh and normal in appearance. The part being aborted is fibrous and neerotic, showing that when fully detached from the tube wall the ovum has difficulty in finding adequate nourishment.
No. 881.
(Dr. Neel, Baltimore.)
Tubal mass, 110X35X35 mm., containing a pathological embryo 3 mm. long. The specimen came from a white woman, who had been married 16 years and who had had seven children, the youngest 2 years old; no previous abortions. She was operated upon April 30, 1914. The periods had been regular. The last had begun 4 weeks previously and continued until the time of the operation. No history of venereal disease. At the time of the operation a few adhesions were found on the outer third of the tube; otherwise, the pelvic organs were normal. Over a liter of blood was found in the peritoneal cavity.
The tube was quite evenly distended. After being fixed it was cut into slabs about 15 mm. thick. Oneof the cuts is 40 mm. from the outer end and passes through the amniotic cavity, which is 5X7 mm. in diameter and contains an atrophic embryo, about 3 mm. long. The contents of the rest of the tube appear to consist mostly of fresh blood. In the neighborhood of the embryo the ovum is attached to the lateral border of the tube; elsewhere the tube is lined with flattened folds. The clot is not attached to the tube wall except at the point of implantation. The opening at the fimbriated end seems to be obliterated. From an examination of the specimen we would conclude that there had been no escape of blood into the abdominal cavity.
The uterine end of the tube is distended, and projecting into it are small finger-like processes, but no inflammatory reaction is present. The fimbriated end has a small lumen and the folds are more or less adherent. The thicker folds are invaded with gland-like invaginations and there are also numerous villus-like processes. In this region there is a marked fibrinous exudate. The distended portion of the tube is filled with a partly organized clot, within which are numerous leucocytes. Throughout the clot are a few scattered villi, which have undergone marked fibrinous degeneration; many of them are encircled with hordes of leucocytes. The epithelial wall of the tube is intact around the entire clot. The embryo, which is located in a small cavity, is greatly deformed and its tissues are almost completely dissociated. The central nervous system can still be made out and the heart is a mass of round cells. Two lenses are still adherent to the epidermis upon the sides of the head. The sections through the chorion show that its walls are degenerating and that the villi are becoming fibrous. The trophoblast is scanty. The tubal wall is somewhat inflamed, and at the point of implantation is invaded by trophoblast cells.
FIG. 21. Section through FIG. 22. Sketch of embryo tube to show the extent of from No. 881. X 8.
the blood clot within a cavity containing the embryo (No. 881). X 2.
In this region the inflammation is more marked than elsewhere. Within the clot the leucocytes are accumulating in masses, especially around the dead villi.
No. 882.
(Dr. Sexton, Baltimore.)
Tubal mass containing a pathological embryo 8 mm. long. The patient was a white woman, 34 years old, with 3 children under 7 years of age. She had had two abortions, one at the end of the second month and the other at the end of the third month. D and C 10 years before; inguinal glands excised 9 years before. Operation May 1. Normal menstruation 3 months before; 2 months before she began to have a little staining of dark blood, which continued for 7 weeks; she then suddenly passed a large amount of blood. After that she had a small amount of bleeding daily, but very little pain. Sharp pain one week before operation, lasting about '2 hours, and subsequently three other attacks.
Left tube and ovary sent to laboratory. Chronic salpiututis, gonorrheal on the right side. Uterus normal. Appendix chronically inflamed, atrophic. The unruptured
tube was brought to the laboratory fresh. On the outer surface were several indications of rupture, although in reality it had not ruptured anywhere. The fresh tube (60X45X40 mm.) was opened in saline solution. In thickness the wall ranges from 10 to 15 mm. and is permeated with villi and bands of fibrin with numerous spots of fresh hemorrhage. The cavity within is 20X15X12 mm. ; it is lined with a smooth membrane and has within it a large clot of blood. With difficulty the membrane surrounding this cavity was torn and after it was dissected away the embryo came into view. The embryo is very white and opaque and has a knob-like head and no extremities. Although the dissection may have distorted the specimen, it looks as though the embryo had been dead for some time. From all appearances it seems as though the blood clot had entered the amniotic cavity and that the amnion had been torn before the clot could pull off the embryo. The clot was thoroughly coagulated and only with difficulty could be peeled from the embryo.
Sections of the embryo show very decided changes, as the tissue is completely dissociated. Nevertheless, the external form of the embryo is well retained. The uterine end of the tube has hypertrophied folds, with numerous outpocketings of epithelial cells; also villus-like processes, a few of the folds adherent. The lumen contains an inflammatory exudate. At the point of distention the wall is markedly inflamed and the clot is more or less adherent. Where the epithelial lining is intact, the folds are united, forming pockets; that is, there is a localized follicular salpingitis. The chorionic wall and villi are fibrous and covered with a scanty amount of trophoblast. The encircling blood clot is not well organized and many of the villi are necrotic and have been invaded by leucocytes.
No. 889.
(Dr. Logan, Changteh, Hunan, China.)
Pathological ovum in tubal mass, 50X25X15 mm. On March 28, 1914, Dr. Logan writes the following history:
"Extra-uterine (tubular) pregnancy. No. 89-14, Changteh Hospital. Aged 32; occupation, trained nurse. Race, Chinese. Menstruation began at 14, was regular until 19. During her nineteenth year the patient been me much emaciated and had a cough. During this time she missed four periods. Amount of flow moderate, painful during the first day only. Was married January 18, 1913. After marriage she did not menstruate, becoming pregnant at once. The child was born at term, but died during a difficult breech delivery. After the child was born the patient was in bed for 20-odd days. The lochial discharge did not cease for over 30 days after delivery. About 40 days after the lochial discharge stopped, she menstruated. The flow was greater than usual, but otherwise was not abnormal. It lasted 4^ days.
"Extra-uterine pregnancy flow. From the time the above last menstrual flow began until the 'show' of the extra-uterine pregnancy, was 33 days. Patient remembers distinctly (it is remarkable how the Chinese remember the exact day any particular illness began). On the first day the flow was very slight; the second day it was very little more, but the pain in the back was intense. From the third to the eighth day of the flow the pain was intense in the back and suprapubic regions, also in the left leg. The show was increasingly abundant, but never copious up to the eighth day after it began. On the eighth day after the flow began (41 days after the beginning of the last normal menstruation) the patient fell unconscious. She was seen 5 minutes later by the operator, who found her semiconscious, with a rapid pulse and colorless face. The operation was performed as soon as the instruments could be sterilized.
Operation: The abdomen contained a large quantity of blood and clots. The left tube was clamped and removed. The patient made a good recovery with primary union of the wound. Ten days after the operation patient had an acute attack of what seemed to be gallstone colic, which lasted a day. The decidual cast (sent with specimen) was passed a few days after the operation."
The specimen consists of numerous large blood clots about 30 mm. in diameter. The flattened decidua measures 50X30 mm. and the brownish unruptured tube, somewhat bent upon itself, measures 50X25X25 mm.
Sections of the decidua show that it is unusually well developed. Very large decidua cells line the cavity of the uterus, and through the decidua are seen very large venous sinuses and also numerous degenerated uterine glands. Sections through the uterine end of the tube show that it is lined with small villi and filled with a clot, extending from the main hemorrhagic mass of the. tube. The folds are filled with leucocytes. The main mass of the tube contains a fairly well-organized clot, around which is a complete tube, well covered with a continuous layer of epithelium. Some of the folds are very hemorrhagic and the tube wall in general is inflamed. In a cleft within the clot is a mass of active trophoblast about 2 mm. in diameter. The syncytium is pronounced and often vacuolated, containing fresh blood-corpuscles. The tips of the villi reach into this mass, but the connection with the tube wall is not shown in the section. On the outside of the tube a large clot of typical granular magma is seen. It is about 3 mm. in diameter and is composed of small granules encircled by a variety of streaks which take on the characteristic hematoxylin stain.
No. 891.
(Dr. Leonard, Baltimore.)
Tubal mass, 60X30X30 mm. The specimen is from a white woman, aged 30 years, who has been married 13 years and has two children, aged 12 and 10 years. She has had two miscarriages, one at 5 months and one at 6 weeks. No history of venereal disease. The menses began at 13 years and were regular every 4 weeks with a moderate flow lasting 4 to 5 days. There has been only a slight flow since an operation (6 years ago), occurring regularly once a month. Two weeks before an operation for dilatation and curettement she had constant vaginal bleeding, varying in amount, often containing large clots. A few days before operation she had an attack of severe cramping in the abdomen, without vomiting, which lasted 3 or 4 hours. After being discharged from the hospital she was readmitted on May 10, complaining of same pain in the lower abdomen and continuous bleeding. She was operated upon May 12, when an unruptured right extrauterine pregnancy was found. Unruptured tubal mass, 60X30X30 mm. It was incised and found to contain a solid clot. It was then fixed without further manipulation. One day later (May 13) new sections were made and a collapsed ovum was found about 5X10 mm., which was entirely surrounded by fresh hemorrhages.
The uterine and fimbriated ends are distended with an exudate which is rich in leucocytes. The wall of the tube is infiltrated with polymorphonuclear leucocytes The distended portion of the tube contains a collapsed ovum and the villi are largely necrotic. The blood clot is not well organized, but contains many leucocytes. The wall of the necrotic ovum is one mass of llicm. There is no active trophoblast. In this specimen tin 1 tube has ruptured opposite its greatest distention, and Hie opening has been plugged by clots of blood )>ri Hiding into it. The ends of the ruptured tube are "healed" into the clot. There is a good deal of granular magma on the outside of the tube.
No. 892.
(Dr. Leonard, Baltimore.)
Unruptured tube, 90X45X4") mm. From a white woman, aged 39, who has been married 21 years and has 7 children, the oldest 20 and the youngest 7 years old; no miscarriages. The second and fourth deliveries were instrumental, but uncomplicated. The menses began at 13 years and were regular every 4 weeks. Duration, 6 to 7 days, with a profuse flow but not especially painful. Last period, February 25; preceding period, January 24 or 25. About April 23 patient had sharp bearing-down pain in the lower abdomen. About a week later she began to have a slight show of blood and passed a large clot. She has had a constant slight bloody discharge ever since. Operated upon at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, May 14, 1914.
The unruptured tube was cut into blocks; the section was mottled and well organized. No embryo was found.
In the uterine end of the tube numerous large outpocketings reach far into the muscularis to end blindly. In the middle of the distended portion the section struck the ovum, which is collapsed and contains no lumen. From the chorion long fibrous villi extend, a few of which reach to the tube wall. The latter is markedly infiltrated with leucocytes and trophoblast cells, indicating that there was a good early implantation as well as an infection. At some points there are abscesses. The tube lumen extends about one-fourth around the wall and is lined with adherent folds, which form pockets; in other words, a localized folhcular salpingitis is present.
No. 898.
(Dr. Hunner, Baltimore.)
Tubal mass containing embryo 15 mm. long. The woman, aged 27 and married 8 years, had never been pregnant before. She has had regular periods lasting 3 or 5 days. The last period began 28 days before the operation. During the intervening time there has been some irregular black discharge. She had a peritonitis-like attack 5 days before the operation. At the time of the operation there were free clots of blood found in the peritoneal cavity. The left tube, containing the pregnancy mass, w-as removed. There were some adhesions about the right ovary. The clot, 60 mm. in diameter, is attached to the tube, which measures 50X25X25 mm. After separation it was found that at the point at which the fimbriated end was embedded in the clot there was a cavity containing a macerated embryo, 15 mm. in length. The embryo was still inclosed in the amnion, which in turn was encircled by coagulated blood.
The uterine end of the tube contains marked hypertrophied folds and some exudate. At a point 25 mm. from this end, and midway between it and the distended tube, is a very active inflammatory process, the folds being adherent a follicular salpingitis. There are many fingerlike processes from the folds, whieh extend into the lumen of the tube as well as into the follicles. The mucosa of the distended portion is interesting from the fact that the changes, which took place after the abortion of the normal embryo, are shown. In this region a follicular salpingitis is also pronounced. There is much fibrinous degeneration and the follicles arc filled with inflammatory exudate. The trophoblast colls and many leucocytes have invaded the folds of the tube as well as its main wall. In certain regions the trophoblast is very active. The process required to clear up the tube and return it to its normal condition, after the tubal abortion, is probably just at its beginning.
No. 890.
(Dr. G. P. Evans, Baltimore.)
Ruptured tube containing normal embryo, CR 13 mm. White woman, 29 years old, pregnant once before, having a child 3^ years old. The last menstrual period began about 3 weeks before the operation, May 22, 1914. No history of venereal disease. The right tube was found inflamed. The specimen was sent fresh to the laboratory immediately after the operation. It was hardened in Bourn's fluid. It consists of a ruptured tube, measuring 30X18X15 mm. and a free embryo, which was fished out of the peritoneum by Dr. Cullen at the time of the operation. The uterine end of the tube is lined with welldeveloped folds, and its lumen contains a slight amount of inflammatory exudate. The fimbriated end appears to be normal. The cavity containing the ovum is lined mainly with normal and active trophoblast, intermingled with a considerable amount of fibrinoid substance. The space in which the ovum lies contains a considerable amount of inflammatory exudate, but the surrounding wall appears to be quite normal. However, the trophoblast invades the wall as in the case of a normal implantation. Apparently the rupture must have been very recent.
No. 9006.
(Dr. R. AY. Hammack, Manila, Philippine Islands.) Ruptured tubal mass, 60X45X35 mm. From a Malay woman, 19 years of age, who was married in 190S and who had only had one previous pregnancy, a full-term child in 1910. She had been troubled with pelvic pains since Sept ember 13, 1913, and was operated upon on October 30 of the same year. At that time she was suffering with leucorrhea. A left tubal pregnancy was found.
When the specimen came into our hands it was quite fibrous in consistence. Several blocks had been removed for microscopic examination before it was forwarded to us from the Philippines. Transverse sections were taken from the uterine end of the tube and through the middle of the ruptured block. The mucous membrane of the uterine end is thrown into numerous folds, which are more or less adherent and also end in numerous villus-like processes. There is a marked inflammatory exudate and a very pronounced follicular salpingitis. The tube wall of the rupture is also well infiltrated and there is a large fibrous clot within its lumen. At the junction of the clot and the tube wall is a zone of cells, which at one side appear to be decidua, but as they have a tendency to form the syncytium and as they appear morphologically quite like Hofbauer's cells, I am inclined to think of them as such. There are numerous large outpocketings from the tube lumen and numerous accumulations of leucocytes. No trace of the ovum is found. Otherwise the specimen appears very much like one of tubal pregnancy.
No. 900c. (Dr. R. W. Hammack, Manila, Philippine Islands.) Pathological embryo, 6 mm. long. From a Malay woman, 20 years old, who had been married 4 years. She had aborted "once or twice" before the present pregnancy. Her last period began 3 weeks before the abortion and bleeding was continuous until the time of the operation.
The omentum was found adherent to the pelvic organs; and the left tube was distended and had ruptured at its outer end. The specimen consists of the left Fallopian tube, which is practically spherical, measuring 45X53X40 mm. A transverse section through the middle portion discloses a chorionic cavity, measuring 19X8 mm., the walls of which are made up of organized blood. A wellpreserved pathological embryo with a greatest length of 6 mm. projects from the wall of the chorion.
A section through the uterine end of the tube shows that the tube wall is markedly hypertrophied and that there are numerous outpocketings from the tube lumen. Of these there must be at least 100, arranged in large clusters, reminding one very much of Brunner's gland. The tube lumen is lined with folds which are FlG , 3 ._ Pathological ,, mbrvo markedly infiltrated with from spcc i mcn NO. 900c. leucocytes and some of the x 8. folds have also been invaded
by tube-like processes from the epithelial lining. Sections through the chorionic wall show that it is fibrous and many of the villi permeating the clot are necrotic. Others have undergone mucoid degeneration. Where the villi come in contact with the tube wall, the trophoblast is active and invades the wall, which in turn is also active and markedly inflamed. The blood-clot is mottled, apparently consisting of organized clot and recent hemorrhage. The blood-corpuscles, which are of recent origin, stain intensely with iron hematoxylin. The rest do not. The embryo is distorted and atropliic; serial sections showthat it is dissociated and very much macerated. However, the position of the main organs can still be made out, although they have entirely lost then' contour.
No. 900rf.
(Dr. R. W. Hammack, Manila, Philippine Islam I- . i Tube-wall fragments, measuring 50X50X50 mm. From a Malay woman, 35 years of age. The patient had been bleeding for one month previously and at first had been curetted. As the bleeding continued the operation was performed, when the omentum was found to be adherent to the pelvic organs; the left tube, which was in the pouch of Douglas, was adherent to the rectum, and had ruptured in its middle portion. X T o embryo was found. The specimen received by us consists of fragments of tube wall which together measure about 50 mm. in diameter. A section from one of the larger blocks consisted mnsllv of a mass of fibrin in which were embedded numerous necrotic villi. No satisfactory examination could be made of the tube wall.
Xo. 900c.
(Dr. R. W. Hammack, Manila, Philippine Islands.) Tubal mass, 25X15X15 mm. From a Malay woman, 23 years old, with an uncertain history; when operated upon the right tube was found ruptured near its fimbriated end. To this mass the ovary was attached and contained a very pronounced corpus hit cum. The specimen consists of the fimbriated end of the right tube, 25 mm. in length, and a portion of the right ovary, which has been sectioned, disclosing a large corpus luteum, 19X19 mm. The tube evidently extends from the fimbriated end to the point of rupture, whence a similar slab of tissue has been removed and whence a blood clot about 12 mm. in diameter protrudes. Sections were taken through three portions of the tube. Those through the uterine end show that the tube was quite fibrous. At certain places were several very large pockets, but no indication of acute inflammation. In the middle of the rupture the folds were very pronounced and adherent to the actively proliferating mucous membrane and there were numerous pockets in the wall. Several villi extend through the muscular coat, and these have attached to their tips a very active trophoblast. At the fimbriated end are also outpocketings through the mucous membrane into the muscular wall.
No. 900/.
(Dr. R. W. Hammack, Manila, Philippine Islands.) Tubal mass, 40X32X25 mm. From a Malay woman, 26 years of age, who had had 9 pervious pregnancies without any abortions. The last period during June 1913; operated upon September 21, on account of continued bleeding and pelvic pains during the previous six weeks. Venereal disease was denied. At the time of the operation it was found that the right tube was somewhat enlarged and had ruptured at the outer end of the middle third. The omentum was adherent to the pelvic organs and the left tube was distended with bloody fluid. There was also a backward displacement of the uterus. The specimen consists of the right and left Fallopian tubes. The main portion of the former is occupied by the pregnant mass, which consists of a blood infiltration and a partially exfoliated wall of the ruptured tube, some villi being here and there evident. The embryonic remnants are not seen. The entire left Fallopian tube measures about 40X15 mm. On one side this tube is distended into the vesicle, which shows a lumen 20 mm. in diameter. This cavity is lined with folds and at one point it is about to rupture. The abdominal opening of the tube is closed.
From the right (ruptured) tube sections were cut from the uterine end through the point of rupture. The lumen of the uterine end is lined with delicate folds and within it has a slight exudate. None of the folds is adherent. The section through the middle of the tube (that is, through the point of rupture) has reached the lumen of the tube at .several points and shows in it a clot, separated from the tube wall by numerous cells which look like those of trophoblast. At certain points are several large lumps of syncytium; also a considerable amount of nuclear dust, which seems to have arisen from the syncytium. No definite villi were found in the sections, although they appeared to be present when the gross specimen was first examined. The folds are largely free and from their bottoms proceed numerous outpocketings, which grow into the muscular wall. On the left side sections were taken through the uterine end of the tube and through the vesicle near the fimbriated end. The folds of the lumen at the uterine end are very pronounced, often running out into processes, and at the muscular border are several small outpocketings. Outpocketings are also seen on the muscular wall adjacent to the distented portion.
No. 900?.
(Dr. R. W. Hammack, Manila, Philippine Islands.) Tubal mass, 33X21X18 mm. A Caucasian, age 22, born in the Orient; married in 1912, one previous preg
nancy. There is an indefinite history of an abortion on September IS, 1912. The last normal menstruation period began May 2, 1913, and there was a slight flow on June 19. Operation in July 1913. Smear preparations were made from the cervix, but no gonococci could be found At the time of the operation the lube was found ruptured and there were numerous adhesions to the pelvic organs. The left ovary was cystic, measuring 40 mm. in diaineh i The right ovary and tube appeared to Ije normal. The uterus was slightly enlarged. No embryo was found at the time. The specimen consists of the left Fallopian tube and ovary. The tube, which is in a Fragmentary condition, has been ruptured and also freely opened. The ovary, which now measures 33X18X21 mm., is occupied chiefly by a large cyst, the wall of which consists entirely of lutein tissue, somewhat over 2 mm. in thickness. Sections were cut through the middle of the rupture and through the uterine end of the tube. The lumen of the uterine end is normal in form and has several outpoeketings. There are also signs of inflammation. The .section from the rupture shows that the folds of the tube are largely necrotic and infiltrated with round cells. The tips of the folds are disintegrating. Within the lumen is a small mass of fibrinous exudate. There are also several outpocketings in the muscular wall. No trace of an ovum was found.
No. 900/.
(Dr. R. W. Hammack, Manila, Philippine Islands.) Tubal mass, 60X50X40 mm. From a Malay woman, aged 25, who had given birth to 3 children but had had no abortions. The last menstrual period took place October 25, and after its termination began again on the 29th, continuing until the operation, which took place December 14, 1913. At the time of the operation it was found that the right tube presented two swellings, each containing a clot of blood. The cavity was found practically filled with fluid and clotted blood. The specimen consists of the right Fallopian tube and ovary, the tube being in a fragmentary condition owing to an extensive dissection, but. clots are here and there present and also what is apparently chorionic tissue. A section was cut through one of the larger blocks of tissue; it includes the uterine end of the tube as well as the blood clot within the opening of the rupture. The lumen of the uterine end of the tube is packed with a mass of tissue formed by many adhesions of the folds of the tube; numerous outpocketings reach far into the muscular layer. This is evidently a case of follicular salpingitis with many outpocketings. At the point of rupture the form of the folds of the tube appear to be quite normal and no pronounced pockets can be seen, but at some points there is inflammation. The clot appears to be old and quite irregular in form; and it contains a few villi of the chorion in the last stage of degeneration. At one point there is a considerable mass of trophohlast cells.
No. 904.
(Dr. George Stickney, Baltimore, Maryland.,) Unruptured tube, 70X55X40 mm. Embryonic remnant 1 mm. long. The specimen was sent to the laboratory perfectly fresh and placed immediately in Bouin's solution, after which it was transferred to alcohol. Later it was cut into blocks and sections were taken through the uterine end of the tube and through the middle of the enlargement, which struck the cavity of the chorion. The diameter of the chorionic cavity is about 10 mm. The tube is filled with a mottled mass, portions of which are opaque. These are composed of organized blood, but there is also a considerable amount of fresh blood. The uterine end of the tube seems to have a normal lumen, but the muscular coat is unusually pronounced. The distended tube contains numerous pockets around its circumference, which have been formed by adhesions between the differentfolds. The wall has been also somewhat invaded by active trophoblast. The chorion and its villi are largely necrotic and the villi at some pomts are being invaded by their own trophoblast. The chorionic wall is undergoing acute degeneration and at some points there are indications of an adherent amnion. Hanging in the amniotic cavity is a small process, about 1 mm. long and 0.5 mm. in diameter. This contains a small vesicle and represents in all probability the degenerated cord of the embryo. Otherwise there is no remnant of an embryo. Sections stained with iron hematoxylin show the stratification of the fibrin unstained as in a fresh blood clot. Most of the red blood corpuscles remain unstained, which shows that, as the ovum was strangulated, there was a gradual addition of fresh blood, which made the tumor larger and larger. The fibrin bands which permeate the clot often avoid individual villi, indicating that they have a tendency to prevent coagulation.
No. 908.
(Dr. Paul Wegefarth, Baltimore, Maryland.) Both tubes and a clot measuring 60X50X35 mm. Our records state that the specimen is from an operation by Dr. Cullen and was brought into the laboratory by Dr. Leonard. There is some correspondence regarding it with Dr. Wegefarth, who was then one of the resident physicians of the Church Home. The specimen consists of both tubes, one ovary, in which there are two corpora lutea, and the large clot containing remnants of the villi; also a cavity, which appears to be that of the amnion. The small tube appears to be normal and the large tube is hemorrhagic and unruptured. As the fimbriated end is greatly distended, undoubtedly the clot was aborted from it. The clot is of a uniform consistency and has leucocytes scattered through it. At some points they have accumulated in large masses in the neighborhood of fibrous villi, which are found scattered through it.
A section through the wall of the cavity with the clot shows that it is composed of an atrophic chorion with degenerated villi attached to it. No embryo is found. The uterine end of the larger tube shows active inflammation in its hypertrophic folds and also an exudate, but the folds are not adherent. Around the distended portion of the tube are numerous pockets, but the tips of the folds are not adherent, although very edematous. The uterine end of the small tube has in it very hypertrophic folds and similar outpocketings, showing that this process, which causes the arrest of the ovum, was no doubt present in the uterine end of the pregnant tube.
No. 910.
(Dr. G. L. Hunner, Baltimore, Maryland.) Unruptured tube, 24 mm. in diameter. From a white woman, 39 years old, this being her sixth pregnancy; four of the previous five having been normal. In the fifth she miscarried at 6 weeks. The last menstrual period began May 9, 1914, and the operation took place on June 10. There was no indication of infection. At the time of the operation it was found that she had chronic pelvic inflammatory disease and there was distention of the left tube, which was also tied down by adhesions. The specimen was brought to the laboratory and fixed in Carney's fluid by Dr. Sabin. The specimen is a tube distended by a spherical mass, 24 mm. in diameter, which consists chiefly of organized clot. A cross-section of the mass shows an irregular chorionic lumen, about 7 mm. in diameter, surrounded by firm, bloody walls. The choriou is filled with a dense "magma" and no remnants of an embryo can be seen. Sections were made through three portions of the tube. Those through the uterine end show marked outpocketings from the lumen, there being six in each section. The free end of the tube is filled with hypertrophic folds, which almost completely obliterate the tube lumen. Possibly there are also some outpocketings. Sections through the distended portion pass through the chorionic cavity, which is 7 mm. in diameter. It shows the usual picture of destruction of the villi and the invasion of leucocytes in large masses forming small abscesses; there is some active trophoblnst at its periphery, also much nbrinoid substance. Practically the entire muscular wall has been destroyed by the trophoblast and clot within.
No. 911. (Dr. Wegefarth, Baltimore, Maryland.)
Unruptured tube, 65 X33 mm., brought to the laboratory perfectly fresh and was fixed in Bouin's fluid by Dr. Evans. The specimen consists of the right Fallopian tube, and the ovary of the same side, approximately 20 mm. in diameter. The tube is covered with a rather rough but unbroken peritoneum. Cross-sections show a sausage-shaped bloodclot about 17 mm. in diameter, in which are apparently large, feeble chorionic vestiges. Sections through the uterine end of the tube show a single lumen into which project several small folds. Apparently it is normal. Sections through the distended portion show that the entire tube contains a large clot. Within are embedded numerous necrotic villi. Aside from a slight infiltration with leucocytes the tube wall appears to be normal.
No. 919. (Dr. V. N. Leonard, Baltimore, Maryland.) Tubal mass, 65X40X25 mm. The specimen consists of an unruptured tube, one ovary, and a piece of the uterus. Sections were cut through the middle of the tubal mass. The wall was markedly inflamed and a similar condition prevailed in the folds, which were very edematous and infiltrated. In the tube wall were certain outpocketings, also an extensive formation of fibrinoid substance. Within was a circumscribed mass composed largely of fibrous villi and necrotic trophoblast, in the center of which was a mass composed largely of hyaline degeneration and a marked infiltration with polymorphonuclear leucocytes. At one point these were so numerous as to form a large abscess. The specimen came from a colored woman, 28 years old, who had been married 4 weeks. She is the mother of one child, 10 years old. Her last period began on January 3, 1914, and the operation was performed on April 27. She had been bleeding 3 weeks before the operation. At the time of the operation the pelvis was found filled with clotted blood.
No. 927. (Dr. Leon H. Watkins, Baltimore, Maryland.) Unruptured tubal mass, 50X20X20 mm. The patient, a well-nourished colored woman (age unknown), had had one child and no miscarriages. The last menstrual period had occurred July 7, 1914, the one preceding having been in April. At the hospital a diagnosis of extra-uterine pregnancy and chronic appendicitis was made. The uterus was enlarged and in the left side could he felt a movable mass somewhat larger than the left ovary and separate from it. The right side seemed clear. At the operation, on July 13, the mass in the left side was found to be an extrauterine pregnancy, about 3 cm. in diameter, in the middle portion of the left tube. The uterine portion of the tube \v:is removed. The right tube and ovary were normal.
The specimen consists of the left Fallopian tube, which forms an S-shaped spiral. At the uterine end the specimen undergoes an egg-shaped dilatation, becoming about 20 mm. in diameter. From the segment of the tube next adjoining this, projects a tumor-like swelling, 25X15X 15 mm., over the surface of which chorionic villi may be seen exposed in some places. Sections through the swelling of the uterine end show the tube with its periphery infiltrated with blood. A slit-like chorionic cavity, 6X2 mm. is found near the beginning of the dilatation.
Sections were taken through the uterine end of the tube, through the middle of the swelling, and the fimbriated end, which contains a very small opening. The folds in the uterine end of the tube are unusually well pronounced; none of them are adherent. At the fimbriated end the lumen is almost closed and is lined with two concentric layers of mucous membrane with numerous epithelial pockets between them. The condition of the mucous membrane in the uterine and fimbriated ends of the tube appears to be the reverse of. what is usually found in these cases, but careful inspection proves definitely that the two ends were not mixed at the time the sections were taken. Sections through the middle of the tube struck the point of implantation, which seems to encircle the entire wall, and not the faintest trace of the tube lumen can be made out. The blood within the tube lumen is mostly fresh and partly organized; within are seen many villi and the collapsed ovum. Some of the villi are necrotic and some of them have undergone fibrous degeneration. The tube wall has been invaded at its largest diameter by very active trophoblast. No trace of an embryo is found.
No. 928. (Dr. W. Morriss, Baltimore, Maryland.) Unruptured tube, 75 X28 X28 mm. The history of this case is somewhat meager. The patient was 20 years old. There were pelvic symptoms three weeks before the operation. The last period is said to have begun 6 days before the operation and appeared to be normal. At the time of operation no adhesions were found, but there was a retroflexion of the uterus.
This fine specimen measures 75 mm. in length. Near its fimbriated extremity the tube has swelled into an eggshaped dilatation, 28 mm. in circumference and about 28 mm. in length. The end of the tube has three distinct fimbriated areas, the largest of which measures 24X15 mm., the second 8X7 mm., and the third 14X6 mm. The free-hand section shows that the tube is occupied by a firm hemorrhagic nodule which separates itself easily from the tube wall. Sections through the tube at the uterine end show that the form is normal, but the surrounding tissue is somewhat infiltrated with round cells. The second block, which was cut at a point about 1 cm. from the first near the point of distention, shows large and acutely inflamed folds, more or less adherent, owing to the presence of an inflammatory exudate. Sections through the fimbriated end show that the folds are edematous, but normal in form and not adherent. There are several small outpocketings in the muscular wall. Sections through the distended portion passed through the point of implanta
tion, leaving a crescent-shaped slit, encircling the blood clot one-half way around the tube. Into this project a few villi, apparently normal. The blood clot is largely fresh, partly organized, and permeated by strands and colonies of leucocytes. The villi are mostly necrotic and many of them have been invaded by leucocytes. Where the trophoblast comes in contact with fresh blond it is vacuolated and active.
No. 932. (Dr. R. W. Hammack, Manila, Philippine Islands.) Unruptured tube, 40X30X25 mm. From a Malay woman, 20 years old, who had been married a short time before the operation, this being her first pregnancy. On March 30, 1914, she had had bleeding for one day. The last menstrual period had occurred on April 6, 1914. The operation was performed on May 19. There was no history of infection nor of any discharge from the uterus. At the time of the operation large irregular blood clots were found encircling the tube. The specimen consists of many large blood clots and a portion of the right Fallopian tube and ovary. A slab shows that the tube is occupied by a hemorrhagic chorion. A section through the ovary shows a beautiful convoluted corpus luteum, measuring 17X10 mm.
Sections through the uterine end of the tube show that it is filled with large folds, which are for the most part adherent, and form numerous pockets within the tube lumen. There are also several deep pockets which reach far into the muscular layer. Sections through the distended portion take in the point of implantation as well as the crescent-shaped tube lumen on the opposite side. The folds of the tube lumen are insignificant and there are no outpocketings. The tube lumen is composed of much fibrinoid substance, together with leucocytes, organized and fresh blood clot, as well as many villi, which are capped by necrotic masses of trophoblast. A section, which passed through the mam chorionic wall, shows that it is entirely collapsed.
No. 934. (Dr. V. N. Leonard, Baltimore, Maryland.) Pathological embryo, 6 mm. long. From a negro woman, aged 35, who had been married 10 years. She was the mother of 3 children, the oldest 10 years old and the youngest 5. Her last period had begun July 21, 1914, previous periods having been irregular. The operation was performed August 10. The patient was probably suffering from chronic gonorrhea, and at the time of the operation numerous adhesions were encountered. The fresh specimen was placed in Brouin's fluid. After it was partly fixed it was cut into slabs with a razor. The specimen consists of a Fallopian tube, 92 mm. long, and an ovary, 32X20 mm. The tube is swollen, forming two large irregularly spherical masses, which adjoin the outer and inner (uterine) ends respectively, and measure 50 X 55X40 mm. and 50X32X36 mm. When the mass at the isthmic end is cut open, a firm, bloody, chorionic mass with a lumen, 21X12 mm., is seen. The chorionic cavity has smooth walls and contains an adherent young monstrous embryo with a greatest length of about 6 mm. This is best described as an opaque white mass, in which head and body are barely distinguished as nodules. Between the two tubal swellings and lying directly over the ovary are numerous greatly hypertrophied folds of musoca. This fimbriated area extends in an irregular sickle-shaped area, 38X13 mm.
FTC;. 24. Pathological embryo from specimen No. 934.
A section through the largest part of the tube, which strikes the middle part of the chorionic cavity, shows that the ovum is surrounded by mottled blood clots, some organized, others fresh. The chorionic wall is fibrous, and the villi are fibrous and atrophic. The muscular wall of the tube is markedly inflamed and closely adherent to the inclosed clot. There are also several out pocket ings in the muscular wall from the epithelial lining of the tube. The embryo, which looks like a grain of wheat, was cut into serial sections, but only the central nervous system can be recognized in them. The rest of the viscera are completely dissociated; none of them can be located with certainty. The enveloping sheath, that is, the skin, is markedly hypertrophied, showing that this portion of the embryo was growing while the rest was undergoing destruction.
No. 938. (Dr. Gilbert M. Elliot, Brunswick, Maine.) Ruptured tube, 45X20X20 mm. From a FrenchCanadian woman, married June 30, 1914, this being her first pregnancy. Her last period began on June 16 and the operation was performed on August 16, on account of a sudden collapse, probably due to the rupture of the tube. The patient had been very healthy anil there were no indications of venereal disease. Aside from the tubal infection, the rest of the organs appeared normal at the time of the operation. The specimen consists of a Fallopian tube, about 45 mm. in length, and distended near the uterine end by a spherical enlargement, 20mm. in diameter, which has ruptured spontaneously, the fissure being about 16 mm. in length. The mass, when cut into slabs, shows the chorion densely infiltrated with blood. In its middle portion is an irregular chorionic cavity, 7 mm. in diameter, near which the blood is bright red. In the fimbriated extremity of the tube, which is extensive, the ovary, measuring 30X17X15 mm., has been implanted. A welldeveloped corpus luteum can not be found, but a small, dense yellow body, about 4 mm. long, is seen at one pole. Sections from the uterine and fimbriated ends of the tube appear to be quite normal; the folds are not excessive nor adherent. There are no out pocket ings. There is a slight exudate within the tube lumen. Sections through the distended portion do not include the wall of the chorion. The clot is well organized and ramified with strands of leucocytes and a few necrotic and degenerate villi. At some points the leucocytes are so numerous as to form small abscesses. The tube lumen, which is very small, is almost entirely denuded of its epithelial layer. Aside from the pregnancy the tissue seems to be normal throughout.
No. 939. (Dr. W. G. Sexton, Baltimore, Maryland.) Unruptured tube, 75X25X20 mm. From a Hebrew woman, 36 years old, who was the mother of 3 children and had had no previous abortions. The last menstrual period occurred 4 5 months before the operation, which took place on August 17, 1914. There was no history of venereal disease, but at the time of the operation adhesions were found around both tubes. The specimen consists of two Fallopian tubes. The larger (the right) measures 75 mm. in length and is distended by two enlargements about 20 mm. in diameter and 25 mm. in length. Sections through the distended portion nearest the fimbriated extremity show an enormous hypertrophy of the tubal mucosa, the tube lumen measuring 13 mm. This is also true for the other enlargement in its outer half; but in sections through the inner half the walls are more fibrous in character and inclose on one side a blood clot, 3 mm. in diameter. The other tube measures 56 mm. in length and shows three enlarged portions, the outermost enlargement which adjoins the fimbriated extremity, is 14 mm. in diameter and about 18 mm. long. It shows an extensive lumen completely occupied by folds of mucosa. The second enlargement, which adjoins the first, is about 11 mm. in diameter. A section shows that some change has taken place in the tube. The third enlarged portion, which is smaller, measures 9 mm.
Sections through the uterine and fimbriated ends of the pregnant tube seem to be quite normal as to form, but there is a marked inflammation. The clot, encircling a few villi present within it, lies in a pocket away from the main tube lumen, and in this pocket, which is entirely surrounded by mucous membrane, is a very pronounced peripheral follicular salpingitis. The main part of the lumen, like the rest of tube, is normal as to form. The tube from the opposite sideshows in its course three distinct enlargements, the whole tube measuring 56X15X12 mm. Sections were cut through these enlargements in four portions of the tube and it was found that in general the form of the folds is normal, although a considerable amount of inflammatory reaction is present. The uterine end of the tube appears very much like the corresponding end of the opposite side, with the possible difference that it is somewhat more inflamed. The sections through the fimbriated end arc much like those from the other side, with the possible exception that there are some outpocketings in the thickened folds as well as in the muscular wall of the tube. The distended portion within the fimbriated end is markedly inflamed and some of the folds here are adherent that is, there is a beginning follicular salpingitis. The enlargement near the uterine end shows a more pronounced follicular salpingitis. The case is especially valuable, as it shows the diseased condition in the tube, opposite the one which is pregnant, whereas that in which the pregnancy is located has a large divertieulum off the lumen of the main tube.
No. 945. (Dr. G. E. Crawford, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.) Normal embryo, CR 37.5 mm. From a German woman, aged 37, married in 1S99. She was the mother of thnv children and had had one abortion in 1904 at 2 months. Her last period began on July 16, 1914, and she was operated upon on September 29. Otherwise the history contains nothing of importance. We received only the embryo, and therefore could make no examination of the tube wall.
No. 953. (Dr. M. Y. Dabney, Cleveland, Ohio.)
Ruptured tubal pregnancy, 3.5X20X20 mm. The tube was moderately distended and sections were taken through three portions of the wall. The folds of the mucous membrane of the uterine and fimbriated ends were normal in form, but were somewhat infiltrated with leucocytes. No outpocketings nor adhesions could be detected. Sections through the distent ion showed that it was composed of mottled blood with the fresher corpuscles taking on iron hematoxylin stain; the rest failing to do so. Scattered through the clot were a few fibrous villi, in the last stages of disintegration, being outlined mainly by an accumulation of leucocytes. Sections struck the point of implantation, where the tube wall was quite inflamed. The crescent-shaped lumen which surrounded the clot had hanging into it a few atrophic folds; otherwise it was lined with a single layer of epithelium.
No. 967a. (Dr. R. W. Hammack, Manila, Philippine Islands.) Unruptured mass, 50X40X30 mm. From a Malay woman, 27 years of age, who had been married 10 years and was the mother of two children; there was no history of previous abortions. The last period began on April 20, 1914, and lasted for 10 days; after this there was irregular bleeding until the operation, which took place May 19, 1914. She had had a uterine discharge since 1906 and her husband was suffering from gonorrhea. The specimen consists of a piece of tube, a distended portion which has been cut into, and numerous large blood clots. No embryo is found. Sections through the uterine end of the tube show that it is quite normal in form. A section made from the distal side of the distended portion shows the tube to be filled with very large folds and at the periphery is a pronounced follicular salpingitis with pockets forming between the tube folds, which are filled with numerous epithelial-like cells. The wall of the distended portion is very thick and composed of mottled blood, in which are numerous necrotic and fibrous villi. Large masses of nuclear dust often accompany the necrotic villi. Sections stained with iron hematoxylin show that only the fresh blood masses take on the fresh stain.
No. 9676. (Dr. R. W. Hammack, Manila, Philippine Islands.) Unruptured tubal mass, 60X35X30 mm. The patient was a Malay woman, 33 years old, the mother of two children; there was no history of abortion. The last period began the last part of May, and was followed by profuse hemorrhage, which was more or less continuous until the time of the operation, August 1. At the operation the unruptured tube was found to be bound down with adhesions. The tubal mass is considerably contorted and measures 60X35X30 mm. (It had been opened before it was sent to us.) It contains a blood clot 25X15X15 mm. but no embryo is to be found. The mucous membrane of the tube wall is markedly inflamed and surrounded by an extensive follicular salpingitis. It has been invaded by several outpocketings. The tissue of the folds has been almost entirely destroyed by numerous leucocytes which have invaded it. The cavities ol' the spaces :uv filled with exfoliated epithelial cells. The blood clot within is of uniform density, amnion one side of it is a necrotic ovum with many attached villi.
No. 967c. (Dr. R. VV. Hammack, Manila, Philippine Islands.!
Tubal mass, 05X50X30 mm. The patient was a Malay woman, 40 years of age, who had been married for 20 years. She had been pregnant three times, with no abortions. The last period took place in March 1914, after which there was continuous bleeding for about a month before the operation (June 18, 1914). There was no discharge from the uterus. At the operation it was found that the uterus was bound down by adhesions. The specimen consists of a tubal mass, 65X50X30 mm. Its distal end contains the cavity, 20 X 15 mm. In addition there are four other masses, together weighing about 80 grams. No embryo is to be found.
Sections through the uterine end of the tube show that the folds are markedly hypertrophied and from them extend numerous villus-like processes. There are also several outpocketings. The mucous membrane is edematous and somewhat infiltrated with leucocytes. The section through the cavity into the specimen is lined with a very thick layer of fibrinoid substance, and some of the large sinuses within the muscular wall have in them trophoblast cells. The section also strikes a portion of the tube lumen which is marked by pronounced follicular salpingitis as well as outpocketings. Although no trace of an embryo was found in the sections, I am inclined to believe that a normal embryo had been present and was peeled out entirely at the time of the operation. The extensive amount of fibrinoid substance and the pronounced trophoblast cells within the venous sinuses support this idea.
No. 974. (Dr. A. W. Elting, Albany, New York.)
Unruptured tube, 40X20X20 mm. From a patient 34 years of age, who had been married 11 years. She began to menstruate at the age of 16 and had always been regular. A few months after her marriage she had her first abortion, which was an artificial one. She stated that since that time she had had nine or ten pregnancies, some of which aborted spontaneously, others being artificially induced. She had had only one child, at full term, now 13 months old. Menstruation was regular after the last childbirth. The last menstruation began October 3, 1914, was normal, and lasted 3 days. On October 16 she had severe pain in the abdomen, chiefly on the left side, with nausea and vomiting and a slight flow. The pain continued with more or less nausea and slight Mowing until she was operated upon on October 22. At the operation evidences of an attempted tubal abortion were found. There was considerable amount of blood in the abdominal cavity, but no evidence of actual rupture of the sac or of an extrusion of the fetus.
The specimen consists of an Unruptured tube measuring 40 X20 X20 mm., to which is attached an ovary, containing a cyst, 35 mm. in diameter. A section of the tube shows that it is filled with blood of a uniform black hue. The clot protrudes through the fimbriated opening. Sect inns through the uterine end of the tube show small folds, slightly inflamed, with several very small outpocketings. The distended portion of the tube has a very thin muscular wall with scattered folds, many of which are adherent. There are no outpocketings. The tube wall is markedly inflamed. The clot within is quite uniform, consisting of concentric rings of fibrous tissue, on the periphery of which are embedded a few small necrotic villi, most of them having been invaded by leucocytes.
No. 977. (Dr. G. N. J. Soinmer, Trenton, New Jersey.)
Partly ruptured tube, 45X25X20 mm. From a woman 27 years of age, who had been married 4 years, this being her first pregnancy. After the period beginning September 3, 1914, the next period, on October 17, was accompanied by pain in the left side. Bleeding continued off and on until the time of the operation, November 4, 1914. She had three attacks of pain at intervals of 6 days. The left tube was removed at the operation and found to be ruptured about its middle. There was no evidence of pelvic inflammation. The right tube and ovary were normal; the uterus was somewhat enlarged and soft; there were no signs of leucorrhea or venereal disease. The members of the mother's family had been fertile.
The specimen is a tube, measuring 45X25X20 mm., which came to us partly ruptured and distended at several points. At one point there is a rupture about 5 mm. in diameter, through which protrude numerous white villi. A section through this portion shows that the ovum is directed towards it, most of the villi having accumulated under the point of rupture. More towards the center of the tube is a cavity which contains a granular mass, probably the disintegrated embryo within the cavity of the chorion.
Sections through the uterine end of the tube show that it is filled with numerous very large folds, many of which are adherent to one another; but there are several small outpocketings in the muscular layer. The section through the fimbriated end of the tube is quite similar to that through the uterine end. The wall of the tube near the rupture is markedly infiltrated with trophoblast on one side. Within are numerous villi which, although somewhat fibrous, are quite normal in appearance. They are covered with a large amount of trophoblast, which would seem to indicate that the embryo had been normal a short time before the rupture. The clot is somewhat permeated with bands of fibrin and the delicate folds of the tube are all independent. Most of the villi have blood within them, showing blood-corpuscles of the embryo.
No. 990. (Dr. G. L. Hunner, Baltimore, Maryland.) Unruptured tube, 64X37X33 mm. From a white woman who has been married 8 years, this being her first pregnancy. The last period began on October 30 at the regular trine and continued until the time of operation, November 23. She has been suffering from pain in the pelvic region for the past month, with occasional severe pains in the abdomen, accompanied with great difficulty in breathing. There is no evidence of venereal disease.
At the time of operation the uterus was found to be normal and well embedded in large blood clots, over a pint of blood and serum being removed. There were old adhesions about the right tube and both ovaries. The left tube contained the pregnancy. Both ovaries were cystic and degenerated; the corpus luteum of pregnancy could not be found.
Sections through the uterine end of the tube show the folds greatly enlarged with epithelial pockets growing into them as well as into the tube wall. Some of these pockets are unusually large, measuring about 1 mm. in diameter. The clot is mottled and contains an ovum which is partly collapsed and filled with fresh blood. There are several very large accumulations of leucocytes in this specimen, many necrotic and a few fibrous ones. A section strikes the point of implantation, which is relatively small, the crescent-shaped tube lumen being lined with a few small folds, which are almost filled with leucocytes. Another section through the blood clot, but nearer the fimbriated end, gives the same picture.
No. 992. (Dr. Edward J. O'Brien, Detroit, Michigan.) Ruptured tube, 51X42X36 mm., with an embryonic mass 2 mm. long. From a woman who first married 5 years ago. She had a miscarriage at 7 months which was followed by pneumonia, which kept her in bed 4 weeks. The menses have always been normal. There is no history of excessive leucorrhea. She is strong and well nourished. A year ago she married a second time and menstruation was regular until 3 weeks before operation. This period lasted 3 days longer than usual and was very profuse and painful. Examination showed marked tenderness on the right side and a mass to the right of the uterus. The uterus was not perceptibly enlarged.
The specimen consists of an irregularly compressed tube, which has been ruptured or cut open, and shows a cavity lined with a smooth membrane, measuring 20 mm. in diameter. No embryo was found. Sections through the uterine end of the tube show a lumen quite large and filled with hypertrophied folds, which form large pockets ramifying clear across the tube lumen. There are also very pronounced pockets at the bottoms of the folds that is, there is a pronounced follicular salpingitis with the usual villus-hke processes extending into the follicles. A section through the hemorrhage did not include the tube wall. It is mottled with blood, which is partly organized and partly fresh. The latter takes on an intense stain with iron hematoxylin. The chorionic wall is not much altered and is lined with a very thin amnion. The section passes through the cord, the free end of which is partly round, but at one place it runs out into a sharp point. The cord, which is about 2 mm. long, contains the remnants of its blood vessels and a rounded tube, which strongly suggests the allantois. The hemorrhagic mass is permeated with numerous villi, most of which are fibrous and many of them necrotic. The trophoblast is not very active and at some points there are necrotic masses of trophoblast, showing that the ovum was strangulated some time before the operation.
No. 995. (Dr. Guy L. Hunner, Baltimore, Maryland.) Unruptured tubal mass, 85 X 65 X 40 mm . From a white woman 38 years old, this being her fifth pregnancy, she having given birth to three children and having had one other abortion. The last period began September 28, 1914, and on October 8 bleeding began and continued until November 26, when the operation was performed. There was no evidence of venereal disease. She came from a very fertile family, being one of 13 children and one of 144 grandchildren and great-grandchildren. At the time of the operation the uterus was somewhat enlarged. The right tube and ovary, although normal, were bound down by adhesions.
The specimen consists of a well-organized clot, the measurements of the tubal mass being given above. Sections were taken through the clot as well as through the uterine end of the tube. The latter shows a pronounced follicular salpingitis with an extensive infiltration of leucocytes. Most of the folds of the tube are adherent and the network formed by them is so extensive that at some points they appear to be in the tube lumen.
Sections through the point of greatest distention show that the clot is not adherent at any place. The lumen of the tube is lined with folds, which are markedly inflamed, but otherwise perfectly normal. There are no outpocketings or an\' indication of follicular salpingitis. Within the blood clot, which is composed mostly of fresh blood, is a large collapsed ovum. The chorionic wall and the villi are fibrous and atrophic. Some of the villi are undergoing necrosis, and these necrotic masses have been invaded by a large number of leucocytes. Radiating from the tip of the villi and other points are strands of fibrin and leucocytes, which form the characteristic stratification so often seen in these specimens.
No. 998. (Dr. W. H. Donaldson, Fail-field, Connecticut.) Tubal mass, 85X45X45 mm. From a Hungarian woman 28 years old, who had been married years, this being her first pregnancy. The last period began September 28, 1914, and continued for 1 days. The operation was performed November 24. The left tube appeared In be normal and the uterus was enlarged to twice its normal size. The pregnancy was in the left tube. Venereal disease was denied. The specimen consists of a tubal mass, 85X45X45 mm., which has been cut open, exposing a cavity 20X15 mm. The cavity is lined with a smooth, glistening membrane. No embryo is found, but her physician states that at the time of the operation a beautiful embryo was seen when the tube was opened.
The section through the uterine end of the tube shows a pronounced follicular salpingitis. The tube is cut up by fibrous anastomosing bands, the follicles being filled with processes, some of which also anastomose. The section could almost pass for that of an organ. A section throvigh the hemorrhagic mass includes also the tube wall. It is composed of mottled blood, containing many necrotic and fibrous villi. In the neighborhood of the fresh blood some of the trophoblast is active. The chorionic wall is also fibrous and at some points the amnion can be easily seen. The tube wall is more or less adherent and is often extensively inflamed and encircles the clot. Nearly the entire mucous membrane is intact and shows an extensive follicular salpingitis.
| Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages |
|---|
|
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 16) Embryology Book - Contributions to Embryology Carnegie Institution No.1-6. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.1-6
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
