Book - Chemical embryology 1 (1900): Difference between revisions
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New York: The Macmillan Company Cambridge, England: At The University Press 1931 Printed In Great Britain | New York: The Macmillan Company Cambridge, England: At The University Press 1931 Printed In Great Britain | ||
==Contents== | |||
VOLUME 1 | |||
Prolegomena page 2 | |||
PART I The Theory of Chemical Embryology Philosophy, Embryology, and Chemistry | |||
The Historical Perspective | |||
Obstacles to Chemical Embryology | |||
The Stumbling-block of Hormism | |||
Finalism as a Rock of Offence | |||
Organicism as an Occasion of Falling | |||
Organicism and Emergence | |||
Neo-Mechanism as a Theory for Chemical Embryology | |||
PART II The Origins of Chemical Embryology | |||
Preliminary Note | |||
Section 1. Embryology in Antiquity | |||
1-1. Non-Hellenic Antiquity | |||
1-2. Hellenic Antiquity; the Pre-Socratics | |||
1-3. Hippocrates; the Beginning of Observation | |||
1-4. Aristotle | |||
1-5. The Hellenistic Age | |||
1-6. Galen | |||
Section 2. Embryology from Galen to the Renaissance | |||
2-1. Patristic, Talmudic, and Arabian Writers | |||
2-2. St Hildegard; the Lowest Depth | |||
2-3. Albertus Magnus | |||
2-4. The Scholastic Period | |||
2-5. Leonardo da Vinci | |||
2-6. The Sixteenth Century; the Macro-iconographers | |||
Section 3. Embryology in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries | |||
3-1. The Opening Years of the Seventeenth Century | |||
32. Kenelm Digby and Nathaniel Highmore | |||
3-3. Thomas Browne and the Beginning of Chemical Embryology | |||
3-4. William Harvey 138 | |||
35, Gassendi and Descartes; Atomistic Embryology 1 56 | |||
36. Walter Needham and Robert Boyle 1 60 | |||
3-7. Marcello Malpighi; Micro-iconography and Preformationism 166 | |||
3-8. Robert Boyle and John Mayow 169 | |||
3-9. The Theories of Foetal Nutrition 176 | |||
3-10. Boerhaave, Hamberger, Mazin 1 82 | |||
3-11. Albrecht v. Haller and his Contemporaries 1 88 | |||
3-12. Ovism and Animalculism 1 99 | |||
3- 1 3. Preformation and Epigenesis 205 | |||
3-14. The Close of the Eighteenth Century 215 | |||
3-15. The Beginning of the Nineteenth Century 220 | |||
PART III General Chemical Embryology | |||
Preliminary Note | |||
Section 1. The UnfertiUsed Egg as a Physico-chemical System | |||
1. Introduction | |||
2. General Characteristics of the Avian Egg | |||
3. The Proportion of Parts in the Avian Egg | |||
4. Chemical Constitution of the Avian Egg as a Whole | |||
5. The Shell of the Avian Egg | |||
6. The Avian Egg-white | |||
7. The Avian Yolk | |||
8. The Avian Yolk-proteins | |||
9. The Fat and Carbohydrate of the Avian Yolk | |||
10. The Ash of the Avian Egg | |||
11. General Characteristics of non-Avian Eggs | |||
12. Egg-shells and Egg-membranes | |||
13. Proteins and other Nitrogenous Compounds | |||
14. Fats, Lipoids, and Sterols | |||
15. Carbohydrates | |||
16. Ash | |||
Section 2. On Increase in Size and Weight | |||
2-1. Introduction | |||
2-2. The Existing Data | |||
2-3. The General Nature of Embryonic Growth 383 | |||
2-4. The Empirical Formulae 389 | |||
2-5. Percentage Growth-rate and the Mitotic Index 399 | |||
2-6. Yolk-absorption Rate 405 | |||
2 '7. The Autocatakinetic Formulae 408 | |||
2-8. Instantaneous Percentage Growth-rate 420 | |||
2-9. Growth Constants 434 | |||
2-10. The Growth of Parts 440 | |||
2-1 1. Variability and Correlation 455 | |||
2-12. Explantation and the Growth-promoting Factor 460 | |||
2-13. Incubation Time and Gestation Time 470 | |||
2-14. The Effect of Heat on Embryonic Growth 498 | |||
2-15. Temperature Coefficients 503 | |||
2-16. Temperature Characteristics 515 | |||
2-17. The Effect of Light on Embryonic Growth 533 | |||
2-i8. The Effect of X-rays and Electricity on Embryonic Growth 536 | |||
2-19. The Effect of Hormones on Embryonic Growth 538 | |||
Section 3. | |||
3-1 On Increase in Complexity and Organisation | |||
3-2 The Independence of Growth and Differentiation | |||
3-3 Differentiation-rate | |||
3-4 Chemical Processes and Organic Form | |||
3-5 The Types of Morphogenetic Action | |||
3-6 Pluripotence and Totipotence | |||
3-7 Self-differentiation and Organiser Phenomena | |||
Functional Differentiation | |||
3-8 Axial Gradients | |||
3-9 Organised and Unorganised Growth | |||
3-10. Chemical Embryology and Genetics | |||
VOLUME 2 | |||
Section 4. The Respiration and Heat-production of the Embryo | |||
4- 1 . Early Work on Embryonic Respiration | |||
4-2. Respiration of Echinoderm Embryos in General | |||
4-3. Rhythms in Respiratory Exchange | |||
Section 4-4. Heat Production and Calorific Quotients of Echinoderm Embryos | |||
4-5. Respiration of Annelid, Nematode, Rotifer, and Mollusc Embryos | |||
4-6. Respiration of Fish Embryos | |||
4-7. Respiration of Amphibian Embryos | |||
4-8. Heat-production of Amphibian Embryos | |||
49. Respiration of Insect Embryos | |||
4-10. Respiration of Reptile Embryos | |||
4-11. Respiration of Avian Embryos in General | |||
4-12. Heat-production of Avian Embryos | |||
4-13. Later Work on the Chick's Respiratory Exchange | |||
4-14. The Air-space and the Shell | |||
4-15. Respiration of Mammalian Embryos | |||
4-16. Heat-production of Mammalian Embryos | |||
4-17. Anaerobiosis in Embryonic Life | |||
4-18. Metabolic Rate in Embryonic Life | |||
4-19. Respiratory Intensity of Embryonic Cells in vitro | |||
4-20. Embryonic Tissue-respiration and Glycolysis | |||
4-21. The Genesis of Heat Regulation | |||
4-22. Light-production in Embryonic Life | |||
Section 5. Biophysical Phenomena in Ontogenesis | |||
5-1. The Osmotic Pressure of Amphibian Eggs | |||
5-2. The Genesis of Volume Regulation | |||
53. The Osmotic Pressure of Aquatic Arthropod Eggs | |||
54. The Osmotic Pressure of Fish Eggs | |||
5-5. Osmotic Pressure and Electrical Conductivity in Worm and Echinoderm Eggs | |||
5-6. The Osmotic Pressure of Terrestrial Eggs | |||
5-7. Specific Gravity | |||
5-8. Potential Differences, Electrical Resistance, Blaze Currents and Cataphoresis | |||
5-9. Refractive Index, Surface Tension and Viscosity | |||
Section 6. General Metabolism of the Embryo | |||
6-1. The j&H of Aquatic Eggs | |||
6-2. The j&H of Terrestrial Eggs | |||
6-3. rH in Embryonic Life | |||
6-4. Water-metabolism of the Avian Egg | |||
Section 6-5. Water-content and Growth-rate page | |||
6-6. Water-absorption and the Evolution of the Terrestrial Egg | |||
6-7. Water-metabolism in Aquatic Eggs | |||
6-8. The Chemical Constitution of the Embryonic Body in Birds and Mammals | |||
6-9. Absorption-mechanisms and Absorption-intensity | |||
6- 10. Storage and Combustion; the Plastic Efficiency Coefficient | |||
6-11. Metabolism of the Avian Spare Yolk | |||
6-12. Maternal Diet and Embryonic Constitution | |||
Section 7. The Energetics and Energy-sources of Embryonic Development | |||
7-1. The Energy Lost from the Egg during Development | |||
7-2. Energy of Growth and Energy of Differentiation | |||
7-3. The Relation between Energy Lost and Energy Stored | |||
7-4. Real Energetic Efficiency | |||
7-5. Apparent Energetic Efficiency | |||
7*6. Synthetic Energetic Efficiency | |||
7-7. The Sources of the Energy Lost from the Egg | |||
Sections. Carbohydrate Metabolism | |||
8-1. General Observations on the Avian Egg | |||
8-2. Total Carbohydrate, Free Glucose, and Glycogen | |||
8-3. Ovomucoid and Combined Glucose | |||
8-4. Carbohydrate and Fat | |||
8-5. The Metabolism of Glycogen and the Transitory Liver | |||
8-6. Free Glucose, Glycogen, and Insulin in the Embryonic Body | |||
8-7. General Scheme of Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Avian Egg | |||
8-8. Embryonic Tissue Glycogen | |||
8-9. Embryonic Blood Sugar | |||
8-10. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Amphibian Development | |||
8-11. Carbohydrate Metabolism of Invertebrate Eggs | |||
8-12. Pentoses | |||
8-13. Lactic Acid | |||
8-14. Fructose | |||
Section 9. Protein Metabolism | |||
9-1. The Structure of the Avian Egg-proteins before and after Development | |||
912. Metabolism of the Individual Amino-Acids | |||
9-3. The Relations between Protein and non-Protein Nitrogen | |||
9-4. The Accumulation of Nitrogenous Waste Products | |||
Section 9-5. Protein Catabolism | |||
9-6. Nitrogen-excretion; Mesonephros, Allantois, and Amnios | |||
9-7. The Origin of Protective Syntheses | |||
9*8. Protein Metabolism of Reptilian Eggs | |||
9-9. Protein Metabolism of Amphibian Eggs | |||
9' 10. Protein Metabolism in Teleostean Ontogeny | |||
9-11. Protein Metabolism in Selachian Ontogeny | |||
9* 1 2. Protein Metabolism of Insect, Worm, and Echinoderm Eggs | |||
9-13. Protein Utilisation in Mammalian Embryonic Life | |||
9-14. Protein Utilisation of Explanted Embryonic Cells | |||
9-15. Uricotelic Metabolism and the Evolution of the Terrestrial Egg | |||
Section 10. The Metabolism of Nucleins and Nitrogenous Extractives | |||
10-1. Nuclein Metabolism of the Chick Embryo | |||
10-2. The Nucleoplasmatic Ratio | |||
10-3. Nuclein Synthesis in Developing Eggs | |||
10-4. Creatinine, Creatine, and Guanidine | |||
Section 11. Fat Metabolism | |||
11-1. Fat Metabolism of Avian Eggs | |||
11-2. Fat Metabolism of Reptilian Eggs | |||
11-3. Fat Metabolism of Amphibian Eggs | |||
11-4. Fat Metabolism of Selachian Eggs | |||
11-5. Fat Metabolism of Teleostean Eggs | |||
11-6. Fat Metabolism of Mollusc, Worm, and Echinoderm Eggs | |||
11-7. Fat Metabolism of Insect Eggs | |||
11-8. Combustion and Synthesis of Fatty Acids in Relation to Metabolic Water | |||
11-9. Fat Metabolism of Mammalian Embryos | |||
Section 12. The Metabolism ofLipoids, Sterols, Cycloses, Phosphorus and Sulphur | |||
12-1. Phosphorus Metabolism of the Avian Egg | |||
12-2. Tissue Phosphorus Coefficients | |||
I2-3. Choline in Avian Development | |||
12-4, The Metabolism of Sterols during Avian Development | |||
12-5. The Relation between Lipoids and Sterols; the Lipocytic Coefficient | |||
12-6. Cycloses and Alcohols in Avian Development | |||
12-7. Sulphur Metabolism of the Avian Egg | |||
12-8. Phosphorus, Sulphur, Choline, and Cholesterol in Reptile Eggs | |||
Section 12-9. Lipoids and Sterols in Amphibian Eggs | |||
12-10. Lipoids, Sterols, and Cycloses in Fish Eggs | |||
i2-11. Phosphorus, Lipoids and Sterols in Arthropod Eggs | |||
12-12. Phosphorus, Lipoids, and Sterols in Worm and Echinoderm Eggs | |||
12-13. Lipoids and Sterols in Mammalian Development | |||
Section 13. Inorganic Metabolism | |||
13-1. Changes in the Distribution of Ash during Avian Development | |||
13-2. Calcium Metabolism of the Avian Egg | |||
13-3. Inorganic Metabolism of other Eggs | |||
13-4. The Absorption of Ash from Sea-water by Marine Eggs | |||
13-5. The Ani on/Cation Ratio | |||
13-6. Inorganic Metabolism of Mammalian Embryos | |||
13-7. Calcium Metabolism of Mammalian Embryos | |||
Section 14. Enzymes in Ontogenesis | |||
14-1. Introduction | |||
4-2. Enzymes in Arthropod Eggs | |||
4-3. Enzymes in Mollusc, Worm, and Echinoderm Eggs | |||
4-4. Enzymes in Fish Eggs | |||
4-5. Enzymes in Amphibian Eggs | |||
4-6. Enzymes in Sauropsid Eggs | |||
4-7. Changes in Enzymic Activity during Development | |||
4-8. Enzymes of the Embryonic Body | |||
4-9. Enzymes in Mammalian Embryos | |||
4-10. The Genesis of Nucleases | |||
4-11. Foetal Autolysis | |||
Section 15. Hormones in Ontogenesis | |||
15-1. Introduction | |||
15-2. Adrenalin | |||
15-3. Insulin | |||
15-4. The Parathyroid Hormone | |||
15-5. The Hormones of the Pituitary | |||
15-6. Secretin | |||
15-7. Thyroxin | |||
15-8. Oestrin and other Sex Hormones | |||
Section i6. Vitamins in Ontogenesis | |||
16-1. Vitamin A | |||
16-2. Vitamin B | |||
16-3. Vitamin C | |||
16-4. Vitamin D | |||
16-5. Vitamins in Mammalian Development | |||
16-6. Vitamin E | |||
Section 17. Pigments in Ontogenesis | |||
17-1. The Formation of Blood Pigments | |||
17-2. The Formation of Bile Pigments | |||
17-3. The Formation of Tissue Pigments | |||
17-4. The Pigments of the Avian Egg-shell | |||
17-5. The Pigments of the Avian Yolk | |||
17-6. Egg-pigments of Aquatic Animals | |||
17-7. Melanins in Ontogenesis | |||
Section 18. Resistance and Susceptibility in Embryonic Life | |||
18-1. Introduction | |||
18-2. Standard Mortality Curves | |||
18-3. Resistance to Mechanical Injury | |||
18-4. Resistance to Thermal Injury | |||
18-5. Resistance to Electrical Injury | |||
18-6. Resistance to Injury caused by Abnormal j&H | |||
18-7. Resistance to Injury caused by Abnormal Gas Concentrations (non-Avian Embryos) | |||
18-8. Critical Points in Development | |||
18-9. Resistance to Injury caused by Abnormal Gas Concentrations (Avian Embryos) | |||
18-10. Resistance to Injury caused by Toxic Substances | |||
18-11. Resistance to Injury caused by X-rays, Radium Emanation, and Ultra-violet Light | |||
Section 19. Serology and Immunology in Embryonic Life | |||
19-1. Antigenic Properties of Eggs and Embryos | |||
19-2. The Formation of Natural Antibodies | |||
19-3. The Natural Immunity of Egg-white | |||
19-4. Inheritance of Immunity in Oviparous Animals | |||
19-5. Serology and Pregnancy | |||
19-6. Resistance of the Avian Embryo to Foreign Neoplasms | |||
Section 20. Biochemistry of the Placenta | |||
20-1. Introduction | |||
20-2. General Metabolism of the Placenta | |||
20-3. Placental Respiration | |||
20-4. Nitrogen Metabolism of the Placenta | |||
20-5. Carbohydrate Metabolism of the Placenta | |||
20-6. Fat and Lipoid Metabolism of the Placenta | |||
20-7. Placental Enzymes | |||
Section 21. Biochemistry of the Placental Barrier | |||
21-1. The Autonomy of the Foetal Blood | |||
21-2. Evolution of the Placenta | |||
21-3. Histotrophe and Haemotrophe | |||
21-4. Mesonephros and Placenta | |||
21-5. Colostrum and Placenta | |||
21-6. Placental Transmission and Molecular Size | |||
21-7. QuaHtative Experiments on Placental Permeability | |||
21-8. The Passage of Hormones | |||
21-9. Factors Governing Placental Transmission | |||
2I-IO. Quantitative Experiments on the Passage of Nitrogenous Substances | |||
21-11. Quantitative Experiments on the Passage of Phosphorus, Fats, and Sterols | |||
21-12. Quantitative Experiments on the Passage of Carbohydrates | |||
21-13. Quantitative Experiments on the Passage of Ash | |||
21-14. The Passage of Enzymes | |||
21-15. The Unequal Balance of Blood Constituents | |||
Section 22. Biochemistry of the Amniotic and Allantoic Liquids | |||
22-1. Introduction | |||
22-2. Evolution of the Liquids | |||
22-3. Avian Amniotic and Allantoic Liquids | |||
22-4. Amount and Composition of Mammalian Amniotic and Allantoic Liquids | |||
22-5. Maternal Transudation and Foetal Secretion | |||
22-6. Interchange between Amniotic and Allantoic Liquids | |||
22-7. Vernix Caseosa | |||
Section 23. Blood and Tissue Chemistry of the Embryo | |||
23-1. Blood | |||
23-2. Lung | |||
23-3. Muscle | |||
23-4. Heart | |||
23-5 Nervous Tissue | |||
23-6. Connective Tissue | |||
23-7. Lymph | |||
23-8. Sense Organs | |||
23-9 Intestinal Tract | |||
Section 24. Hatching and Birth | |||
24-1. Introduction | |||
24-2. Hatching Enzymes | |||
24-3. Osmotic Hatching | |||
24-4. Egg-breakers | |||
24-5. Hatching of the Avian Egg | |||
24-6. Mammalian Birth | |||
Epilegomena | |||
The Two Problems of Embryology | |||
The Cleidoic Egg and its Evolution | |||
Chemical Synthesis as an Aspect of Ontogeny | |||
Biochemistry and Morphogenesis | |||
Transitory Functions in Embryonic Life | |||
The Theory of Recapitulation | |||
Recapitulation and Substitution | |||
Chemical Recapitulation | |||
Provisional Generalisations for Chemical Embryology | |||
The Organisation of Development and the Development of Organisation | |||
The Future of Embryology | |||
PART IV Appendices | |||
i. Normal Tables of Magnitudes in Embryonic Growth | |||
ii. A Chemical Account of the Maturation of the Egg-cell | |||
iii. The Chemical Changes during the Metamorphosis of Insects (by Dorothy Needham) | |||
iv. The Development of the Plant Embryo from a Physico-chemical Viewpoint (by Muriel Robinson) | |||
PART V | |||
Bibliography and Author-Index | |||
Subject-Index | |||
Index Animalium | |||
{{Footer}} | {{Footer}} |
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Needham J. Chemical Embryology Vol. 1. (1900)
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Chemical Embryology - Volume One
By
Joseph Needham
M.A., Ph.D.
Fellow of Gonville & Cains College, Cambridge, and University Demonstrator in Biochemistry.
New York: The Macmillan Company Cambridge, England: At The University Press 1931 Printed In Great Britain
Contents
VOLUME 1
Prolegomena page 2
PART I The Theory of Chemical Embryology Philosophy, Embryology, and Chemistry
The Historical Perspective
Obstacles to Chemical Embryology
The Stumbling-block of Hormism
Finalism as a Rock of Offence
Organicism as an Occasion of Falling
Organicism and Emergence
Neo-Mechanism as a Theory for Chemical Embryology
PART II The Origins of Chemical Embryology
Preliminary Note
Section 1. Embryology in Antiquity
1-1. Non-Hellenic Antiquity
1-2. Hellenic Antiquity; the Pre-Socratics
1-3. Hippocrates; the Beginning of Observation
1-4. Aristotle
1-5. The Hellenistic Age
1-6. Galen
Section 2. Embryology from Galen to the Renaissance
2-1. Patristic, Talmudic, and Arabian Writers
2-2. St Hildegard; the Lowest Depth
2-3. Albertus Magnus
2-4. The Scholastic Period
2-5. Leonardo da Vinci
2-6. The Sixteenth Century; the Macro-iconographers
Section 3. Embryology in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
3-1. The Opening Years of the Seventeenth Century
32. Kenelm Digby and Nathaniel Highmore
3-3. Thomas Browne and the Beginning of Chemical Embryology
3-4. William Harvey 138
35, Gassendi and Descartes; Atomistic Embryology 1 56
36. Walter Needham and Robert Boyle 1 60 3-7. Marcello Malpighi; Micro-iconography and Preformationism 166 3-8. Robert Boyle and John Mayow 169 3-9. The Theories of Foetal Nutrition 176 3-10. Boerhaave, Hamberger, Mazin 1 82 3-11. Albrecht v. Haller and his Contemporaries 1 88 3-12. Ovism and Animalculism 1 99 3- 1 3. Preformation and Epigenesis 205 3-14. The Close of the Eighteenth Century 215 3-15. The Beginning of the Nineteenth Century 220
PART III General Chemical Embryology
Preliminary Note
Section 1. The UnfertiUsed Egg as a Physico-chemical System
1. Introduction
2. General Characteristics of the Avian Egg
3. The Proportion of Parts in the Avian Egg
4. Chemical Constitution of the Avian Egg as a Whole
5. The Shell of the Avian Egg
6. The Avian Egg-white
7. The Avian Yolk
8. The Avian Yolk-proteins
9. The Fat and Carbohydrate of the Avian Yolk
10. The Ash of the Avian Egg
11. General Characteristics of non-Avian Eggs
12. Egg-shells and Egg-membranes
13. Proteins and other Nitrogenous Compounds
14. Fats, Lipoids, and Sterols
15. Carbohydrates
16. Ash
Section 2. On Increase in Size and Weight
2-1. Introduction
2-2. The Existing Data
2-3. The General Nature of Embryonic Growth 383
2-4. The Empirical Formulae 389
2-5. Percentage Growth-rate and the Mitotic Index 399
2-6. Yolk-absorption Rate 405
2 '7. The Autocatakinetic Formulae 408
2-8. Instantaneous Percentage Growth-rate 420
2-9. Growth Constants 434
2-10. The Growth of Parts 440
2-1 1. Variability and Correlation 455
2-12. Explantation and the Growth-promoting Factor 460
2-13. Incubation Time and Gestation Time 470
2-14. The Effect of Heat on Embryonic Growth 498
2-15. Temperature Coefficients 503
2-16. Temperature Characteristics 515
2-17. The Effect of Light on Embryonic Growth 533
2-i8. The Effect of X-rays and Electricity on Embryonic Growth 536
2-19. The Effect of Hormones on Embryonic Growth 538
Section 3.
3-1 On Increase in Complexity and Organisation
3-2 The Independence of Growth and Differentiation
3-3 Differentiation-rate
3-4 Chemical Processes and Organic Form
3-5 The Types of Morphogenetic Action
3-6 Pluripotence and Totipotence
3-7 Self-differentiation and Organiser Phenomena Functional Differentiation 3-8 Axial Gradients
3-9 Organised and Unorganised Growth
3-10. Chemical Embryology and Genetics
VOLUME 2
Section 4. The Respiration and Heat-production of the Embryo
4- 1 . Early Work on Embryonic Respiration
4-2. Respiration of Echinoderm Embryos in General
4-3. Rhythms in Respiratory Exchange
Section 4-4. Heat Production and Calorific Quotients of Echinoderm Embryos
4-5. Respiration of Annelid, Nematode, Rotifer, and Mollusc Embryos
4-6. Respiration of Fish Embryos
4-7. Respiration of Amphibian Embryos
4-8. Heat-production of Amphibian Embryos
49. Respiration of Insect Embryos
4-10. Respiration of Reptile Embryos
4-11. Respiration of Avian Embryos in General
4-12. Heat-production of Avian Embryos
4-13. Later Work on the Chick's Respiratory Exchange
4-14. The Air-space and the Shell
4-15. Respiration of Mammalian Embryos
4-16. Heat-production of Mammalian Embryos
4-17. Anaerobiosis in Embryonic Life
4-18. Metabolic Rate in Embryonic Life
4-19. Respiratory Intensity of Embryonic Cells in vitro
4-20. Embryonic Tissue-respiration and Glycolysis
4-21. The Genesis of Heat Regulation
4-22. Light-production in Embryonic Life
Section 5. Biophysical Phenomena in Ontogenesis
5-1. The Osmotic Pressure of Amphibian Eggs
5-2. The Genesis of Volume Regulation
53. The Osmotic Pressure of Aquatic Arthropod Eggs
54. The Osmotic Pressure of Fish Eggs
5-5. Osmotic Pressure and Electrical Conductivity in Worm and Echinoderm Eggs
5-6. The Osmotic Pressure of Terrestrial Eggs
5-7. Specific Gravity
5-8. Potential Differences, Electrical Resistance, Blaze Currents and Cataphoresis
5-9. Refractive Index, Surface Tension and Viscosity
Section 6. General Metabolism of the Embryo
6-1. The j&H of Aquatic Eggs
6-2. The j&H of Terrestrial Eggs
6-3. rH in Embryonic Life
6-4. Water-metabolism of the Avian Egg
Section 6-5. Water-content and Growth-rate page
6-6. Water-absorption and the Evolution of the Terrestrial Egg
6-7. Water-metabolism in Aquatic Eggs
6-8. The Chemical Constitution of the Embryonic Body in Birds and Mammals
6-9. Absorption-mechanisms and Absorption-intensity
6- 10. Storage and Combustion; the Plastic Efficiency Coefficient
6-11. Metabolism of the Avian Spare Yolk
6-12. Maternal Diet and Embryonic Constitution
Section 7. The Energetics and Energy-sources of Embryonic Development
7-1. The Energy Lost from the Egg during Development
7-2. Energy of Growth and Energy of Differentiation
7-3. The Relation between Energy Lost and Energy Stored
7-4. Real Energetic Efficiency
7-5. Apparent Energetic Efficiency
7*6. Synthetic Energetic Efficiency
7-7. The Sources of the Energy Lost from the Egg
Sections. Carbohydrate Metabolism
8-1. General Observations on the Avian Egg
8-2. Total Carbohydrate, Free Glucose, and Glycogen
8-3. Ovomucoid and Combined Glucose
8-4. Carbohydrate and Fat
8-5. The Metabolism of Glycogen and the Transitory Liver
8-6. Free Glucose, Glycogen, and Insulin in the Embryonic Body
8-7. General Scheme of Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Avian Egg
8-8. Embryonic Tissue Glycogen
8-9. Embryonic Blood Sugar
8-10. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Amphibian Development
8-11. Carbohydrate Metabolism of Invertebrate Eggs
8-12. Pentoses
8-13. Lactic Acid
8-14. Fructose
Section 9. Protein Metabolism
9-1. The Structure of the Avian Egg-proteins before and after Development
912. Metabolism of the Individual Amino-Acids
9-3. The Relations between Protein and non-Protein Nitrogen
9-4. The Accumulation of Nitrogenous Waste Products
Section 9-5. Protein Catabolism
9-6. Nitrogen-excretion; Mesonephros, Allantois, and Amnios
9-7. The Origin of Protective Syntheses
9*8. Protein Metabolism of Reptilian Eggs
9-9. Protein Metabolism of Amphibian Eggs
9' 10. Protein Metabolism in Teleostean Ontogeny
9-11. Protein Metabolism in Selachian Ontogeny
9* 1 2. Protein Metabolism of Insect, Worm, and Echinoderm Eggs
9-13. Protein Utilisation in Mammalian Embryonic Life
9-14. Protein Utilisation of Explanted Embryonic Cells
9-15. Uricotelic Metabolism and the Evolution of the Terrestrial Egg
Section 10. The Metabolism of Nucleins and Nitrogenous Extractives
10-1. Nuclein Metabolism of the Chick Embryo
10-2. The Nucleoplasmatic Ratio
10-3. Nuclein Synthesis in Developing Eggs
10-4. Creatinine, Creatine, and Guanidine
Section 11. Fat Metabolism
11-1. Fat Metabolism of Avian Eggs
11-2. Fat Metabolism of Reptilian Eggs
11-3. Fat Metabolism of Amphibian Eggs
11-4. Fat Metabolism of Selachian Eggs
11-5. Fat Metabolism of Teleostean Eggs
11-6. Fat Metabolism of Mollusc, Worm, and Echinoderm Eggs
11-7. Fat Metabolism of Insect Eggs
11-8. Combustion and Synthesis of Fatty Acids in Relation to Metabolic Water
11-9. Fat Metabolism of Mammalian Embryos
Section 12. The Metabolism ofLipoids, Sterols, Cycloses, Phosphorus and Sulphur
12-1. Phosphorus Metabolism of the Avian Egg
12-2. Tissue Phosphorus Coefficients
I2-3. Choline in Avian Development
12-4, The Metabolism of Sterols during Avian Development
12-5. The Relation between Lipoids and Sterols; the Lipocytic Coefficient
12-6. Cycloses and Alcohols in Avian Development
12-7. Sulphur Metabolism of the Avian Egg
12-8. Phosphorus, Sulphur, Choline, and Cholesterol in Reptile Eggs
Section 12-9. Lipoids and Sterols in Amphibian Eggs
12-10. Lipoids, Sterols, and Cycloses in Fish Eggs
i2-11. Phosphorus, Lipoids and Sterols in Arthropod Eggs
12-12. Phosphorus, Lipoids, and Sterols in Worm and Echinoderm Eggs
12-13. Lipoids and Sterols in Mammalian Development
Section 13. Inorganic Metabolism
13-1. Changes in the Distribution of Ash during Avian Development
13-2. Calcium Metabolism of the Avian Egg
13-3. Inorganic Metabolism of other Eggs
13-4. The Absorption of Ash from Sea-water by Marine Eggs
13-5. The Ani on/Cation Ratio
13-6. Inorganic Metabolism of Mammalian Embryos
13-7. Calcium Metabolism of Mammalian Embryos
Section 14. Enzymes in Ontogenesis
14-1. Introduction
4-2. Enzymes in Arthropod Eggs
4-3. Enzymes in Mollusc, Worm, and Echinoderm Eggs
4-4. Enzymes in Fish Eggs
4-5. Enzymes in Amphibian Eggs
4-6. Enzymes in Sauropsid Eggs
4-7. Changes in Enzymic Activity during Development
4-8. Enzymes of the Embryonic Body
4-9. Enzymes in Mammalian Embryos
4-10. The Genesis of Nucleases
4-11. Foetal Autolysis
Section 15. Hormones in Ontogenesis
15-1. Introduction
15-2. Adrenalin
15-3. Insulin
15-4. The Parathyroid Hormone
15-5. The Hormones of the Pituitary
15-6. Secretin
15-7. Thyroxin
15-8. Oestrin and other Sex Hormones
Section i6. Vitamins in Ontogenesis
16-1. Vitamin A
16-2. Vitamin B
16-3. Vitamin C
16-4. Vitamin D
16-5. Vitamins in Mammalian Development
16-6. Vitamin E
Section 17. Pigments in Ontogenesis
17-1. The Formation of Blood Pigments
17-2. The Formation of Bile Pigments
17-3. The Formation of Tissue Pigments
17-4. The Pigments of the Avian Egg-shell
17-5. The Pigments of the Avian Yolk
17-6. Egg-pigments of Aquatic Animals
17-7. Melanins in Ontogenesis
Section 18. Resistance and Susceptibility in Embryonic Life
18-1. Introduction
18-2. Standard Mortality Curves
18-3. Resistance to Mechanical Injury
18-4. Resistance to Thermal Injury
18-5. Resistance to Electrical Injury
18-6. Resistance to Injury caused by Abnormal j&H
18-7. Resistance to Injury caused by Abnormal Gas Concentrations (non-Avian Embryos)
18-8. Critical Points in Development
18-9. Resistance to Injury caused by Abnormal Gas Concentrations (Avian Embryos)
18-10. Resistance to Injury caused by Toxic Substances
18-11. Resistance to Injury caused by X-rays, Radium Emanation, and Ultra-violet Light
Section 19. Serology and Immunology in Embryonic Life
19-1. Antigenic Properties of Eggs and Embryos
19-2. The Formation of Natural Antibodies
19-3. The Natural Immunity of Egg-white
19-4. Inheritance of Immunity in Oviparous Animals
19-5. Serology and Pregnancy
19-6. Resistance of the Avian Embryo to Foreign Neoplasms
Section 20. Biochemistry of the Placenta
20-1. Introduction
20-2. General Metabolism of the Placenta
20-3. Placental Respiration
20-4. Nitrogen Metabolism of the Placenta
20-5. Carbohydrate Metabolism of the Placenta
20-6. Fat and Lipoid Metabolism of the Placenta
20-7. Placental Enzymes
Section 21. Biochemistry of the Placental Barrier
21-1. The Autonomy of the Foetal Blood
21-2. Evolution of the Placenta
21-3. Histotrophe and Haemotrophe
21-4. Mesonephros and Placenta
21-5. Colostrum and Placenta
21-6. Placental Transmission and Molecular Size
21-7. QuaHtative Experiments on Placental Permeability
21-8. The Passage of Hormones
21-9. Factors Governing Placental Transmission
2I-IO. Quantitative Experiments on the Passage of Nitrogenous Substances
21-11. Quantitative Experiments on the Passage of Phosphorus, Fats, and Sterols
21-12. Quantitative Experiments on the Passage of Carbohydrates
21-13. Quantitative Experiments on the Passage of Ash
21-14. The Passage of Enzymes
21-15. The Unequal Balance of Blood Constituents
Section 22. Biochemistry of the Amniotic and Allantoic Liquids
22-1. Introduction
22-2. Evolution of the Liquids
22-3. Avian Amniotic and Allantoic Liquids
22-4. Amount and Composition of Mammalian Amniotic and Allantoic Liquids
22-5. Maternal Transudation and Foetal Secretion
22-6. Interchange between Amniotic and Allantoic Liquids
22-7. Vernix Caseosa
Section 23. Blood and Tissue Chemistry of the Embryo
23-1. Blood
23-2. Lung
23-3. Muscle
23-4. Heart
23-5 Nervous Tissue
23-6. Connective Tissue
23-7. Lymph
23-8. Sense Organs
23-9 Intestinal Tract
Section 24. Hatching and Birth
24-1. Introduction
24-2. Hatching Enzymes
24-3. Osmotic Hatching
24-4. Egg-breakers
24-5. Hatching of the Avian Egg
24-6. Mammalian Birth
Epilegomena
The Two Problems of Embryology
The Cleidoic Egg and its Evolution
Chemical Synthesis as an Aspect of Ontogeny
Biochemistry and Morphogenesis
Transitory Functions in Embryonic Life
The Theory of Recapitulation
Recapitulation and Substitution
Chemical Recapitulation
Provisional Generalisations for Chemical Embryology
The Organisation of Development and the Development of Organisation
The Future of Embryology
PART IV Appendices
i. Normal Tables of Magnitudes in Embryonic Growth
ii. A Chemical Account of the Maturation of the Egg-cell
iii. The Chemical Changes during the Metamorphosis of Insects (by Dorothy Needham)
iv. The Development of the Plant Embryo from a Physico-chemical Viewpoint (by Muriel Robinson)
PART V
Bibliography and Author-Index
Subject-Index
Index Animalium
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 24) Embryology Book - Chemical embryology 1 (1900). Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Book_-_Chemical_embryology_1_(1900)
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