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{{Historic Disclaimer}}
=A Text-Book Of Histology, Including Microscopic Technic=
=A Text-Book Of Histology, Including Microscopic Technic=


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Reprinted September, 1910.
Reprinted September, 1910.


==Dedication==
==Dedication==


To Their Teacher Professor C Von Kupffer This Book Is Dedicated By The Grateful Authors
To Their Teacher Professor C Von Kupffer This Book Is Dedicated By The Grateful Authors


==Editor's Preface To The Second Edition==
==Editor's Preface To The Second Edition==
Line 48: Line 47:
==Editor's Preface To The First Edition==
==Editor's Preface To The First Edition==


The " Text -book of Histology " by Bohm and v. Davidoff, as stated Ay the authors in the preface to the first edition, presents as fully as possible, from both the theoretic and technical standpoints, the subjectmatter of the lectures and courses in histology given to students in the University of Munich. The authors further state that in the completion of their work they had the constant aid and advice of Professor von Kupffer, and had at their disposal the sections in the collection of the histologic laboratory in Munich, which were freely used in the selection and preparation of the illustrations accompanying the text.
The "Text-book of Histology" by Bohm and v. Davidoff, as stated Ay the authors in the preface to the first edition, presents as fully as possible, from both the theoretic and technical standpoints, the subjectmatter of the lectures and courses in histology given to students in the University of Munich. The authors further state that in the completion of their work they had the constant aid and advice of Professor von Kupffer, and had at their disposal the sections in the collection of the histologic laboratory in Munich, which were freely used in the selection and preparation of the illustrations accompanying the text.
 


The excellence of the text and illustrations of the German edition, attested by all familiar with the work, and the cordial reception which it has received from both students and investigators, justify the belief that an English translation will meet with approval from American and English teachers and students.
The excellence of the text and illustrations of the German edition, attested by all familiar with the work, and the cordial reception which it has received from both students and investigators, justify the belief that an English translation will meet with approval from American and English teachers and students.


In the preparation of this American edition the editor has retained substantially all the subject-matter and illustrations of the second German edition, although certain minor changes in the arrangement of the text seemed desirable. Additions to the German text have been freely made. The sections on the Motor and Sensory Nerve-endings and on the Spinal and Sympathetic Ganglia have been greatly expanded, and the Innervation of Glands and Organs has been considered much more fully than in the original. Our knowledge of the normal function of tissues and organs is so dependent on a correct understanding of their innervation that this subject seemed deserving of fuller consideration than is generally given it in text-books of this scope. The glands with internal secretion have also been considered more fully than in the original text, their importance necessitating such treatment. More than one hundred illustrations, the majority of them from original drawings, have also been added. In making these and other minor additions the editor has striven to stamp his own work with the excellent features of the German text, and trusts that his endeavors may have added to the usefulness of the book.
In the preparation of this American edition the editor has retained substantially all the subject-matter and illustrations of the second German edition, although certain minor changes in the arrangement of the text seemed desirable. Additions to the German text have been freely made. The sections on the Motor and Sensory Nerve-endings and on the Spinal and Sympathetic Ganglia have been greatly expanded, and the Innervation of Glands and Organs has been considered much more fully than in the original. Our knowledge of the normal function of tissues and organs is so dependent on a correct understanding of their innervation that this subject seemed deserving of fuller consideration than is generally given it in text-books of this scope. The glands with internal secretion have also been considered more fully than in the original text, their importance necessitating such treatment. More than one hundred illustrations, the majority of them from original drawings, have also been added. In making these and other minor additions the editor has striven to stamp his own work with the excellent features of the German text, and trusts that his endeavors may have added to the usefulness of the book.


The editor acknowledges with pleasure -his indebtedness to Dr. Herbert H. Gushing for his excellent and accurate translation, and for suggestions received from him. The publishers, Messrs. Saunders & Company, have shown throughout the greatest interest in the work, and deserve the gratitude of the editor for their ready acquiescence in all suggestions made by him, for the excellent reproduction of his drawings, and for the suggestions made to him. The editor is particularly indebted to his able assistant, Dr. Lydia M. De Witt, for valuable assistance rendered, more especially in the tedious work of proof-correction, for which he expresses his sincere appreciation and gratitude.
The editor acknowledges with pleasure -his indebtedness to Dr. Herbert H. Gushing for his excellent and accurate translation, and for suggestions received from him. The publishers, Messrs. Saunders & Company, have shown throughout the greatest interest in the work, and deserve the gratitude of the editor for their ready acquiescence in all suggestions made by him, for the excellent reproduction of his drawings, and for the suggestions made to him. The editor is particularly indebted to his able assistant, Dr. Lydia M. De Witt, for valuable assistance rendered, more especially in the tedious work of proof-correction, for which he expresses his sincere appreciation and gratitude.
Line 59: Line 61:


University Of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
University Of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
==Contents==
===Introduction To Microscopic Technic===
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) microscopic technic|Introduction To Microscopic Technic]]
* Microscope and Its Accessories
* Microscopic Preparations
* Methods of Maceration
* Fixing Methods
* Infiltration and Imbedding
* Paraffin
* Celloidin
* Celloidin-Paraffin
* Microtomes and Sectioning
* Further Treatment of the Section
* Fixation to the Slide and Removal of Paraffin
* Staining
* Section Staining
* Staining in Bulk
* Methods of Impregnation
* Preparation of Permanent Specimens
* Methods of Injection
* Reconstruction by Means of Wax Plates
===General Histology===
====I. The Cell====
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) General Histology 1|I. The Cell]]
* Cell-body
* Nucleus
* Nuclear and Cell-division
* Mitosis or Karyokinesis (Indirect Cell-division)
* Prophases
* Metaphases
* Anaphases
* Telophases
* Heterotypic Form of Mitosis
* Amitosis
* Process of Fertilization
* Chromatolysis
* Technic for the Cell
====II. Tissues====
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) General Histology 2|II. Tissues]]
* Epithelial Tissues
* Simple Epithelium
* Simple Squamous Epithelium
* Simple Cubic Epithelium
* Simple Columnar Epithelium
* Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
* Stratified Epithelium
* Stratified Squamous Epithelium
* Transitional Epithelium
* Stratified Columnar Epithelium
* Glandular Epithelium
* Unicellular Glands
* Multicellular Glands
* General Consideration of the Structure and Classification of Glands
* Tubular Glands
* Alveolar Glands
* Remarks on the Process of Secretion
* Neuro-epithelium
* Mesothelium and Endothelium
* Technic for Epithelial Tissues
* Connective Tissues
* Mucous Connective Tissue
* Reticular Connective Tissue
* Fibrous Connective Tissue
* Adipose Tissue
* Cartilage
* Bone
* Structure of Bone
* Development of Bone
* Technic for Connective Tissues
* Muscular Tissues
* Nonstriated Muscle-cells
* Striped Muscle-fibers
* Development of Voluntary Muscle-fibers
* Cardiac Muscle
* Technic for Muscular Tissue
* Nervous Tissues
* Nerve-cells or Ganglion Cells ; Cell-bodies of Neurones
* Nerve-fibers
* Peripheral Nerve Terminations
* Technic for Nervous Tissues
===Special Histology===
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 1|I. Blood And Blood-Forming Organs, Heart,  Blood-Vessels, And Lymph- Vessels]].
* Blood and Lymph
* Formation of Blood
* Red Blood-corpuscles
* White Blood-corpuscles
* Blood Platelets Thrombocytes
* Behavior of Blood-cells in the Blood Current
* Lymphoid Tissue, Lymph-nodules, and Lymph-glands
* Spleen
* Bone-marrow
* Thymus Gland
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 2|II. Circulatory System]].
* Vascular System
* Heart
* Blood-vessels
* Arteries
* Veins
* Capillaries
* Anastomoses, Retia Mirabilia, and Sinuses
* Lymphatic System
* Lymph-vessels
* Lymph-capillaries, Lymph-spaces, and Serous Cavities
* Carotid Gland (Glandula Carotica, Glomus Caroticum)
* Technic for Blood and Blood-forming Organs
* Technic for Circulatory System
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 3|III. Digestive Organs]].
* Oral Cavity
* Teeth
* Structure of the Adult Tooth
* Development of the Teeth
* Tongue
* Lingual Mucous Membrane and Its Papillae
* Taste-buds
* Lymph-follicles of the Tongue (Folliculi Linguales) and the Tonsils
* Pharyngeal Tonsil
* Glands of the Oral Cavity
* Salivary Glands
* Parotid Gland (Serous Gland)
* Sublingual Gland (Mucous Gland)
* Submaxillary Gland (Mixed Gland)
* Small Glands of the Mouth
* Pharynx and Esophagus
* Stomach and Intestines
* General Structure of the Intestinal Mucous Membrane
* Stomach
* Small Intestine
* Large Intestine, Rectum, and Anus
* Blood, Lymph, and Nerve Supply of the Intestine
* Secretion of the Intestine and the Absorption of Fat
* Liver
* Pancreas
* Technic for Digestive Organs
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 4|IV. Organs Of Respiration]].
* Larynx 309
* Trachea 310
* Bronchi, their Branches, and the Bronchioles 311
* Terminal Divisions of Bronchi and Ultimate Air-spaces 313
* Thyroid Gland 319
* Parathyroid Glands 321
* Technic for Organs of Respiration 322
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 5|V. Genito-Urinary Organs]].
* Urinary Organs 323
* Kidney 323
* Pelvis of the Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder 336
* Suprarenal Glands 339
* Technic for Urinary Organs and Suprarenal Body 342
* Female Genital Organs 344
* Ovum 344
* Ovary 344
* Fallopian Tubes, Uterus, and Vagina 354
* Male Genital Organs 361
* Spermatozoon 361
* Testes 362
* Excretory Ducts 367
* Spermatogenesis 372
* Technic for Reproductive Organs 378
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 6|VI. The Skin and its Appendages]].
* Skin (Cutis)
* Hair
* Nails
* Glands of the Skin
* Sweat-glands
* Sebaceous Glands
* Mammary Glands
* Technic for the Skin and Its Appendages
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 7|VII. The Central Nervous System]].
* Spinal Cord
* Cerebellar Cortex 413
* Cerebral Cortex . . 416
* Olfactory Bulb 421
* Epiphysis and Hypophysis 422
* Ganglia 424
* General Survey of the Relations of the Neurones to One Another in the Central
* Nervous System 431
* Neuroglia 434
* Membranes of the Central Nervous System 436
* Blood-vessels of the Central Nervous System 439
* Technic for Central Nervous System 440
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 8|VIII. Eye]].
* General Structure 446
* Development of the Eye 446
* Tunica Fibrosa Oculi 448
* Sclera 448
* Cornea ... 449
* Vascular Tunic of the Eye . 452
* Choroid, Ciliary Body, and Iris 452
* Internal or Nervous Tunic of the Eye 457
* Pigment Layer 457
* Retina .... 457
* Region of the Optic Papilla 460
* Region of the Macula Lutea 460
* Ora Serrata, Pars Ciliaris Retinas, and Pars Iridica Retinae 461
* Muller's Fibers of the Retina 462
* Relations of the Elements of the Retina to One Another 462
* Optic Nerve 464
* Blood-vessels of the Optic Nerve and Retina 465
* Vitreous Body
* Crystalline Lens
* Fetal Blood-vessels of the Eye
* Interchange of Fluids in the Eyeball
* Protective Organs of the Eye
* Lids and Conjunctiva
* Lacrimal Apparatus
* Technic for the Eye
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 9|IX. Organ of Hearing]].
* External Ear
* Middle Ear
* Internal Ear
* Utriculus and Sacculus
* Semicircular Canals
* Cochlea
* Organ of Corti
* Development of the Labyrinth
* Technic for Organ of Hearing
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 10|X. Organ of Smell]].
* Technic for Nasal Mucous Membrane

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Böhm AA. and M. Von Davidoff. (translated Huber GC.) A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic. (1910) Second Edn. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia and London.

A Textbook of Histology (1910): Introduction To Microscopic Technic | General Histology | I. The Cell | II. Tissues | Special Histology | I. Blood And Blood-Forming Organs, Heart, Blood-Vessels, And Lymph- Vessels | II. Circulatory System | III. Digestive Organs | IV. Organs Of Respiration | V. Genito-Urinary Organs | VI. The Skin and its Appendages | VII. The Central Nervous System | VIII. Eye | IX. Organ of Hearing | X. Organ of Smell | Illustrations - Online Histology
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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

A Text-Book Of Histology, Including Microscopic Technic

By

A. A. Bohm, M. D., And M. Von Davidoff, M. D.

Of The Anatomical Institute In Munich

Edited, With Extensive Additions To Both Text And Illustrations

By

G. Carl Huber, M.D.

Professor Of Histology And Embryology And Director Of The Histological Laboratory University Of Michigan

Second Edition Thoroughly Revised And Enlarged

With 377 Illustrations

Philadelphia And London

B. Saunders Company

Reprinted September, 1910.

Dedication

To Their Teacher Professor C Von Kupffer This Book Is Dedicated By The Grateful Authors


Editor's Preface To The Second Edition

The favorable reception accorded to the first American edition of Bohm and Davidoff's Text-book of Histology has justified the assumption expressed by the editor in his preface to the former edition, that an English translation of this work would meet with approval from American and English teachers and students*

In the preparation of this second American edition the editor has retained in general the same arrangement of the subject-matter as presented in the former edition. The revision of the text has given opportunity to take cognizance of the many contributions to our knowledge of the ultimate structure of tissues and organs and of their histogenesis which have appeared in recent years, and in doing so, many of the chapters, especially those dealing with general histology, have been subjected to extensive alterations. Recognition has also been given to the results obtained by the use of precise methods of plastic reproduction, methods which have been especially useful in giving clearer and more accurate conceptions of the form and relationship of anatomic structures, too small and too delicate to admit of disassociation by means of methods of maceration and teasing and too complicated to admit of full interpretation by means of sections. Maziarski's observations on the form and relationship of the ultimate divisions of the tubular systems of many of the more important glands have, been embodied, also the results of numerous reconstructions made in the Histological Laboratory of the University of Michigan.

The text of this edition has been extended by some forty pages, and the illustrations have been increased from three hundred and fifty-one to three hundred and seventy-seven. Recognizing the fact that a text-book of Histology is a book which of necessity needs to be constantly used in the laboratory, and its size is, therefore, a matter of some importance, the editor seemed justified, in view of the fact that an increase in the number of text-pages seemed inevitable, to dispense in the present edition with the list of references to the literature (some twenty pages) which appeared in the former edition.

G. Carl Huber.

Laboratory Of Histology And Embryology, University Of Michigan.


Editor's Preface To The First Edition

The "Text-book of Histology" by Bohm and v. Davidoff, as stated Ay the authors in the preface to the first edition, presents as fully as possible, from both the theoretic and technical standpoints, the subjectmatter of the lectures and courses in histology given to students in the University of Munich. The authors further state that in the completion of their work they had the constant aid and advice of Professor von Kupffer, and had at their disposal the sections in the collection of the histologic laboratory in Munich, which were freely used in the selection and preparation of the illustrations accompanying the text.


The excellence of the text and illustrations of the German edition, attested by all familiar with the work, and the cordial reception which it has received from both students and investigators, justify the belief that an English translation will meet with approval from American and English teachers and students.


In the preparation of this American edition the editor has retained substantially all the subject-matter and illustrations of the second German edition, although certain minor changes in the arrangement of the text seemed desirable. Additions to the German text have been freely made. The sections on the Motor and Sensory Nerve-endings and on the Spinal and Sympathetic Ganglia have been greatly expanded, and the Innervation of Glands and Organs has been considered much more fully than in the original. Our knowledge of the normal function of tissues and organs is so dependent on a correct understanding of their innervation that this subject seemed deserving of fuller consideration than is generally given it in text-books of this scope. The glands with internal secretion have also been considered more fully than in the original text, their importance necessitating such treatment. More than one hundred illustrations, the majority of them from original drawings, have also been added. In making these and other minor additions the editor has striven to stamp his own work with the excellent features of the German text, and trusts that his endeavors may have added to the usefulness of the book.


The editor acknowledges with pleasure -his indebtedness to Dr. Herbert H. Gushing for his excellent and accurate translation, and for suggestions received from him. The publishers, Messrs. Saunders & Company, have shown throughout the greatest interest in the work, and deserve the gratitude of the editor for their ready acquiescence in all suggestions made by him, for the excellent reproduction of his drawings, and for the suggestions made to him. The editor is particularly indebted to his able assistant, Dr. Lydia M. De Witt, for valuable assistance rendered, more especially in the tedious work of proof-correction, for which he expresses his sincere appreciation and gratitude.

G. Carl Huber.

University Of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.


Contents

Introduction To Microscopic Technic

Introduction To Microscopic Technic

  • Microscope and Its Accessories
  • Microscopic Preparations
  • Methods of Maceration
  • Fixing Methods
  • Infiltration and Imbedding
  • Paraffin
  • Celloidin
  • Celloidin-Paraffin
  • Microtomes and Sectioning
  • Further Treatment of the Section
  • Fixation to the Slide and Removal of Paraffin
  • Staining
  • Section Staining
  • Staining in Bulk
  • Methods of Impregnation
  • Preparation of Permanent Specimens
  • Methods of Injection
  • Reconstruction by Means of Wax Plates

General Histology

I. The Cell

I. The Cell

  • Cell-body
  • Nucleus
  • Nuclear and Cell-division
  • Mitosis or Karyokinesis (Indirect Cell-division)
  • Prophases
  • Metaphases
  • Anaphases
  • Telophases
  • Heterotypic Form of Mitosis
  • Amitosis
  • Process of Fertilization
  • Chromatolysis
  • Technic for the Cell

II. Tissues

II. Tissues

  • Epithelial Tissues
  • Simple Epithelium
  • Simple Squamous Epithelium
  • Simple Cubic Epithelium
  • Simple Columnar Epithelium
  • Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
  • Stratified Epithelium
  • Stratified Squamous Epithelium
  • Transitional Epithelium
  • Stratified Columnar Epithelium
  • Glandular Epithelium
  • Unicellular Glands
  • Multicellular Glands
  • General Consideration of the Structure and Classification of Glands
  • Tubular Glands
  • Alveolar Glands
  • Remarks on the Process of Secretion
  • Neuro-epithelium
  • Mesothelium and Endothelium
  • Technic for Epithelial Tissues
  • Connective Tissues
  • Mucous Connective Tissue
  • Reticular Connective Tissue
  • Fibrous Connective Tissue
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Structure of Bone
  • Development of Bone
  • Technic for Connective Tissues
  • Muscular Tissues
  • Nonstriated Muscle-cells
  • Striped Muscle-fibers
  • Development of Voluntary Muscle-fibers
  • Cardiac Muscle
  • Technic for Muscular Tissue
  • Nervous Tissues
  • Nerve-cells or Ganglion Cells ; Cell-bodies of Neurones
  • Nerve-fibers
  • Peripheral Nerve Terminations
  • Technic for Nervous Tissues

Special Histology

I. Blood And Blood-Forming Organs, Heart, Blood-Vessels, And Lymph- Vessels.

  • Blood and Lymph
  • Formation of Blood
  • Red Blood-corpuscles
  • White Blood-corpuscles
  • Blood Platelets Thrombocytes
  • Behavior of Blood-cells in the Blood Current
  • Lymphoid Tissue, Lymph-nodules, and Lymph-glands
  • Spleen
  • Bone-marrow
  • Thymus Gland

II. Circulatory System.

  • Vascular System
  • Heart
  • Blood-vessels
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
  • Anastomoses, Retia Mirabilia, and Sinuses
  • Lymphatic System
  • Lymph-vessels
  • Lymph-capillaries, Lymph-spaces, and Serous Cavities
  • Carotid Gland (Glandula Carotica, Glomus Caroticum)
  • Technic for Blood and Blood-forming Organs
  • Technic for Circulatory System

III. Digestive Organs.

  • Oral Cavity
  • Teeth
  • Structure of the Adult Tooth
  • Development of the Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Lingual Mucous Membrane and Its Papillae
  • Taste-buds
  • Lymph-follicles of the Tongue (Folliculi Linguales) and the Tonsils
  • Pharyngeal Tonsil
  • Glands of the Oral Cavity
  • Salivary Glands
  • Parotid Gland (Serous Gland)
  • Sublingual Gland (Mucous Gland)
  • Submaxillary Gland (Mixed Gland)
  • Small Glands of the Mouth
  • Pharynx and Esophagus
  • Stomach and Intestines
  • General Structure of the Intestinal Mucous Membrane
  • Stomach
  • Small Intestine
  • Large Intestine, Rectum, and Anus
  • Blood, Lymph, and Nerve Supply of the Intestine
  • Secretion of the Intestine and the Absorption of Fat
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Technic for Digestive Organs

IV. Organs Of Respiration.

  • Larynx 309
  • Trachea 310
  • Bronchi, their Branches, and the Bronchioles 311
  • Terminal Divisions of Bronchi and Ultimate Air-spaces 313
  • Thyroid Gland 319
  • Parathyroid Glands 321
  • Technic for Organs of Respiration 322

V. Genito-Urinary Organs.

  • Urinary Organs 323
  • Kidney 323
  • Pelvis of the Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder 336
  • Suprarenal Glands 339
  • Technic for Urinary Organs and Suprarenal Body 342
  • Female Genital Organs 344
  • Ovum 344
  • Ovary 344
  • Fallopian Tubes, Uterus, and Vagina 354
  • Male Genital Organs 361
  • Spermatozoon 361
  • Testes 362
  • Excretory Ducts 367
  • Spermatogenesis 372
  • Technic for Reproductive Organs 378

VI. The Skin and its Appendages.

  • Skin (Cutis)
  • Hair
  • Nails
  • Glands of the Skin
  • Sweat-glands
  • Sebaceous Glands
  • Mammary Glands
  • Technic for the Skin and Its Appendages

VII. The Central Nervous System.

  • Spinal Cord
  • Cerebellar Cortex 413
  • Cerebral Cortex . . 416
  • Olfactory Bulb 421
  • Epiphysis and Hypophysis 422
  • Ganglia 424
  • General Survey of the Relations of the Neurones to One Another in the Central
  • Nervous System 431
  • Neuroglia 434
  • Membranes of the Central Nervous System 436
  • Blood-vessels of the Central Nervous System 439
  • Technic for Central Nervous System 440

VIII. Eye.

  • General Structure 446
  • Development of the Eye 446
  • Tunica Fibrosa Oculi 448
  • Sclera 448
  • Cornea ... 449
  • Vascular Tunic of the Eye . 452
  • Choroid, Ciliary Body, and Iris 452
  • Internal or Nervous Tunic of the Eye 457
  • Pigment Layer 457
  • Retina .... 457
  • Region of the Optic Papilla 460
  • Region of the Macula Lutea 460
  • Ora Serrata, Pars Ciliaris Retinas, and Pars Iridica Retinae 461
  • Muller's Fibers of the Retina 462
  • Relations of the Elements of the Retina to One Another 462
  • Optic Nerve 464
  • Blood-vessels of the Optic Nerve and Retina 465
  • Vitreous Body
  • Crystalline Lens
  • Fetal Blood-vessels of the Eye
  • Interchange of Fluids in the Eyeball
  • Protective Organs of the Eye
  • Lids and Conjunctiva
  • Lacrimal Apparatus
  • Technic for the Eye

IX. Organ of Hearing.

  • External Ear
  • Middle Ear
  • Internal Ear
  • Utriculus and Sacculus
  • Semicircular Canals
  • Cochlea
  • Organ of Corti
  • Development of the Labyrinth
  • Technic for Organ of Hearing

X. Organ of Smell.

  • Technic for Nasal Mucous Membrane