Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910): Difference between revisions
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==Contents== | |||
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) microscopic technic|Introduction To Microscopic Technic]] | |||
Microscope and Its Accessories 17 | |||
Microscopic Preparations . 21 | |||
Methods of Maceration 22 | |||
Fixing Methods , 23 | |||
Infiltration and Imbedding 27 | |||
Paraffin 27 | |||
Celloidin 30 | |||
Celloidin-Paraffin 32 | |||
Microtomes and Sectioning 32 | |||
Further Treatment of the Section 38 | |||
Fixation to the Slide and Removal of Paraffin 38 | |||
Staining 41 | |||
Section Staining 41 | |||
Staining in Bulk 46 | |||
Methods of Impregnation 47 | |||
Preparation of Permanent Specimens , 52 | |||
Methods of Injection . . 53 | |||
Reconstruction by Means of Wax Plates 55 | |||
'''General Histology.''' | |||
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) General Histology 1|I. The Cell]] | |||
Cell-body 59 | |||
Nucleus 62 | |||
Nuclear and Cell-division 64 | |||
Mitosis or Karyokinesis (Indirect Cell-division) 64 | |||
Prophases 66 | |||
Metaphases 68 | |||
Anaphases 69 | |||
Telophases ... 70 | |||
Heterotypic Form of Mitosis ; . . 70 | |||
Amitosis 70 | |||
Process of Fertilization 71 | |||
Chromatolysis 74 | |||
Technic for the Cell 74 | |||
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) General Histology 2|II. Tissues]] | |||
Epithelial Tissues 80 | |||
Simple Epithelium . . . 82 | |||
Simple Squamous Epithelium 82 | |||
Simple Cubic Epithelium 82 | |||
Simple Columnar Epithelium 83 | |||
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 83 | |||
Stratified Epithelium . . . . 83 | |||
Stratified Squamous Epithelium 84 | |||
Transitional Epithelium 85 | |||
Stratified Columnar Epithelium 85 | |||
Glandular Epithelium 87 | |||
Unicellular Glands 87 | |||
Multicellular Glands 88 | |||
General Consideration of the Structure and Classification of Glands ... 88 | |||
Tubular Glands 89 | |||
Alveolar Glands 91 | |||
Remarks on the Process of Secretion 92 | |||
Neuro-epithelium 92 | |||
Mesothelium and Endothelium 92 | |||
Technic for Epithelial Tissues 94 | |||
Connective Tissues 96 | |||
Mucous Connective Tissue 100 | |||
Reticular Connective Tissue loo | |||
Fibrous Connective Tissue 101 | |||
Adipose Tissue 107 | |||
Cartilage 108 | |||
Bone 112 | |||
Structure of Bone 112 | |||
Development of Bone 116 | |||
Technic for Connective Tissues 126 | |||
Muscular Tissues 134 | |||
Nonstriated Muscle-cells 134 | |||
Striped Muscle-fibers 136 | |||
Development of Voluntary Muscle-fibers 144 | |||
Cardiac Muscle '. 145 | |||
Technic for Muscular Tissue 147 | |||
Nervous Tissues 148 | |||
Nerve-cells or Ganglion Cells ; Cell-bodies of Neurones 149 | |||
Nerve-fibers 157 | |||
Peripheral Nerve Terminations 162 | |||
Technic for Nervous Tissues 180 | |||
'''Special Histology.''' | |||
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 1|I. Blood And Blood-Forming Organs, Heart, Blood-Vessels, And Lymph- Vessels]]. | |||
Blood and Lymph 1 86 | |||
Formation of Blood 186 | |||
Red Blood-corpuscles 187 | |||
White Blood-corpuscles 191 | |||
Blood Platelets Thrombocytes ' 194 | |||
Behavior of Blood-cells in the Blood Current 196 | |||
Lymphoid Tissue, Lymph-nodules, and Lymph-glands 196 | |||
Spleen . . 202 | |||
Bone-marrow 207 | |||
Thymus Gland 2IO | |||
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 2|II. Circulatory System]]. | |||
Vascular System 213 | |||
Heart 213 | |||
Blood-vessels 216 | |||
Arteries ... 216 | |||
Veins 219 | |||
Capillaries 220 | |||
Anastomoses, Retia Mirabilia, and Sinuses 222 | |||
Lymphatic System 223 | |||
Lymph-vessels 223 | |||
Lymph-capillaries, Lymph-spaces, and Serous Cavities 224 | |||
Carotid Gland (Glandula Carotica, Glomus Caroticum) . . 225 | |||
Technic for Blood and Blood-forming Organs 226 | |||
Technic for Circulatory System 235 | |||
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 3|III. Digestive Organs]]. | |||
Oral Cavity 235 | |||
Teeth 238 | |||
Structure of the Adult Tooth 238 | |||
Development of the Teeth 243 | |||
Tongue 247 | |||
Lingual Mucous Membrane and Its Papillae 247 | |||
Taste-buds 249 | |||
Lymph-follicles of the Tongue (Folliculi Linguales) and the Tonsils ... 251 | |||
Pharyngeal Tonsil 251 | |||
Glands of the Oral Cavity 253 | |||
Salivary Glands 255 | |||
Parotid Gland (Serous Gland) 255 | |||
Sublingual Gland (Mucous Gland) 255 | |||
Submaxillary Gland (Mixed Gland) 4 258 | |||
Small Glands of the Mouth 259 | |||
Pharynx and Esophagus 262 | |||
Stomach and Intestines 264 | |||
General Structure of the Intestinal Mucous Membrane 264 | |||
Stomach 266 | |||
Small Intestine 274 | |||
Large Intestine, Rectum, and Anus . . . 281 | |||
Blood, Lymph, and Nerve Supply of the Intestine 283 | |||
Secretion of the Intestine and the Absorption of Fat 288 | |||
Liver .... 289 | |||
Pancreas 298 | |||
Technic for Digestive Organs 303 | |||
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 4|IV. Organs Of Respiration]]. | |||
Larynx 309 | |||
Trachea 310 | |||
Bronchi, their Branches, and the Bronchioles 311 | |||
Terminal Divisions of Bronchi and Ultimate Air-spaces 313 | |||
Thyroid Gland 319 | |||
Parathyroid Glands 321 | |||
Technic for Organs of Respiration 322 | |||
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 5|V. Genito-Urinary Organs]]. | |||
Urinary Organs 323 | |||
Kidney 323 | |||
Pelvis of the Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder 336 | |||
Suprarenal Glands 339 | |||
Technic for Urinary Organs and Suprarenal Body 342 | |||
Female Genital Organs 344 | |||
Ovum 344 | |||
Ovary 344 | |||
Fallopian Tubes, Uterus, and Vagina 354 | |||
Male Genital Organs 361 | |||
Spermatozoon 361 | |||
Testes 362 | |||
Excretory Ducts 367 | |||
Spermatogenesis 372 | |||
Technic for Reproductive Organs 378 | |||
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 6|VI. The Skin and its Appendages]]. | |||
Skin (Cutis) 379 | |||
Hair 389 | |||
Nails 394 | |||
Glands of the Skin 396 | |||
Sweat-glands 396 | |||
Sebaceous Glands 398 | |||
Mammary Glands . 400 | |||
Technic for the Skin and Its Appendages 403 | |||
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 7|VII. The Central Nervous System]]. | |||
Spinal Cord 406 | |||
Cerebellar Cortex 413 | |||
Cerebral Cortex . . 416 | |||
Olfactory Bulb 421 | |||
Epiphysis and Hypophysis 422 | |||
Ganglia 424 | |||
General Survey of the Relations of the Neurones to One Another in the Central | |||
Nervous System 431 | |||
Neuroglia 434 | |||
Membranes of the Central Nervous System 436 | |||
Blood-vessels of the Central Nervous System 439 | |||
Technic for Central Nervous System 440 | |||
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 8|VIII. Eye]]. | |||
General Structure 446 | |||
Development of the Eye 446 | |||
Tunica Fibrosa Oculi 448 | |||
Sclera 448 | |||
Cornea ... 449 | |||
Vascular Tunic of the Eye . 452 | |||
Choroid, Ciliary Body, and Iris 452 | |||
Internal or Nervous Tunic of the Eye 457 | |||
Pigment Layer 457 | |||
Retina .... 457 | |||
Region of the Optic Papilla 460 | |||
Region of the Macula Lutea 460 | |||
Ora Serrata, Pars Ciliaris Retinas, and Pars Iridica Retinae 461 | |||
Miiller's Fibers of the Retina 462 | |||
Relations of the Elements of the Retina to One Another 462 | |||
Optic Nerve 464 | |||
Blood-vessels of the Optic Nerve and Retina 465 | |||
Vitreous Body 467 | |||
Crystalline Lens 467 | |||
Fetal Blood-vessels of the Eye 468 | |||
Interchange of Fluids in the Eyeball 469 | |||
Protective Organs of the Eye 469 | |||
Lids and Conjunctiva 469 | |||
Lacrimal Apparatus 473 | |||
Technic for the Eye 474 | |||
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 9|IX. Organ of Hearing]]. | |||
External Ear 476 | |||
Middle Ear 478 | |||
Internal Ear 480 | |||
Utriculus and Sacculus 482 | |||
Semicircular Canals 483 | |||
Cochlea . 484 | |||
Organ of Corti . 489 | |||
Development of the Labyrinth 496 | |||
Technic for Organ of Hearing 497 | |||
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 10|X. Organ of Smell]]. | |||
Technic for Nasal Mucous Membrane 5 | |||
[[Book - A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic (1910) Special Histology 11|XI. General Considerations of the Special Sense-Organs]]. |
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Böhm AA. and M. Von Davidoff. (translated Huber GC.) A textbook of histology, including microscopic technic. (1910) Second Edn. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia and London.
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A Text-Book Of Histology, Including Microscopic Technic
By
A. A. Bohm, M. D., And M. Von Davidoff, M. D.
Of The Anatomical Institute In Munich
Edited, With Extensive Additions To Both Text And Illustrations
By
G. Carl Huber, M.D.
Professor Of Histology And Embryology And Director Of The Histological Laboratory University Of Michigan
Second Edition Thoroughly Revised And Enlarged
With 377 Illustrations
Philadelphia And London
B. Saunders Company
Reprinted September, 1910.
Dedication
To Their Teacher Professor C Von Kupffer This Book Is Dedicated By The Grateful Authors
Editor's Preface To The Second Edition
The favorable reception accorded to the first American edition of Bohm and Davidoff's Text-book of Histology has justified the assumption expressed by the editor in his preface to the former edition, that an English translation of this work would meet with approval from American and English teachers and students*
In the preparation of this second American edition the editor has retained in general the same arrangement of the subject-matter as presented in the former edition. The revision of the text has given opportunity to take cognizance of the many contributions to our knowledge of the ultimate structure of tissues and organs and of their histogenesis which have appeared in recent years, and in doing so, many of the chapters, especially those dealing with general histology, have been subjected to extensive alterations. Recognition has also been given to the results obtained by the use of precise methods of plastic reproduction, methods which have been especially useful in giving clearer and more accurate conceptions of the form and relationship of anatomic structures, too small and too delicate to admit of disassociation by means of methods of maceration and teasing and too complicated to admit of full interpretation by means of sections. Maziarski's observations on the form and relationship of the ultimate divisions of the tubular systems of many of the more important glands have, been embodied, also the results of numerous reconstructions made in the Histological Laboratory of the University of Michigan.
The text of this edition has been extended by some forty pages, and the illustrations have been increased from three hundred and fifty-one to three hundred and seventy-seven. Recognizing the fact that a text-book of Histology is a book which of necessity needs to be constantly used in the laboratory, and its size is, therefore, a matter of some importance, the editor seemed justified, in view of the fact that an increase in the number of text-pages seemed inevitable, to dispense in the present edition with the list of references to the literature (some twenty pages) which appeared in the former edition.
G. Carl Huber.
Laboratory Of Histology And Embryology, University Of Michigan.
Editor's Preface To The First Edition
The " Text -book of Histology " by Bohm and v. Davidoff, as stated Ay the authors in the preface to the first edition, presents as fully as possible, from both the theoretic and technical standpoints, the subjectmatter of the lectures and courses in histology given to students in the University of Munich. The authors further state that in the completion of their work they had the constant aid and advice of Professor von Kupffer, and had at their disposal the sections in the collection of the histologic laboratory in Munich, which were freely used in the selection and preparation of the illustrations accompanying the text.
The excellence of the text and illustrations of the German edition, attested by all familiar with the work, and the cordial reception which it has received from both students and investigators, justify the belief that an English translation will meet with approval from American and English teachers and students.
In the preparation of this American edition the editor has retained substantially all the subject-matter and illustrations of the second German edition, although certain minor changes in the arrangement of the text seemed desirable. Additions to the German text have been freely made. The sections on the Motor and Sensory Nerve-endings and on the Spinal and Sympathetic Ganglia have been greatly expanded, and the Innervation of Glands and Organs has been considered much more fully than in the original. Our knowledge of the normal function of tissues and organs is so dependent on a correct understanding of their innervation that this subject seemed deserving of fuller consideration than is generally given it in text-books of this scope. The glands with internal secretion have also been considered more fully than in the original text, their importance necessitating such treatment. More than one hundred illustrations, the majority of them from original drawings, have also been added. In making these and other minor additions the editor has striven to stamp his own work with the excellent features of the German text, and trusts that his endeavors may have added to the usefulness of the book.
The editor acknowledges with pleasure -his indebtedness to Dr. Herbert H. Gushing for his excellent and accurate translation, and for suggestions received from him. The publishers, Messrs. Saunders & Company, have shown throughout the greatest interest in the work, and deserve the gratitude of the editor for their ready acquiescence in all suggestions made by him, for the excellent reproduction of his drawings, and for the suggestions made to him. The editor is particularly indebted to his able assistant, Dr. Lydia M. De Witt, for valuable assistance rendered, more especially in the tedious work of proof-correction, for which he expresses his sincere appreciation and gratitude.
G. Carl Huber.
University Of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Contents
Introduction To Microscopic Technic
Microscope and Its Accessories 17
Microscopic Preparations . 21
Methods of Maceration 22
Fixing Methods , 23
Infiltration and Imbedding 27
Paraffin 27
Celloidin 30
Celloidin-Paraffin 32
Microtomes and Sectioning 32
Further Treatment of the Section 38
Fixation to the Slide and Removal of Paraffin 38
Staining 41
Section Staining 41
Staining in Bulk 46
Methods of Impregnation 47
Preparation of Permanent Specimens , 52
Methods of Injection . . 53
Reconstruction by Means of Wax Plates 55
General Histology.
Cell-body 59
Nucleus 62
Nuclear and Cell-division 64
Mitosis or Karyokinesis (Indirect Cell-division) 64
Prophases 66
Metaphases 68
Anaphases 69
Telophases ... 70
Heterotypic Form of Mitosis ; . . 70
Amitosis 70
Process of Fertilization 71
Chromatolysis 74
Technic for the Cell 74
Epithelial Tissues 80
Simple Epithelium . . . 82
Simple Squamous Epithelium 82
Simple Cubic Epithelium 82
Simple Columnar Epithelium 83
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 83
Stratified Epithelium . . . . 83
Stratified Squamous Epithelium 84
Transitional Epithelium 85
Stratified Columnar Epithelium 85
Glandular Epithelium 87
Unicellular Glands 87
Multicellular Glands 88
General Consideration of the Structure and Classification of Glands ... 88
Tubular Glands 89
Alveolar Glands 91
Remarks on the Process of Secretion 92
Neuro-epithelium 92
Mesothelium and Endothelium 92
Technic for Epithelial Tissues 94
Connective Tissues 96
Mucous Connective Tissue 100
Reticular Connective Tissue loo
Fibrous Connective Tissue 101
Adipose Tissue 107
Cartilage 108
Bone 112
Structure of Bone 112
Development of Bone 116
Technic for Connective Tissues 126
Muscular Tissues 134
Nonstriated Muscle-cells 134
Striped Muscle-fibers 136
Development of Voluntary Muscle-fibers 144
Cardiac Muscle '. 145
Technic for Muscular Tissue 147
Nervous Tissues 148
Nerve-cells or Ganglion Cells ; Cell-bodies of Neurones 149
Nerve-fibers 157
Peripheral Nerve Terminations 162
Technic for Nervous Tissues 180
Special Histology.
I. Blood And Blood-Forming Organs, Heart, Blood-Vessels, And Lymph- Vessels.
Blood and Lymph 1 86
Formation of Blood 186
Red Blood-corpuscles 187
White Blood-corpuscles 191
Blood Platelets Thrombocytes ' 194
Behavior of Blood-cells in the Blood Current 196
Lymphoid Tissue, Lymph-nodules, and Lymph-glands 196
Spleen . . 202
Bone-marrow 207
Thymus Gland 2IO
Vascular System 213
Heart 213
Blood-vessels 216
Arteries ... 216
Veins 219
Capillaries 220
Anastomoses, Retia Mirabilia, and Sinuses 222
Lymphatic System 223
Lymph-vessels 223
Lymph-capillaries, Lymph-spaces, and Serous Cavities 224
Carotid Gland (Glandula Carotica, Glomus Caroticum) . . 225
Technic for Blood and Blood-forming Organs 226
Technic for Circulatory System 235
Oral Cavity 235
Teeth 238
Structure of the Adult Tooth 238
Development of the Teeth 243
Tongue 247
Lingual Mucous Membrane and Its Papillae 247
Taste-buds 249
Lymph-follicles of the Tongue (Folliculi Linguales) and the Tonsils ... 251
Pharyngeal Tonsil 251
Glands of the Oral Cavity 253
Salivary Glands 255
Parotid Gland (Serous Gland) 255
Sublingual Gland (Mucous Gland) 255
Submaxillary Gland (Mixed Gland) 4 258
Small Glands of the Mouth 259
Pharynx and Esophagus 262
Stomach and Intestines 264
General Structure of the Intestinal Mucous Membrane 264
Stomach 266
Small Intestine 274
Large Intestine, Rectum, and Anus . . . 281
Blood, Lymph, and Nerve Supply of the Intestine 283
Secretion of the Intestine and the Absorption of Fat 288
Liver .... 289
Pancreas 298
Technic for Digestive Organs 303
Larynx 309
Trachea 310
Bronchi, their Branches, and the Bronchioles 311
Terminal Divisions of Bronchi and Ultimate Air-spaces 313
Thyroid Gland 319
Parathyroid Glands 321
Technic for Organs of Respiration 322
Urinary Organs 323
Kidney 323
Pelvis of the Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder 336
Suprarenal Glands 339
Technic for Urinary Organs and Suprarenal Body 342
Female Genital Organs 344
Ovum 344
Ovary 344
Fallopian Tubes, Uterus, and Vagina 354
Male Genital Organs 361
Spermatozoon 361
Testes 362
Excretory Ducts 367
Spermatogenesis 372
Technic for Reproductive Organs 378
VI. The Skin and its Appendages.
Skin (Cutis) 379
Hair 389
Nails 394
Glands of the Skin 396
Sweat-glands 396
Sebaceous Glands 398
Mammary Glands . 400
Technic for the Skin and Its Appendages 403
VII. The Central Nervous System.
Spinal Cord 406
Cerebellar Cortex 413
Cerebral Cortex . . 416
Olfactory Bulb 421
Epiphysis and Hypophysis 422
Ganglia 424
General Survey of the Relations of the Neurones to One Another in the Central
Nervous System 431
Neuroglia 434
Membranes of the Central Nervous System 436
Blood-vessels of the Central Nervous System 439
Technic for Central Nervous System 440
General Structure 446
Development of the Eye 446
Tunica Fibrosa Oculi 448
Sclera 448
Cornea ... 449
Vascular Tunic of the Eye . 452
Choroid, Ciliary Body, and Iris 452
Internal or Nervous Tunic of the Eye 457
Pigment Layer 457
Retina .... 457
Region of the Optic Papilla 460
Region of the Macula Lutea 460
Ora Serrata, Pars Ciliaris Retinas, and Pars Iridica Retinae 461
Miiller's Fibers of the Retina 462
Relations of the Elements of the Retina to One Another 462
Optic Nerve 464
Blood-vessels of the Optic Nerve and Retina 465
Vitreous Body 467
Crystalline Lens 467
Fetal Blood-vessels of the Eye 468
Interchange of Fluids in the Eyeball 469
Protective Organs of the Eye 469
Lids and Conjunctiva 469
Lacrimal Apparatus 473
Technic for the Eye 474
External Ear 476
Middle Ear 478
Internal Ear 480
Utriculus and Sacculus 482
Semicircular Canals 483
Cochlea . 484
Organ of Corti . 489
Development of the Labyrinth 496
Technic for Organ of Hearing 497
Technic for Nasal Mucous Membrane 5