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[[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_1|CHAPTER I.]]
# [[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_1|CHAPTER I.]] The Male and Female Sexual Elements ; Maturation ; Ovulation; Menstruation; Fertilization
## The Spermatozoon
## The Ovum
## The Hen's egg
## Oogenesis
## Maturation of the Ovum
## Ovulation
## Menstruation
## The Relation of Menstruation to Ovulation and Conception
## Fertilization
## Artificial Fertilization
# [[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_2|CHAPTER II]] The Segmentation of the Ovum and Formation of the Blastodermic Vesicle
## Segmentation
## The Stage of the Blastula
# [[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_3|CHAPTER III.]] The Germ-layers and the Primitive Streak
## The Two-layered Stage of the Blastodermic Vesicle
## The Embryonal Area
## The Primitive Streak
## The Development of the Mesoderm
## The Derivatives of the Germ-lavers
# [[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_4|CHAPTER IV.]] The Beginning Differentiation of the Embryo; the Neural Canal ; The Chorda Dorsalis ; the Mesoblastic Somites
## The Neural or Medullary Canal
## The Notoohord or Chorda Dorsalis
## The Neurenteric Canal
## The Somites or Primitive Segments
# [[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_5|CHAPTER V.]] The Formation of the Body-wall, of the Intestinal Canal, and of the Fetal Membranes
## The Formation op the Body-wall and of the Intestinal Canal op the Embryo
## The Amnion
## The Yolk-sac
## The Allantois
## The Chorion
# [[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_6|CHAPTER VI.]] The Decidual and the Embedding of the Ovum; the Placenta; the Umbilical Cord
## The Decidua and the Embedding of the Ovum
## The Placenta
## The Umbilical Cord
## Relations of the Fetal Membranes at Birth
# [[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_7|CHAPTER VII.]] The Further Development of the External Form of the Body
## The Stage of the Ovum
## The Stage of the Embryo
## The Visceral Arches and Clefts
## The Stage of the Fetus
# [[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_8|CHAPTER VIII.]] The Development of the Connective Tissues of the Body, and of the Lymphatic System
## The Connective Tissues
## The Development of the Lymphatic System
# [[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_9|CHAPTER IX.]] The Development of the Face and the Mouth Cavity
## The Evolution of the Face
## The Mouth
## The Teeth
## The Salivary Glands
## The Tongue
## The Nose
# [[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_10|CHAPTER X.]] The Development of the Vascular System
## The Vitelline Circulation and the Origin of the Blood
## The Development of the Heart
## The Metamorphosis of the Single into the Double Heart
## The Valves of the Heart
## The Allantok- and the Placental Circulation
## The Fetal Arterial System
## The Fetal Venous System
## The Formation of the Pericardium, the Pleura and the Diaphragm
## The Portal Circulation
## The Final Stage of the Fetal Vascular System
# [[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_11|CHAPTER XI.]] The Development of the Digestive System
## The Mouth
## The Pharynx
## The Tongue
## The Tonsil
## The Anus
## The Differentiation of the Alimentary Canal into Separate Regions
## Increase in Length and Further Subdivision
## Alteration in the Relative Position of Parts, and Further Development
## Histological Alterations
## Meckel's Diverticulum
## The Development of the Liver
## The Gall-bladder
## The Ligaments of the Liver
## The Development of the Pancreas
## The Development of the Spleen
## The Evoution of the Peritoneum
# [[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_12|CHAPTER XII.]] The Development of the Respiratory System


The Male and Female Sexual Elements ; Maturation ; Ovulation; Menstruation; Fertilization
The Thyroid, the Parathyroid, and the Thymus Bodies
# The Spermatozoon
# The Ovum
# The Hen's egg
# Oogenesis
# Maturation of the Ovum
# Ovulation
# Menstruation
# The Relation of Menstruation to Ovulation and Conception
# Fertilization
# Artificial Fertilization


# [[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_13|CHAPTER XIII.]] The Development of the Genito-urinary System


[[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_2|CHAPTER II]]
The Development of the Kidney and the Ureter


The Segmentation of the Ovum and Formation of the Blastodermic Vesicle
The Mesonepliros or Wolffian Body
# Segmentation
# The Stage of the Blastula


The Metanephros or Permanent Kidney 


[[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_3|CHAPTER III.]]
The Suprarenal Bodies


The Germ-layers and the Primitive Streak
The Development of the Internal Generative Organs
# The Two-layered Stage of the Blastodermic Vesicle
# The Embryonal Area
# The Primitive Streak
# The Development of the Mesoderm
# The Derivatives of the Germ-lavers


The Indifferent Type


[[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_4|CHAPTER IV.]]
The Male Type


The Beginning Differentiation of the Embryo; the Neural Canal ; The Chorda Dorsalis ; the Mesoblastic Somites
The Female Type
# The Neural or Medullary Canal
# The Notoohord or Chorda Dorsalis
# The Neurenteric Canal
# The Somites or Primitive Segments


[[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_5|CHAPTER V.]]
The Bladder and the Prostate Gland


The Formation of the Body-wall, of the Intestinal Canal, and of the Fetal Membranes
The External Organs of (t feneration
# The Formation op the Body-wall and of the Intestinal Canal op the Embryo
# The Amnion
# The Yolk-sac
# The Allantois
# The Chorion


The Female External Genitals


[[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_6|CHAPTER VI.]]
The Male External Genitals
The Decidual and the Embedding of the Ovum; the Placenta; the Umbilical Cord
# The Decidua and the Embedding of the Ovum
# The Placenta
# The Umbilical Cord
# Relations of the Fetal Membranes at Birth


Summary


[[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_7|CHAPTER VII.]]


The Further Development of the External Form of the Body
# [[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_14|CHAPTER XIV.]] The Development of the Skin and its Appendages
# The Stage of the Ovum
# The Stage of the Embryo
# The Visceral Arches and Clefts
# The Stage of the Fetus
 
 
[[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_8|CHAPTER VIII.]]
 
The Development of the Connective Tissues of the Body, and of the Lymphatic System
# The Connective Tissues
# The Development of the Lymphatic System
 
 
[[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_9|CHAPTER IX.]]
 
The Development of the Face and the Mouth Cavity
# The Evolution of the Face
# The Mouth
# The Teeth
# The Salivary Glands
# The Tongue
# The Nose
 
 
[[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_10|CHAPTER X.]]
 
The Development of the Vascular System
 
# The Vitelline Circulation and the Origin of the Blood
# The Development of the Heart
# The Metamorphosis of the Single into the Double Heart
# The Valves of the Heart
# The Allantok- and the Placental Circulation
# The Fetal Arterial System
# The Fetal Venous System
# The Formation of the Pericardium, the Pleura and the Diaphragm
# The Portal Circulation
# The Final Stage of the Fetal Vascular System
 
 
[[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_11|CHAPTER XI.]]
 
The Development of the Digestive System
# The Mouth
# The Pharynx
# The Tongue
# The Tonsil
# The Anus
# The Differentiation of the Alimentary Canal into Separate Regions
# Increase in Length and Further Subdivision
# Alteration in the Relative Position of Parts, and Further Development
# Histological Alterations
# Meckel's Diverticulum
# The Development of the Liver
# The Gall-bladder
# The Ligaments of the Liver
# The Development of the Pancreas
# The Development of the Spleen
# The Evoution of the Peritoneum
 
 
[[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_12|CHAPTER XII.]]
 
The Development of the Respiratory System 222
 
The Thyroid, the Parathyroid, and the Thymus Bodies . . 226
 
 
[[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_13|CHAPTER XIII.]]
 
The Development of the Genito-urlnary System 232
 
The Development of the Kidney and the L'reter . . . 232
 
The Mesonepliros or Wolffian Body 234
 
The Metanephros or Permanent Kidney 237
 
The Suprarenal Bodies 241
 
The Development of the Internal Generative Organs . 243
 
The Indifferent Type 243
 
The Male Type 24')
 
The Female Type 249
 
The Bladder and the Prostate Gland 25')
 
The External Organs of (t feneration 2'>s
 
The Female External Genitals 25l>
 
The Male External Genitals . 2t)l
 
Summary 2<>4
 
 
 
[[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_14|CHAPTER XIV.]]
 
The Development of the Skin and its Appendages 268


The Skin 2G8  
The Skin 2G8  
Line 231: Line 178:




 
# [[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_15|CHAPTER XV.]] The Development of the Nervous System
[[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_15|CHAPTER XV.]]
 
The Development of the Nervous System 278


The Development of the Spinal Cord 281  
The Development of the Spinal Cord 281  
Line 240: Line 184:
The Development of the Brain 286  
The Development of the Brain 286  


The Fifth Brain-vesicle 289
The Fifth Brain-vesicle
 
The Hind-brain Vesicle 292
 
The Mid-brain Vesicle 294
 
The Inter-brain Vesicle 296
 
The Fore-brain Vesicle 302
 
The Development of the Peripheral Nervous System . 316
 
The Development of the Sympathetic System 324


The Carotid Body, the Coccygeal Body, and the Organs of Zuckei^
The Hind-brain Vesicle


kandl * 325
The Mid-brain Vesicle


The Inter-brain Vesicle


The Fore-brain Vesicle


[[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_16|CHAPTER XVI.]]
The Development of the Peripheral Nervous System


The Development of the Sense Organs 32(}
The Development of the Sympathetic System


The Deveix)pment op the Eye 326
The Carotid Body, the Coccygeal Body, and the Organs of Zuckeikandl


The Retina and Optic Nerve 328


The Crystalline I-«ns 336
# [[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_16|CHAPTER XVI.]] The Development of the Sense Organs


The Vitreous Body 338
The Deveix)pment of the Eye


The Middle and Outer Tunics of the Eye 339
The Retina and Optic Nerve


The Eyelids and the Lacrimal Apparatus 343
The Crystalline Iens


The Development of the Organ of Hearing 345
The Vitreous Body


The Internal Ear 346
The Middle and Outer Tunics of the Eye


The Middle and External Ear 355
The Eyelids and the Lacrimal Apparatus


The Development of the Nope 358
The Development of the Organ of Hearing


The Internal Ear


The Middle and External Ear


The Development of the Nope


[[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_17|CHAPTER XVII.]]


The Development of the Muscular System 363
# [[Book_-_A_Text-book_of_Embryology_17|CHAPTER XVII.]] The Development of the Muscular System


The Striated or Voluntary Muscle 363  
The Striated or Voluntary Muscle 363  
Line 333: Line 268:
The Pectoral and Pelvic (iirdles 403  
The Pectoral and Pelvic (iirdles 403  


The Bones of the Extremities 404
The Bones of the Extremities


The Development of the Limbs 405
The Development of the Limbs


The Position of the Limbs . 407
The Position of the Limbs


Tabulated Chronology of Development 409
Tabulated Chronology of Development  


Index 417
Inde




Revision as of 10:50, 29 October 2012

title page

A TEXT-BOOK

OF


EMBRYOLOGY


FOR STUDENTS OF MEDICINE


BY

John Clement Heisler, M.D.

(1907)

Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
Mark Hill.jpg
Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

Preface to the Third Edition

The great activity along the lines of embrvological research during the past half-dozen years has brought forth much literature and some new facts. In some cases existing views have thereby been modified or set aside; in others, they have been more firmly established. In presenting the third edition of this book the effort has been made so to revise the text as to harmonize it with the results of recent researches. To this end, certain of the sections have been practically rewritten, while others have been slightly altered, and still others have been merely somewhat amplified. Where changes have been made the authorities therefor have usually been cited. The revised portions of the book include the sections dealing with the ovum, the spermatozoon, the blastodermic vesicle, the amnion, the vascular system, the pancreas, the spleen, the larynx, the thymus, the thyroid, the parathyroid, the adrenal, the kidney, the spinal cord, the vitreous, the musculature, and the vertebral column.

J. C. H.

3829 Walnut St., Philadelphia, March, 1907.


Preface

The facts of embryology having acquired in recent years such great interest in connection with the teaching and with the proper comprehension of human anatomy, it is of first importance to the student of medicine that a concise and yet sufficiently full text-book upon the subject be available. It was with the aim of presenting such a book that this volume was written, the author, in his experience as a teacher of anatomy, having been impressed with the fact that students were seriously handicapj>ed in their study of the subject of embryology by the lack of a text-book full enough to be intelligible, and yet without that minuteness of detail which characterizes the larger treatises, and which so often serves only to confuse and discourage the beginner.

In the arrangement of the subject-matter of the book, it has been the aim not only to present a connected story of human development, but also to make each chapter as nearly as possible complete in itself, for the sake of convenience of reference. It is for this reason that some repetitions occur in the text. The frequent allusions to certain facts of comparative embryology are rendered necessary by the very nature of the subject, but it has been the writer's aim to make these allusions as simple and as easily intelligible as possible.

In the selection of the illustrations, great care has been exercised to employ those of the greatest teaching value, and to arrange them, with reference to any one chapter, as nearly as possible in proper chronological sequence. Due acknowledgement is made in each case for every illustration borrowed from other works.

With few exceptions, no attempt has been made to cite authorities in the text, and the author would here express his obligations to the writings of His, O. Hertwig, Kolliker, Schultze, Bonnet, Balfour, Marshall, Piersol, Minot, Tourneux, and many others.

J. C. H.

3829 Walnut St., Philadelphia,


Contents

  1. CHAPTER I. The Male and Female Sexual Elements ; Maturation ; Ovulation; Menstruation; Fertilization
    1. The Spermatozoon
    2. The Ovum
    3. The Hen's egg
    4. Oogenesis
    5. Maturation of the Ovum
    6. Ovulation
    7. Menstruation
    8. The Relation of Menstruation to Ovulation and Conception
    9. Fertilization
    10. Artificial Fertilization
  2. CHAPTER II The Segmentation of the Ovum and Formation of the Blastodermic Vesicle
    1. Segmentation
    2. The Stage of the Blastula
  3. CHAPTER III. The Germ-layers and the Primitive Streak
    1. The Two-layered Stage of the Blastodermic Vesicle
    2. The Embryonal Area
    3. The Primitive Streak
    4. The Development of the Mesoderm
    5. The Derivatives of the Germ-lavers
  4. CHAPTER IV. The Beginning Differentiation of the Embryo; the Neural Canal ; The Chorda Dorsalis ; the Mesoblastic Somites
    1. The Neural or Medullary Canal
    2. The Notoohord or Chorda Dorsalis
    3. The Neurenteric Canal
    4. The Somites or Primitive Segments
  5. CHAPTER V. The Formation of the Body-wall, of the Intestinal Canal, and of the Fetal Membranes
    1. The Formation op the Body-wall and of the Intestinal Canal op the Embryo
    2. The Amnion
    3. The Yolk-sac
    4. The Allantois
    5. The Chorion
  6. CHAPTER VI. The Decidual and the Embedding of the Ovum; the Placenta; the Umbilical Cord
    1. The Decidua and the Embedding of the Ovum
    2. The Placenta
    3. The Umbilical Cord
    4. Relations of the Fetal Membranes at Birth
  7. CHAPTER VII. The Further Development of the External Form of the Body
    1. The Stage of the Ovum
    2. The Stage of the Embryo
    3. The Visceral Arches and Clefts
    4. The Stage of the Fetus
  8. CHAPTER VIII. The Development of the Connective Tissues of the Body, and of the Lymphatic System
    1. The Connective Tissues
    2. The Development of the Lymphatic System
  9. CHAPTER IX. The Development of the Face and the Mouth Cavity
    1. The Evolution of the Face
    2. The Mouth
    3. The Teeth
    4. The Salivary Glands
    5. The Tongue
    6. The Nose
  10. CHAPTER X. The Development of the Vascular System
    1. The Vitelline Circulation and the Origin of the Blood
    2. The Development of the Heart
    3. The Metamorphosis of the Single into the Double Heart
    4. The Valves of the Heart
    5. The Allantok- and the Placental Circulation
    6. The Fetal Arterial System
    7. The Fetal Venous System
    8. The Formation of the Pericardium, the Pleura and the Diaphragm
    9. The Portal Circulation
    10. The Final Stage of the Fetal Vascular System
  11. CHAPTER XI. The Development of the Digestive System
    1. The Mouth
    2. The Pharynx
    3. The Tongue
    4. The Tonsil
    5. The Anus
    6. The Differentiation of the Alimentary Canal into Separate Regions
    7. Increase in Length and Further Subdivision
    8. Alteration in the Relative Position of Parts, and Further Development
    9. Histological Alterations
    10. Meckel's Diverticulum
    11. The Development of the Liver
    12. The Gall-bladder
    13. The Ligaments of the Liver
    14. The Development of the Pancreas
    15. The Development of the Spleen
    16. The Evoution of the Peritoneum
  12. CHAPTER XII. The Development of the Respiratory System

The Thyroid, the Parathyroid, and the Thymus Bodies

  1. CHAPTER XIII. The Development of the Genito-urinary System

The Development of the Kidney and the Ureter

The Mesonepliros or Wolffian Body

The Metanephros or Permanent Kidney

The Suprarenal Bodies

The Development of the Internal Generative Organs

The Indifferent Type

The Male Type

The Female Type

The Bladder and the Prostate Gland

The External Organs of (t feneration

The Female External Genitals

The Male External Genitals

Summary


  1. CHAPTER XIV. The Development of the Skin and its Appendages

The Skin 2G8

The Appendages of the Skin 270

The Nails 270

The Hair 271

The Sebaceous and Sweat Glands 273

The Mammary Gland 274


  1. CHAPTER XV. The Development of the Nervous System

The Development of the Spinal Cord 281

The Development of the Brain 286

The Fifth Brain-vesicle

The Hind-brain Vesicle

The Mid-brain Vesicle

The Inter-brain Vesicle

The Fore-brain Vesicle

The Development of the Peripheral Nervous System

The Development of the Sympathetic System

The Carotid Body, the Coccygeal Body, and the Organs of Zuckeikandl


  1. CHAPTER XVI. The Development of the Sense Organs

The Deveix)pment of the Eye

The Retina and Optic Nerve

The Crystalline Iens

The Vitreous Body

The Middle and Outer Tunics of the Eye

The Eyelids and the Lacrimal Apparatus

The Development of the Organ of Hearing

The Internal Ear

The Middle and External Ear

The Development of the Nope


  1. CHAPTER XVII. The Development of the Muscular System

The Striated or Voluntary Muscle 363

The Muscles of the Trunk Proper 363

The Metamorphosis of the Muscle-plate 366

The Branchial Muscles 369

The Muscles of the Extremities 370

The Involuntary or Unstriated Muscular Tissue .... 371

The Cardiac Muscle 371

The Development of the Skeleton and of the Limbs .... 372

The Axial Skeleton 373

The Development of the Trunk 373

The Stage of the Chorda 373

The Membranous Stage 374

The Cartilaginous Stage 377

The Osseous Stage 379

The Development of the Ribs and Steraum 382

The Development of the Head Skeleton 384

The Membranous Cranium liSo

The Cartilaginous Cranium 38()

The Osseoufi Stage 389

The Appendicular Skeleton 402

The Pectoral and Pelvic (iirdles 403

The Bones of the Extremities

The Development of the Limbs

The Position of the Limbs

Tabulated Chronology of Development

Inde


Heisler JC. A text-book of embryology for students of medicine. 3rd Edn. (1907) W.B. Saunders Co. London.

   Text-book of Embryology 1907: 1 Male and Female Sexual Elements - Fertilization | 2 Ovum Segmentation - Blastodermic Vesicle | 3 Germ-layers - Primitive Streak | 4 Embryo Differentiation - Neural Canal - Somites | 5 Body-wall - Intestinal Canal - Fetal Membranes | 6 Decidual Ovum Embedding - Placenta - Umbilical Cord | 7 External Body Form | 8 Connective Tissues - Lymphatic System | 9 Face and Mouth | 10 Vascular System | 11 Digestive System | 12 Respiratory System | 13 Genito-urinary System | 14 Skin and Appendages | 15 Nervous System | 16 Sense Organs | 17 Muscular System | 18 Skeleton and Limbs
Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

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