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{{Header}}
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
[[File:Bat_icon.jpg|thumb|Short-tailed fruit bat Carollia perspicillata (embryonic stage 19)<ref name="PMID15861401"><pubmed>15861401</pubmed></ref>]]
[[File:Bat_icon.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Short-tailed fruit bat Carollia perspicillata |Short-tailed fruit bat Carollia perspicillata (embryonic stage 19)<ref name="PMID15861401"><pubmed>15861401</pubmed></ref>]]
The bat (''chiroptera'') family consists of about 1,000 species throughout the world today (90 in Australia) and is not a common model of mammalian embryonic development.
The bat (''chiroptera'') family consists of about 1,000 species throughout the world today (90 in Australia) and is not a common model of mammalian embryonic development.


The taxon chiroptera can also be further divided into the Megachiroptera (flying foxes) and Microchiroptera suborders. Echolocation sounds have been shown to differ in Microchiroptera (vocal cords) and Megachiroptera (tongue clicks).
The taxon chiroptera can also be further divided into the Megachiroptera (flying foxes) and Microchiroptera suborders. Echolocation sounds have been shown to differ in Microchiroptera (vocal cords) and Megachiroptera (tongue clicks).


[[Movie - Bat embryo stage 19




:'''Links:'''  [[Quicktime Movie - Bat embryo stage 19|Stage 19 Quicktime Movie]] | [[Movie - Bat embryo stage 19|Stage 19 Flash Movie]] | [[:Category:Bat|Category:Bat]]]
:{{Bat images}} | [[Abnormal_Development_-_Viral_Infection#Hendra_Virus|Hendra Virus]] | [[:Category:Bat|Category:Bat]]
 
----
{{Template:Animals}}
==Some Recent Findings==
==Some Recent Findings==
{|
{|
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"  
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"  
|
|
* '''Ovulation, fertilization, and early embryonic development in the menstruating fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata'''<ref><pubmed>21337714</pubmed></ref> "Graafian follicles developed large antra and exhibited preovulatory expansion of the cumulus oophorus. Ovulation had occurred in some on the morning, and in most by the evening, of day 1. The single ovum was released as a secondary oocyte and fertilized in the oviductal ampulla. Ovulated secondary oocytes were loosely associated with their cumulus cells, which were lost around the initiation of fertilization. Supernumerary spermatozoa were occasionally noted attached to the zonae pellucidae of oviductal ova, but never within the perivitelline space. By day 2, most ova had reached the pronuclear stage and by day 3, early cleavage stages. Several lines of evidence indicate that C. perspicillata is a spontaneous ovulator with a functional luteal phase."
* '''Contrasting genetic structure in two co-distributed species of old world fruit bat''' <ref><pubmed>21085717</pubmed></ref> "The fulvous fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaulti) and the greater short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx) are two abundant and widely co-distributed Old World fruit bats in Southeast and East Asia. "
* '''Contrasting genetic structure in two co-distributed species of old world fruit bat''' <ref><pubmed>21085717</pubmed></ref> "The fulvous fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaulti) and the greater short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx) are two abundant and widely co-distributed Old World fruit bats in Southeast and East Asia. "
* '''Digital gene expression tag profiling of bat digits provides robust candidates contributing to wing formation''' <ref name="PMID21054883"><pubmed>21054883</pubmed></ref> "As the only truly flying mammals, bats use their unique wing - consisting of four elongated digits (digits II-V) connected by membranes - to power their flight. In addition to the elongated digits II-V, the forelimb contains one shorter digit (digit I) that is morphologically similar to the hindlimb digits. Here, we capitalized on the morphological variation among the bat forelimb digits to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying digit elongation and wing formation."
* '''Digital gene expression tag profiling of bat digits provides robust candidates contributing to wing formation''' <ref name="PMID21054883"><pubmed>21054883</pubmed></ref> "As the only truly flying mammals, bats use their unique wing - consisting of four elongated digits (digits II-V) connected by membranes - to power their flight. In addition to the elongated digits II-V, the forelimb contains one shorter digit (digit I) that is morphologically similar to the hindlimb digits. Here, we capitalized on the morphological variation among the bat forelimb digits to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying digit elongation and wing formation."
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! More recent papers
|-
| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}


Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fruit+Bat+Embryology ''Fruit Bat Embryology'']
<pubmed limit=5>Fruit Bat Embryology</pubmed>
|}
==Taxon==
==Taxon==
{|
[[File:Adult bat - rhinolophus smithersi.jpg|thumb|Bat - ''rhinolophus smithersi'']]
| Chiroptera
Chiroptera


Genbank common name: bats
Genbank common name: bats
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Lineage( abbreviated ): Eukaryota; Fungi/Metazoa group; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria
Lineage( abbreviated ): Eukaryota; Fungi/Metazoa group; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria
|
<qt>file=Bat embryo stage 19.mov‎|width=201px|height=220px|controller=true|autoplay=true</qt>
|}


==Species Comparison==
==Species Comparison==
 
{|
|
===Carollia perspicillata===
===Carollia perspicillata===
* (short-tailed fruit bat) Ovulation has a 24 hour variation with up to 2 days of variation in oviduct transit time, and gestation period is 113 - 120 days.
* (short-tailed fruit bat) Ovulation has a 24 hour variation with up to 2 days of variation in oviduct transit time, and gestation period is 113 - 120 days.
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===Myotis thysanodes and M. lucifugus===
===Myotis thysanodes and M. lucifugus===
* Ovulation, fertilization, and implantation occur during the first 2 weeks of May and gestation is 50 - 60 days for both species.
* Ovulation, fertilization, and implantation occur during the first 2 weeks of May and gestation is 50 - 60 days for both species.
| width=240px|<mediaplayer width='220' height='250' image="http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/1/15/Bat_icon.jpg">file:Bat embryo stage 19.mp4</mediaplayer>
Bat embryo (stage 19)
|}


==Embryonic Stages - Carollia perspicillata==
==Embryonic Stages - Carollia perspicillata==
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Thanks to Prof Richard Behringer and Dr Chris J. Creteko Dept. of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, who provided images and stage information on the embryonic development of the ''Carollia perspicillata'' bat.
Thanks to Prof Richard Behringer and Dr Chris J. Creteko Dept. of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, who provided images and stage information on the embryonic development of the ''Carollia perspicillata'' bat.


==Embryonic Stages - Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus==
==Embryonic Stages==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Bat-Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus Stages 13-17.jpg|Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus Stages 13-17
File:Bat-Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus Stages 13-17.jpg|Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus Stages 13-17
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File:Bat-embryonic stages 11-22.jpg|''H. pratti'' Embryonic stages 11-22
File:Bat-embryonic stages 11-22.jpg|''H. pratti'' Embryonic stages 11-22
File:Bat-craniofacial_development.jpg|Craniofacial development
File:Bat-craniofacial_development.jpg|Craniofacial development
</gallery>
===Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus===
<gallery>
File:Bat-Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus Stages 13-17.jpg|Stages 13-17
File:Bat_-_Miniopterus_schreibersii_fuliginosus_Stage_13.jpg|Stage 13
File:Bat_-_Miniopterus_schreibersii_fuliginosus_Stage_14.jpg|Stage 14
File:Bat_-_Miniopterus_schreibersii_fuliginosus_Stage_15.jpg|Stage 15
File:Bat_-_Miniopterus_schreibersii_fuliginosus_Stage_16.jpg|Stage 16
File:Bat_-_Miniopterus_schreibersii_fuliginosus_Stage_17.jpg|Stage 17
</gallery>
</gallery>


==Limb Development==
==Limb Development==
[[File:Bat_limb_02.jpg|800px]]
[[File:Bat_limb_01.jpg|800px]]
Images of the bat embryo ''Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus'' at embryonic Stages 13-17.<ref name=PMID20092640><pubmed>20092640</pubmed>| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824742/?tool=pubmed PMC: 2824742] | [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/10/10 BMC Dev Biol.]</ref>


[[File:Bat - adult and fetal limbs.jpg|500px]]
[[File:Bat - adult and fetal limbs.jpg|500px]]
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The short-tailed fruit bat ''Carollia perspicillata'' Stage 14  embryo nervous system as identified by neurofilament antibody (brown) staining. Neurofilament is an intermediate filament protein, forming part of the neuronal cytoskeleton.
The short-tailed fruit bat ''Carollia perspicillata'' Stage 14  embryo nervous system as identified by neurofilament antibody (brown) staining. Neurofilament is an intermediate filament protein, forming part of the neuronal cytoskeleton.
==Historic Images==
<gallery>
File:Bailey055.jpg|Fig. 55. Four stages in the development of the bat
File:Bailey059.jpg|Fig. 59. Sections of blastodermic vesicle of bat
</gallery>
==Abnormalities==
[[File:Australia map - bats and hendra virus.jpg|thumb|300px|Australia map - bats and hendra virus]]
===Hendra Virus===
* Hendra virus is a paramyxoviridae (ssRNA negative-strand virus) that mainly infects large fruit bats (flying foxes) which can be passed on to horses.
* The infection has occasionally been passed onto people who have been in close contact with an infected horse.
* There is evidence of fetal and placental infection in flying fox<ref><pubmed>18198149</pubmed></ref> and animal models.<ref><pubmed>
10684689</pubmed></ref> 
* There is currently insufficient information to determine whether there are developmental effects in humans.
:'''Links:''' [http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/factsheets/infectious/hendra.html NSW Public Health Sheet 2011] | [http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/556.html Viralzone - Paramyxoviridae] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/NC_001906 Genome] | [[Abnormal Development - Viral Infection]]
===Rabies Virus===
Rabies is a fatal encephalitis that can infect humans and is caused by lyssaviruses. Lyssavirus circulation has emerged in Southeast Asian bats.<ref><pubmed>21738801</pubmed>| [http://www.plosntds.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0001054 PLoS Negl Trop Dis.]</ref>
:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal_Development_-_Viral_Infection#Lassa_Virus|Viral Infection - Lassa Virus]] | [[Abnormal Development - Viral Infection]]


==References==
==References==
Line 241: Line 294:


===Reviews===
===Reviews===
<pubmed>18163246</pubmed>
<pubmed>18160799</pubmed>
<pubmed>9293029</pubmed>
<pubmed>8371094</pubmed>


===Articles===
===Articles===
Line 248: Line 305:


'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=bat%20development bat development] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=chiroptera%20development chiroptera development]
'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=bat%20development bat development] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=chiroptera%20development chiroptera development]
==Additional Images==
<gallery>
File:Limb comparison cartoon 01.jpg|Image - Limb comparisons
File:Limb comparison cartoon 02.jpg|Image - Limb comparison cartoon
File:Bat and mouse limb comparison.jpg|Image - Bat and Mouse limbs
</gallery>


==External Links==
==External Links==
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{{Template:Animals}}
{{Animals}}
 
 
{{Glossary}}


{{Template:Glossary}}


{{Template:Footer}}
{{Footer}}


[[Category:Bat]]
[[Category:Bat]]

Revision as of 14:53, 16 October 2014

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Introduction

Short-tailed fruit bat Carollia perspicillata
Short-tailed fruit bat Carollia perspicillata (embryonic stage 19)[1]

The bat (chiroptera) family consists of about 1,000 species throughout the world today (90 in Australia) and is not a common model of mammalian embryonic development.

The taxon chiroptera can also be further divided into the Megachiroptera (flying foxes) and Microchiroptera suborders. Echolocation sounds have been shown to differ in Microchiroptera (vocal cords) and Megachiroptera (tongue clicks).


Bat Images: Craniofacial Development Carollia perspicillata Stage 10-13 | Stage 12-17 | Stage 18-23 | Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus Stage 13-17 | Limb Stage 13-17 | Limb Growth Stage 13-17 | Stage 18-23 | Hipposideros pratti Stage 11-22 | Hendra Virus | Category:Bat

Some Recent Findings

  • Ovulation, fertilization, and early embryonic development in the menstruating fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata[2] "Graafian follicles developed large antra and exhibited preovulatory expansion of the cumulus oophorus. Ovulation had occurred in some on the morning, and in most by the evening, of day 1. The single ovum was released as a secondary oocyte and fertilized in the oviductal ampulla. Ovulated secondary oocytes were loosely associated with their cumulus cells, which were lost around the initiation of fertilization. Supernumerary spermatozoa were occasionally noted attached to the zonae pellucidae of oviductal ova, but never within the perivitelline space. By day 2, most ova had reached the pronuclear stage and by day 3, early cleavage stages. Several lines of evidence indicate that C. perspicillata is a spontaneous ovulator with a functional luteal phase."
  • Contrasting genetic structure in two co-distributed species of old world fruit bat [3] "The fulvous fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaulti) and the greater short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx) are two abundant and widely co-distributed Old World fruit bats in Southeast and East Asia. "
  • Digital gene expression tag profiling of bat digits provides robust candidates contributing to wing formation [4] "As the only truly flying mammals, bats use their unique wing - consisting of four elongated digits (digits II-V) connected by membranes - to power their flight. In addition to the elongated digits II-V, the forelimb contains one shorter digit (digit I) that is morphologically similar to the hindlimb digits. Here, we capitalized on the morphological variation among the bat forelimb digits to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying digit elongation and wing formation."
More recent papers
Mark Hill.jpg
PubMed logo.gif

This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.

  • This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled.
  • The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance.
  • References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing.


References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability.

More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References

Search term: Fruit Bat Embryology

<pubmed limit=5>Fruit Bat Embryology</pubmed>

Taxon

Bat - rhinolophus smithersi

Chiroptera

Genbank common name: bats

Taxonomy Id: 9397 Rank: order

Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard)

Mitochondrial genetic code: Translation table 2 (Vertebrate Mitochondrial)

Lineage( abbreviated ): Eukaryota; Fungi/Metazoa group; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria

Species Comparison

Carollia perspicillata

  • (short-tailed fruit bat) Ovulation has a 24 hour variation with up to 2 days of variation in oviduct transit time, and gestation period is 113 - 120 days.

Myotis thysanodes and M. lucifugus

  • Ovulation, fertilization, and implantation occur during the first 2 weeks of May and gestation is 50 - 60 days for both species.
<mediaplayer width='220' height='250' image="http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/1/15/Bat_icon.jpg">file:Bat embryo stage 19.mp4</mediaplayer>

Bat embryo (stage 19)

Embryonic Stages - Carollia perspicillata

Embryonic Bat Stages Carollia perspicillata[1]

Stage

Key features

Somites

Age
(dpc)

Uterus diameter
(mm)

Crown-rump length
(mm)

Mass
(mg)

12

Forelimb buds form; tail bud forms; caudal neuropore closes; 3 pharyngeal arches.

21-29

40

5.75
(+/- 0.64)

3.4
(+/- 0.42)

4.3
(+/- 1.7)

14

Retinal pigment; nasal pits; end of somitogenesis; propatagium and plagiopatagium primordia; hindlimb AER.

36-40

44

6.95
(+/- 0.44)

5.35
(+/- 0.24)

24.6
(+/- 3.6)

15

Hand plate and footplate form; lens vesicle; auditory hillocks; premaxillary centers.

46

8.65
(+/- 1.20)

7.45
(+/- 0.92)

56
(+/- 13)

16

Nose-leaf primordium; pinna and tragus form; forelimb digital condensations, uropatagium primordium.

50

12.06
(+/- 1.45)

8.66
(+/- 1.05)

110
(+/- 30)

17

Tongue protruding; cervical flexure straightens; hindlimb interdigit tissue receding; eyes begin to close.

54

13.45
(+/- 1.34)

9.15
(+/- 1.34)

114
(+/- 45)

18

Free thumb; head and body smoother, rounder; eyes half-closed; postaxial flexure at wrist; calcar.

60

16.32
(+/- 0.98)

12.35
(+/- 1.16)

278
(+/- 83)

20

Distal forelimbs overlap over face; head larger; eyelids cover pigmented retina; claw primordia form.

70

20.0
(+/- 3.54)

16.35
(+/- 1.06)

617
(+/- 156)

22

Prominent, triangular nose-leaf; eyelids reopening; wing membranes corrugated; claws pigmented, hooked.

80

23.03
(+/- 2.68)

20.02
(+/- 0.26)

1527
(+/- 208)

24

Fetal period commences; eyes completely open; face and nose-leaf pigmenting.

90

23.53
(+/- 0.64)

21.13
(+/- 0.06)

2097
(+/- 199)


(Values are mean n= 2-6, +/- standard deviation, original table contains more detailed data)

Thanks to Prof Richard Behringer and Dr Chris J. Creteko Dept. of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, who provided images and stage information on the embryonic development of the Carollia perspicillata bat.

Embryonic Stages


Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus

Limb Development

Bat limb 02.jpg

Bat limb 01.jpg

Images of the bat embryo Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus at embryonic Stages 13-17.[5]


Bat - adult and fetal limbs.jpg

Bat - adult and fetal limbs[4]

A - Left limbs of adult Myotis ricketti. DI, DII, DIII, DIV and DV represent digits I-V of the forelimb

B, C - Left limbs of Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus in the Fetal Stage as an example of samples used for the Myotis ricketti libraries. Libraries Hand DI and Hand DII-V are constructed from forelimb digit I and digits II-V, respectively. Library Foot is constructed from hindlimb digits I-V.

Bar = 1 cm in A; bar = 1 mm in B and C.

Neural Development

Bat - neural development 01.jpg

The short-tailed fruit bat Carollia perspicillata Stage 14 embryo nervous system as identified by neurofilament antibody (brown) staining. Neurofilament is an intermediate filament protein, forming part of the neuronal cytoskeleton.

Historic Images

Abnormalities

Australia map - bats and hendra virus

Hendra Virus

  • Hendra virus is a paramyxoviridae (ssRNA negative-strand virus) that mainly infects large fruit bats (flying foxes) which can be passed on to horses.
  • The infection has occasionally been passed onto people who have been in close contact with an infected horse.
  • There is evidence of fetal and placental infection in flying fox[6] and animal models.[7]
  • There is currently insufficient information to determine whether there are developmental effects in humans.



Links: NSW Public Health Sheet 2011 | Viralzone - Paramyxoviridae | Genome | Abnormal Development - Viral Infection

Rabies Virus

Rabies is a fatal encephalitis that can infect humans and is caused by lyssaviruses. Lyssavirus circulation has emerged in Southeast Asian bats.[8]


Links: Viral Infection - Lassa Virus | Abnormal Development - Viral Infection

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 <pubmed>15861401</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>21337714</pubmed>
  3. <pubmed>21085717</pubmed>
  4. 4.0 4.1 <pubmed>21054883</pubmed>
  5. <pubmed>20092640</pubmed>| PMC: 2824742 | BMC Dev Biol.
  6. <pubmed>18198149</pubmed>
  7. <pubmed> 10684689</pubmed>
  8. <pubmed>21738801</pubmed>| PLoS Negl Trop Dis.

Reviews

<pubmed>18163246</pubmed> <pubmed>18160799</pubmed> <pubmed>9293029</pubmed> <pubmed>8371094</pubmed>

Articles

<pubmed>15733311</pubmed> <pubmed>8783180</pubmed>


Search Pubmed: bat development | chiroptera development

Additional Images

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Bat Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Bat_Development

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