BGDB Sexual Differentiation - Fetal: Difference between revisions

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| width=500px|<mediaplayer width='490' height='500' image="http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/2/2d/Uterus_001_icon.jpg">File:Uterus_001.mp4</mediaplayer>  
| width=500px|<mediaplayer width='490' height='500' image="http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/2/2d/Uterus_001_icon.jpg">File:Uterus_001.mp4</mediaplayer>  
| '''Female Uterus and Vagina (between week 9 and 20)'''
| '''Female Uterus and Vagina (between week 9 and 20)'''


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===Female External Genitalia===
===Female External Genitalia===
{|
{|
| width=300px|<mediaplayer width='270' height='380' image="http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/3/37/Male_external_001_icon.jpg">File:Female_external_001.mp4</mediaplayer>
| width=300px|<mediaplayer width='270' height='380' image="http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/3/37/Male_external_001_icon.jpg">File:Female_external_001.mp4</mediaplayer>


[[External Genital Female Development Movie]]
[[External Genital Female Development Movie]]
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===Male External Genitalia===
===Male External Genitalia===
{|  
{|  
| width=300px|<mediaplayer width='270' height='380' image="http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/3/37/Male_external_001_icon.jpg">File:Male_external_001.mp4</mediaplayer>
| width=300px|<mediaplayer width='270' height='380' image="http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/3/37/Male_external_001_icon.jpg">File:Male_external_001.mp4</mediaplayer>


[[External Genital Male Development Movie]]
[[External Genital Male Development Movie]]
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==Gonad Descent==
==Gonad Descent==
{|
{|
| width=320px|<mediaplayer width='296' height='430' image="http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/7/75/Gonad_blood_01_icon.jpg">File:Gonad blood 01.mp4</mediaplayer>
| width=320px|<mediaplayer width='296' height='430' image="http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/7/75/Gonad_blood_01_icon.jpg">File:Gonad blood 01.mp4</mediaplayer>


[[Gonad Blood Supply Development]]
[[Gonad Blood Supply Development]]
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==Historic Genital Images==
==Historic Genital Images==
Keith, A. (1902) [[Book - Human Embryology and Morphology|Human Embryology and Morphology]]. London: Edward Arnold.
[[Book - Human Embryology and Morphology 9|Chapter 9 - The Uro-genital System]]
<gallery>
File:Keith1902 fig079.jpg|Fig. 79. Scheme of the Wolffian Body of the right side.
File:Keith1902 fig080.jpg|Fig. 80. Position of the Wolffian and Genital Ridges on the dorsal wall of the abdomen.
File:Keith1902 fig081.jpg|Fig. 81. Remnants of the Wolffian Body in the Female.
File:Keith1902 fig082.jpg|Fig. 82. Remnant of the "Wolffian Body in the Male.
File:Keith1902 fig083.jpg|Fig. 83. The Origin of the Renal Bud (diagrammatic).
File:Keith1902 fig084.jpg|Fig. 84. The Termination of the Ureter in the Bladder and Sub-division of the Renal Bud
File:Keith1902 fig085.jpg|Fig. 85. A transverse section to show Wolffian and Müllerian Ducts arise, and their position in the Wolffian Ridge.
File:Keith1902 fig086.jpg|Fig. 86. Diagram of the Genital Ducts at -the commencement of the 3rd month of foetal life. Lateral view.
File:Keith1902 fig087.jpg|Fig. 87. Diagram of the Müllerian Ducts at the commencement of the 3rd month. Ventral view.
File:Keith1902 fig088.jpg|Fig. 88. Evolution of the Human Form of Uterua.
File:Keith1902 fig089.jpg|Fig. 89. Showing the manner in which the Mulleriau Ducts fuse to form the Uterus and Vagina.
File:Keith1902 fig090.jpg|Fig. 90. A section of the Prostate showing the Hemnants of the lower ends of the Mttllerian Ducts in the male.
File:Keith1902 fig091.jpg|Fig. 91. A section of a Prostate showing an unusually developed Uterus Masculinus. (After Primrose.)
File:Keith1902 fig092.jpg|Fig. 92. Section showing the Uro-genital Sinus. A. 4th month female human foetus. B. 5th month female human foetus.
File:Keith1902 fig093.jpg|Fig. 93. Section showing the Uro-genital Sinus in the male foetus.
File:Keith1902 fig094.jpg|Fig. 94. A section to show the condition of the Vagina and Uterus at the 7th month of foetal life.
File:Keith1902 fig095.jpg|Fig. 95. The Division of the Cloaca into Rectal and Uro-genital Parts.
File:Keith1902 fig096.jpg|Fig. 96. Imperforate Anus due to a persistence of the Anal Plate.
File:Keith1902 fig097.jpg|Fig. 97. Rectal part of the Anal Plate has persisted and the Cloacal Septum has failed to fuse with the Perineal Septum.
File:Keith1902 fig098.jpg|Fig. 98. The Uro-genital Cleft or Depression and the Genital Tubercle and Folds towards the end of the 2nd month.
File:Keith1902 fig099.jpg|Fig. 99. A section of the male bladder and urethra at birth.
File:Keith1902 fig100.jpg|Fig. 100. A A section to show the condition of parts in Ectopia Vesicae.
File:Keith1902 fig101.jpg|Fig. 101. A diagram to show the position at which the Prostatic Tubules arise.
File:Keith1902 fig102.jpg|Fig. 102. The Position of the Testis in a foetus of 2£ months .
File:Keith1902 fig103.jpg|Fig. 103. Showing the Position of the Testis at the 6th month, and the Formation of the Gubernaculum Testis.
File:Keith1902 fig104.jpg|Fig. 104. Structures in the wall of the abdomen are carried out so as to form the Inguinal Canal and Coverings of the Testis.
File:Keith1902 fig105.jpg|Fig. 105. A diagram of the Processus Vaginalis.
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Revision as of 00:08, 2 June 2014

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Practical 12: Sex Determination | Early Embryo | Late Embryo | Fetal | Postnatal | Abnormalities | 2011 Audio


Introduction

In the previous section we observed late embryonic male genital development and now in fetal development we will observe early fetal female development. Then we will explore fetal development of the external genitalia and gonadal descent.

Week 10 Female

Human- fetal week 10 planes icon.jpg
  • week 10 to 12 - female in absence of Sry expression, within the gonad cortical cords extend from the gonad surface epithelium. Primordial germ cells which have entered the gonad form oogonia primordia, surrounding mesenchyme forms the follicular primordia.
  • The selected images below show the general anatomy of the pelvic region of the an early female fetus (10 week, 40mm).
  • This first image shows the relative positions of the kidney (plane A most lateral) and developing ovary (plane A and B away from the midline) and internal genitalia (plane C and D in the midline).
  • The selected images below show sections through the pelvic region showing anatomical relationships between the developing female gonad (ovary), internal genital tract and external genitalia.
  • Note the relative immaturity of the external genitalia, which at this time would appear identical to the male.
Fetal 10wk urogenital 1.jpg Fetal 10wk urogenital 2.jpg
Plane A (most lateral) Plane B (lateral)
Fetal 10wk urogenital 3.jpg Fetal 10wk urogenital 4.jpg
Plane C (medial) Plane D (midline)

Uterus and Vagina

Paramesonephric duct.jpg

Mouse paramesonephric duct (Müllerian duct)[1]

This mouse image shows the relationship between the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts opening into the urogenital sinus.
  • The paramesonephric duct began as an infold of surface epithelium lying along the surface of the genital ridge.
  • Estrogens, both maternal and fetal, stimulate its development and that eventually of the external female fetal genital structures.
  • In contrast, the mesonephric duct regresses, remnants of this duct may remain lying within the broad ligament.
<mediaplayer width='490' height='500' image="http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/2/2d/Uterus_001_icon.jpg">File:Uterus_001.mp4</mediaplayer> Female Uterus and Vagina (between week 9 and 20)
  • The initially paired ducts fuse in the midline forming the single body of the uterus.
  • The ducts remain separate laterally where they form the uterine tubes (Fallopian tubes, uterine horns).
  • The ducts peripheral attachment site to the urogenital sinus wall (yellow) is is described as the Müllerian tubercle.
  • The fused ducts also generate the vagina, under the influence of BMP4.
  • Estrogen will also later alter the vaginal epithelium.

The uterus and broad ligament will eventulaly divide the pelvic cavity into two separate pouches.

  • posteriorly - uterorectal pouch (pouch of Douglas)
  • anteriorly - uterovesical pouch

Genital Movie Links

Female: Ovary Development Movie - MP4 movie | External Genital Movie - MP4 movie | Internal Genital Movie - MP4 movie | Ovary Development | Uterus Development | Vagina Development | Movies
Male: Testis Development Movie - MP4 movie | External Genital Movie - MP4 movie | Testis Descent Movie - MP4 movie | Penis Development | Testis Development | AMH |Movies
Fetal uterus growth.jpg This graph shows the growth during the fetal period of the uterus between week 19 and 38.[2]
  • During this time the uterine circumference increases from 20 mm to just under 60mm and the width increases from less than 10mm to just over 20 mm.
  • Uterine horn fimbrial development begins after week 20 and continues after birth.
  • Uterine growth continues postnatally, increasing outer muscle thickness and cyclic changes in the lining with puberty.

External Genitalia

Testosterone metabolism

This next section will look at the development of the external genitalia using a series of animations and online resources.

Female External Genitalia

<mediaplayer width='270' height='380' image="http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/3/37/Male_external_001_icon.jpg">File:Female_external_001.mp4</mediaplayer>

External Genital Female Development Movie

Animation showing the development of external female genitalia from the indifferent external structure (week 9 to 12 approximately).
  • original cloacal membrane becomes separated into the urogenital membrane and anal membrane
  • urogenital folds beneath the genital tubercle remain separate (unfused)
    • forming the inner labia minora
  • second outer skin folds form the larger labia majora
    • either side of the developing vestibule of the vagina
  • genital tubercle (top of the animation) forms the glans of the clitoris

Male External Genitalia

<mediaplayer width='270' height='380' image="http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/3/37/Male_external_001_icon.jpg">File:Male_external_001.mp4</mediaplayer>

External Genital Male Development Movie

Animation showing the development of external male genitalia from the indifferent external structure (week 9 to 12 approximately).
  • original cloacal membrane becomes separated into the urogenital membrane and anal membrane (identical to female).
  • urogenital folds beneath the genital tubercle begin to fuse in the midline
  • skin folds either side for the scrotum
    • which also has a midline fusion, the raphe
  • scrotal sac is initially empty and is an attachment site for the gubernaculum
  • descent of the testes begins generally during week 26 and may take several days.

External Genitalia Comparison

Gonad Descent

<mediaplayer width='296' height='430' image="http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/7/75/Gonad_blood_01_icon.jpg">File:Gonad blood 01.mp4</mediaplayer>

Gonad Blood Supply Development

Animation shows the descent of the gonads and their blood supply.
  • both male and female gonads undergo this relative descent within the peritoneal cavity
    • this descent carries the gonads away from the kidneys which are ascending
  • during the fetal period, male testes will continue to descend out of the peritoneal cavity

Internal Gonad Descent

Testes Descent

Testis 001 icon.jpg The linked animation shows the descent of the testes (between week 7 to 38, birth).

Descent of the testes into the scrotal sac begins generally during week 26 and may take several days.

  • testis (white) lies in the subserous fascia (spotted)
  • a cavity processus vaginalis evaginates into the scrotum
  • gubernaculum (green) attached to the testis shortens drawing it into the scotal sac
  • as it descends it passes through the inguinal canal extends
    • from the deep ring (transversalis fascia)
    • to the superficial ring (external oblique muscle)

Incomplete or failed descent can occur unilaterally or bilaterally, is more common in premature births, and can be completed postnatally. (see also cryptorchidism).

Testis-descent start.jpg Testis-descent end.jpg
Start of testis descent End of testis descent

Additional Information

Additional Information - Content shown under this heading is not part of the material covered in this class. It is provided for those students who would like to know about some concepts or current research in topics related to the current class page.

Testes Descent Timeline

Data from a study of male human fetal (between 10 and 35 weeks) gonad position.[3]

  • 10 to 23 weeks - (9.45%) had migrated from the abdomen and were situated in the inguinal canal
  • 24 to 26 weeks - (57.9%) had migrated from the abdomen
  • 27 to 29 weeks - (16.7%) had not descended to the scrotum

A second study looked at the position of the testes[4]

  • 33 weeks fetal testes had descended to the scrotum
  • between 33 to 40 weeks (term) both testes have normally descended to the scrotum

Failure of descent (cryptorchidism) either unilateral or bilateral testicular descent, occurring in up to 30% premature and 3-4% term males.

Cryptorchidism in common eutherian mammals.[5]- Species comparison of descent timeline

Historic Genital Images

Keith, A. (1902) Human Embryology and Morphology. London: Edward Arnold.

Chapter 9 - The Uro-genital System



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Practical 12: Sex Determination | Early Embryo | Late Embryo | Fetal | Postnatal | Abnormalities | 2011 Audio


References

  1. <pubmed>12297555</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>10374123</pubmed>
  3. <pubmed>9649288</pubmed>
  4. <pubmed>10510117</pubmed>
  5. <pubmed>17379650</pubmed>




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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 19) Embryology BGDB Sexual Differentiation - Fetal. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/BGDB_Sexual_Differentiation_-_Fetal

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G