BGDB Face and Ear - Postnatal: Difference between revisions

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:Links: [[Postnatal_-_Growth_Charts|Growth Charts]] | [http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/hc_for_age/en/index.html - Standard Head circumference-for-age] | [http://www.who.int/childgrowth/en/ WHO Growth Standards]
:Links: [[Postnatal_-_Growth_Charts|Growth Charts]] | [[Neural Exam Movies]] | [http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/hc_for_age/en/index.html - Standard Head circumference-for-age] | [http://www.who.int/childgrowth/en/ WHO Growth Standards]


==Postnatal Ear==
==Postnatal Ear==

Revision as of 19:41, 18 May 2014

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Practical 6: Trilaminar Embryo | Early Embryo | Late Embryo | Fetal | Postnatal | Abnormalities


Postnatal Skull

Skull CT normal sutures.jpg

Skull CT Vertex, later and basal views.[1]

  • rapid brain growth in the early years of life (growth of the neurocranium stopping at about 7 years of age).
  • fontanels usually close by the second year of life
    • posterior fontanel by about 3 months.
    • anterior fontanel by about 20 months.
  • Complete sutural fusion occurs after the third decade of life.

Sutures and Fontanels

  • a - Metopic suture
  • b - coronal sutures
  • c - sagittal suture
  • d - lambdoid suture
  • e - squamosal suture
  • f - anterior fontanel
  • g - posterior fontanel
  • h - sphenoidal fontanel
  • i - mastoid fontanel
Adult Skull MRI Links: Skull Development - MRI
Adult Skull Movie 1 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Viscerocranium
Page | Play
Adult Skull Movie 2 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Temporal Bones
Page | Play
Adult Skull Movie 3 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Occipital - Frontal
Page | Play
Adult Skull Movie 4 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Parietal-Zygomatic
Page | Play

Head Growth

Head growth and corresponding charts differ slightly for girls and boys. Given as head circumference-for-age Birth to: 13 weeks, 2 years, 5 years.

Girls Boys
WHO chart - girls head birth to 5 years.png WHO chart - boys head birth to 5 years.png
Chart PDF | WHO - Girls Chart PDF | WHO - Boys
Normal Newborn Head Abnormal Newborn Head
Newborn n 27.jpg
‎‎ Head Shape
Page | Play
Newborn ab 27.jpg
 ‎‎Head Shape
Page | Play
Newborn n 28.jpg
‎‎Head Circumference
Page | Play
Newborn ab 28.jpg
‎‎Head Circumference
Page | Play
Links: Growth Charts | Neural Exam Movies | - Standard Head circumference-for-age | WHO Growth Standards

Postnatal Ear

First, look through the adult ear structures and identify their developmental origins.

Adult hearing embryonic origins.jpg

Eustacian tube angle.jpg

Auditory Tube (Eustachian, otopharyngeal or pharyngotympanic tube)

Connects middle ear cavity to nasopharynx portion of pharynx. Tube is normally closed and opened by muscles.

  1. Ventilation - pressure equalization in the middle ear
  2. Clearance - allow fluid drainage from the middle ear

Newborn to adult auditory tube

Birth

  • shorter (17-18 mm), narrower and runs almost horizontal
  • Tube is opened by a single muscle, tensor palati muscle

Adult

  • longer (twice as long), wider and runs at approximately 45 degrees to the horizontal.
  • Tube is opened by two separate muscles, tensor palati and levator palati

Hearing Testing

Newborn hearing test

Abnormalities in neonatal hearing can impact upon development of the nervous system and developmental learning milestones, early detection is therefore key.

The incidence of significant permanent hearing loss is approximately 1-3/1000 newborns. Neonatal hearing screening is carried out in several countries including the USA, UK and in Australia. In NSW the Statewide Infant Screening Hearing Program (SWISH) was introduced in 2002.

There is also a general guide giving a timetable for a number of simple responses that a neonate should make if hearing has developed normally (More? Neonatal Hearing Check List).

The two major forms of hearing loss are conductive and sensorineural.

State Wide Infant Screening Hearing Program (SWISH) a newborn hearing testing program using an automated auditory response technology (AABR). Program was introduced in NSW Australia in 2002 across 17 area health service coordinators. It is thought that in NSW 86,000 births/year = 86-172 babies potentially born with significant permanent hearing loss.

Automated Auditory Brainstem Response (AABR) uses a stimulus which is delivered through earphones and detected by scalp electrodes. The test takes between 8 to 20 minutes and has a sensitivity 96-99%.


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Practical 6: Trilaminar Embryo | Early Embryo | Late Embryo | Fetal | Postnatal | Abnormalities




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BGDB: Lecture - Gastrointestinal System | Practical - Gastrointestinal System | Lecture - Face and Ear | Practical - Face and Ear | Lecture - Endocrine | Lecture - Sexual Differentiation | Practical - Sexual Differentiation | Tutorial


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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology BGDB Face and Ear - Postnatal. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/BGDB_Face_and_Ear_-_Postnatal

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
  1. <pubmed>21431034</pubmed>| PMC3056371 | Indian J Radiol Imaging.