BGDA Practical 3 - Week 2 Summary

Introduction

Week 2 is about implantation and the endocrine signaling to block the normal menstrual cycle. We will also consider abnormal events that may occur in development during the second week. This involves abnormalities of implantation and conceptus development.

Note - Normal placentation will be covered in detail in a separate practical class.

Implantation Sites - Normal and Abnormal

Ectopic tubal pregnancy

Sites of normal and abnormal blastocyst implantation.

Site of most common (normal) implantation is the posterior wall of uterus (shown by X). Abnormal implantation: tubal pregnancies (shown by A-F), ovarian (H), and abdominal (G). Implantation at the internal os generates the clinical condition placenta previa, (resulting in bleeding or placental separation during pregnancy). Note that spontaneous abortion of blastocysts is quite common and studies of blastocysts that do not implant indicate chromosomal abnormalities in many of these embryos.

Abnormal implantation sites or Ectopic Pregnancy occurs if implantation is in uterine tube or outside the uterus.

sites - external surface of uterus, ovary, bowel, gastrointestinal tract, mesentry, peritoneal wall
If not spontaneous then, embryo has to be removed surgically

Tubal pregnancy - 94% of ectopic pregnancies

if uterine epithelium is damaged (scarring, pelvic inflammatory disease)
if zona pellucida is lost too early, allows premature tubal implantation
embryo may develop through early stages, can erode through the uterine horn and reattach within the peritoneal cavity

Tubal Ectopic

Bicornuate Uterus Ectopic

‎‎Ectopic Pregnancy

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‎‎Bicornuate Ectopic

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Links: ectopic implantation | ultrasound

Implantation Images Day 8 and 9

Overview of blastocyst implantation in uterine wall during the second week of development.

Identify the embryoblast and trophoblast layers of the conceptus.

Carnegie Stage 4 (stages 1-23 describing key steps in embryonic development) represents the beginning of implantation.

The inner cell mass (embryoblast) divides initially into 2 layers; epiblast and hypoblast (bilaminar embryo). Hypoblast cells migrate around the original blastoceol cavity forming the primary yolk sac. These hypoblast cells are replaced by the endoderm during gastrulation. This endoderm lined cavity is the yolk sac.

The trophoblast layer divides initially into 2 layers; syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast.

Placental Abnormalities

Placenta Accreta - Abnormal adherence, with absence of decidua basalis. The incidence of placenta accreta also significantly increases in women with previous cesarean section compared to those without a prior surgical delivery.

Placenta Increta - occurs when the placenta attaches deep into the uterine wall and penetrates into the uterine muscle, but does not penetrate the uterine serosa. Placenta increta accounts for approximately 15-17% of all cases.

Placenta Percreta - placental villi penetrate myometrium and through to uterine serosa.

Placenta Previa

In this placenatal abnormality, the placenta overlies internal os at the cervix of the uterus, essentially covering the birth canal. This condition occurs in approximately 1 in 200 to 250 pregnancies.

In the third trimester and at term, abnormal bleeding can require cesarian delivery and can also lead to abruptio placenta.

Ultrasound screening programs during 1st and early 2nd trimester pregnancies now include placental localization. Diagnosis can also be made by transvaginal ultrasound.

Hydatidiform Mole

A placental tumor with no embryo development.

Several forms of hydatidiform mole: partial mole, complete mole and persistent gestational trophoblastic tumor.

Complete Mole - Only paternal chromosomes.
Partial Mole - 3 sets of chromosomes ( (triploidy) instead of the usual 2.

Many of these tumours arise from a haploid sperm fertilizing an egg without a female pronucleus (the alternative form, an embryo without sperm contribution, is called parthenogenesis).

The tumour has a "grape-like" placental appearance without enclosed embryo formation. Following a first molar pregnancy, there is approximately a 1% risk of a second molar pregnancy.

Links: Hydatidiform Mole

Additional Information

Monoygotic Twinning

Week		Week 1 (GA week 3)							Week 2 (GA week 4)
Day	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
Cell Number	1	1	2	16	32	128				bilaminar
Event	Ovulation	Fertilization	First cell division	Morula	Early blastocyst	Late blastocyst Hatching	Implantation starts			X inactivation

Monoygotic Twin Type		Diamniotic Dichorionic			Diamniotic Monochorionic			Monoamniotic Monochorionic			Conjoined

Table based upon recent a recent twinning review.^[1] Links: twinning

↑ Hall JG. (2003). Twinning. Lancet , 362, 735-43. PMID: 12957099 DOI.

Terms

cytotrophoblast - The "cellular" trophoblast layer surrounding (forming a "shell") the early implanting conceptus. Beginning at uterine adplantation, proliferation and fusion of these cells is thought to form a second outer trophoblast layer, the syncytiotrophoblast. The cytotrophoblast layer contributes to formation of the placental villi, the functional component of the fetal placenta. (More? Placenta Development | Week 2)
decidua basalis - The term given to the uterine endometrium at the site of implantation where signaling transforms the uterine stromal cells (fibroblast-like) into decidual cells. This forms the maternal component of the placenta, the decidualization process gradually spreads through the remainder of the uterus, forming the decidua parietalis. (More? Placenta Development | Week 2)
ectopic implantation - (ectopic pregnancy, Greek, ektopos = out of place) Term referring to blastocyst implantation at (abnormal) sites other than within the body of the uterus (uterine body), this can result in an ectopic pregnancy. (More? Week 2)
epiblast - (Greek, epi = above, upon) the layer (of the bilaminar embryo) that generates endoderm and mesoderm by migration of cells through the primitive streak. The remaing cells form ectoderm.(More? Week 2 | Week 3)
hypoblast - The transient epithelium that forms during week 2 of human development that lines the blastoceol, and forms part of the bilaminar embryo (epiblast/hypoblast) from the inner cell mass. During trilaminar embryo development, the process of gastrulation replaces the hyoblast layer within the embryo with endoderm germ layer.(More? Week 2)
myometrium - Uterus anatomy term describing the uterus wall (uterine wall) middle smooth muscle layer. This layer lies between the lining endometrium and the covering serosa (perimetrium). During pregnancy this layer increases in thickness, mainly by smooth muscle hypertrophy, and its contraction is required for childbirth and expulsion of the placenta. (More? Uterus Development | Birth
syncytiotrophoblast - A multinucleated cell currently thought to form by the fusion of another trophoblast cell the cytotrophoblasts, within the trophoblast layer (shell) of the implanting conceptus. In early development, these cells mediate implantation of the conceptus into the uterine wall and secrete the hormone (human Chorionic Gonadotrophin, hCG) responsible for feedback maintainance of the corpus luteum (in maternal ovary) and therefore maintaining early pregnancy. (More? Trophoblast | Week 2 | Placenta Development | human Chorionic Gonadotrophin)

References

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 20) Embryology BGDA Practical 3 - Week 2 Summary. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/BGDA_Practical_3_-_Week_2_Summary

What Links Here?

[PMID12957099-1] Hall JG. (2003). Twinning. Lancet , 362, 735-43. PMID: 12957099 DOI.

[1]