BGDA Practical 3 - Week 2 Summary: Difference between revisions

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* '''hypoblast''' - The transient epithelium that forms during week 2 of human development that lines the blastoceol, and forms part of the  [[B#bilaminar embryo|bilaminar embryo]] (epiblast/hypoblast) from the inner cell mass. During  [[T#trilaminar embryo|trilaminar embryo]] development, the process of gastrulation replaces the hyoblast layer within the [[E#embryo|embryo]] with [[E#endoderm|endoderm]] germ layer.(More? [[Week 2]])
* '''hypoblast''' - The transient epithelium that forms during week 2 of human development that lines the blastoceol, and forms part of the  [[B#bilaminar embryo|bilaminar embryo]] (epiblast/hypoblast) from the inner cell mass. During  [[T#trilaminar embryo|trilaminar embryo]] development, the process of gastrulation replaces the hyoblast layer within the [[E#embryo|embryo]] with [[E#endoderm|endoderm]] germ layer.(More? [[Week 2]])
* '''myometrium''' - Uterus anatomy term describing the uterus wall (uterine wall) middle smooth muscle layer. This layer lies between the lining endometrium and the covering serosa (perimetrium). During pregnancy this layer increases in thickness, mainly by smooth muscle [[H#hypertrophy|hypertrophy]], and its contraction is required for childbirth and expulsion of the placenta. (More? [[Uterus Development]] | [[Birth]])


* '''syncytiotrophoblast''' - A multinucleated cell currently thought to form by the fusion of another [[T#trophoblast|trophoblast]] cell the [[C#cytotrophoblast|cytotrophoblasts]], within the [[T#trophoblast|trophoblast]] layer (shell) of the implanting [[C#conceptus|conceptus]]. In early development, these cells mediate implantation of the conceptus into the uterine wall and secrete the hormone ([[C#human_chorionic_gonadotrophin|human Chorionic Gonadotrophin]], hCG) responsible for feedback maintainance of the corpus luteum (in maternal [[O#ovary|ovary]]) and therefore maintaining early pregnancy. (More? [[Trophoblast]] | [[Week 2]] | [[Placenta Development]] | [[C#human_chorionic_gonadotrophin|human Chorionic Gonadotrophin]])
* '''syncytiotrophoblast''' - A multinucleated cell currently thought to form by the fusion of another [[T#trophoblast|trophoblast]] cell the [[C#cytotrophoblast|cytotrophoblasts]], within the [[T#trophoblast|trophoblast]] layer (shell) of the implanting [[C#conceptus|conceptus]]. In early development, these cells mediate implantation of the conceptus into the uterine wall and secrete the hormone ([[C#human_chorionic_gonadotrophin|human Chorionic Gonadotrophin]], hCG) responsible for feedback maintainance of the corpus luteum (in maternal [[O#ovary|ovary]]) and therefore maintaining early pregnancy. (More? [[Trophoblast]] | [[Week 2]] | [[Placenta Development]] | [[C#human_chorionic_gonadotrophin|human Chorionic Gonadotrophin]])

Revision as of 13:19, 9 May 2011

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Practical 3: Oogenesis and Ovulation | Gametogenesis | Fertilization | Early Cell Division | Week 1 | Implantation | Week 2 | Extraembryonic Spaces | Gastrulation | Notochord | Week 3

Introduction

Week 2 is about implantation and the endocrine signaling to block the normal menstrual cycle. We will also consider abnormal events that may occur in development during the second week. This involves abnormalities of implantation and conceptus development.

Note - Normal placentation will be covered in detail in a separate practical class.


Implantation Sites - Normal and Abnormal

Ectopic tubal pregnancy

Abnormal implantation sites.jpg

Sites of normal and abnormal blastocyst implantation.

Site of most common (normal) implantation is the posterior wall of uterus (shown by X). Abnormal implantation: tubal pregnancies (shown by A-F), ovarian (H), and abdominal (G). Implantation at the internal os generates the clinical condition placenta previa, (resulting in bleeding or placental separation during pregnancy). Note that spontaneous abortion of blastocysts is quite common and studies of blastocysts that do not implant indicate chromosomal abnormalities in many of these embryos.


Abnormal implantation sites or Ectopic Pregnancy occurs if implantation is in uterine tube or outside the uterus.

  • sites - external surface of uterus, ovary, bowel, gastrointestinal tract, mesentry, peritoneal wall
  • If not spontaneous then, embryo has to be removed surgically

Tubal pregnancy - 94% of ectopic pregnancies

  • if uterine epithelium is damaged (scarring, pelvic inflammatory disease)
  • if zona pellucida is lost too early, allows premature tubal implantation
  • embryo may develop through early stages, can erode through the uterine horn and reattach within the peritoneal cavity
Links: Ectopic Implantation (Pregnancy) | Ectopic pregnancy ultrasound Flash | Quicktime

Implantation Images Day 8 and 9

Gray0032.gif Overview of blastocyst implantation in uterine wall during the second week of development.

Identify the embryoblast and trophoblast layers of the conceptus.

Carnegie Stage 4 (stages 1-23 describing key steps in embryonic development) represents the beginning of implantation.

The blastocyst initially attached to the uterine endometrium (adplantation), syncitiotrophoblasts then secrete enzymes that digest extracellular matrix, allowing the blastocyst to sink into the uterine wall, eventually being completely enclosed within the uterine wall. Note the majority of growth occurs in the trophoblastic shell. The amniotic forms between the inner cell mass and the cytotrophoblast shell; this cavity is lined by epiblast cells.

The inner cell mass (embryoblast) divides initially into 2 layers; epiblast and hypoblast (bilaminar embryo). Hypoblast cells migrate around the original blastoceol cavity forming the primary yolk sac. These hypoblast cells are replaced by the endoderm during gastrulation. This endoderm lined cavity is the yolk sac.

The trophoblast layer divides initially into 2 layers; syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast.

Placental Abnormalities

Placental abnormalities

Placenta Accreta - Abnormal adherence, with absence of decidua basalis. The incidence of placenta accreta also significantly increases in women with previous cesarean section compared to those without a prior surgical delivery.

Placenta Increta - occurs when the placenta attaches deep into the uterine wall and penetrates into the uterine muscle, but does not penetrate the uterine serosa. Placenta increta accounts for approximately 15-17% of all cases.

Placenta Percreta - placental villi penetrate myometrium and through to uterine serosa.


Placenta Previa

Placenta Previa
In this placenatal abnormality, the placenta overlies internal os at the cervix of the uterus, essentially covering the birth canal. This condition occurs in approximately 1 in 200 to 250 pregnancies.

In the third trimester and at term, abnormal bleeding can require cesarian delivery and can also lead to abruptio placenta.

Ultrasound screening programs during 1st and early 2nd trimester pregnancies now include placental localization. Diagnosis can also be made by transvaginal ultrasound.

Hydatidiform Mole

Hydatidiform Mole
A placental tumor with no embryo development.

Several forms of hydatidiform mole: partial mole, complete mole and persistent gestational trophoblastic tumor.

Many of these tumours arise from a haploid sperm fertilizing an egg without a female pronucleus (the alternative form, an embryo without sperm contribution, is called parthenogenesis).

The tumour has a "grape-like" placental appearance without enclosed embryo formation. Following a first molar pregnancy, there is approximately a 1% risk of a second molar pregnancy.


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Practical 3: Oogenesis and Ovulation | Gametogenesis | Fertilization | Early Cell Division | Week 1 | Implantation | Week 2 | Extraembryonic Spaces | Gastrulation | Notochord | Week 3

Terms

  • cytotrophoblast - The "cellular" trophoblast layer surrounding (forming a "shell") the early implanting conceptus. Beginning at uterine adplantation, proliferation and fusion of these cells is thought to form a second outer trophoblast layer, the syncytiotrophoblast. The cytotrophoblast layer contributes to formation of the placental villi, the functional component of the fetal placenta. (More? Placenta Development | Week 2)
  • hypoblast - The transient epithelium that forms during week 2 of human development that lines the blastoceol, and forms part of the bilaminar embryo (epiblast/hypoblast) from the inner cell mass. During trilaminar embryo development, the process of gastrulation replaces the hyoblast layer within the embryo with endoderm germ layer.(More? Week 2)
  • myometrium - Uterus anatomy term describing the uterus wall (uterine wall) middle smooth muscle layer. This layer lies between the lining endometrium and the covering serosa (perimetrium). During pregnancy this layer increases in thickness, mainly by smooth muscle hypertrophy, and its contraction is required for childbirth and expulsion of the placenta. (More? Uterus Development | Birth)



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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology BGDA Practical 3 - Week 2 Summary. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/BGDA_Practical_3_-_Week_2_Summary

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G