BGDA Practical 3 - Early Cell Division

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Practical 3: Oogenesis and Ovulation | Gametogenesis | Fertilization | Early Cell Division | Week 1 | Implantation | Week 2 | Extraembryonic Spaces | Gastrulation | Notochord | Week 3

Introduction

Latin, morus = mulberry

Following fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of mitotic cell divisions forming initially a solid ball of cells a morula, then during the first week of development the formation of a hollow ball of cells, the 1-chambered conceptus or blastocyst (defined by the presence of this cavity the blastocoel).

From Oocyte to Blastocyst

Stage2.jpg First cell divisions of the zygote forming initially 2 blastomeres and continuing to divide to form the morula. Embryo mitosis icon.jpg

This early mitosis is a unique embryonic cell cycle (M, S, M phases) compared to adult (M, G1, S, G2, M phase). With virtually no G1 or G2 phases this results in a reduction in cytoplasmic volume of each daughter cell with each cell division. See also Human oocyte to blastocyst

Facts: Week 1, 2-3 days, size 0.1-0.2 mm Features: zona pellucida, blastomeres

Human fertilization 01.gif <html5media height="500" width="640">File:Human fertilization 01.mp4</html5media>

Click Here to play on mobile device

Approximate Timing of Early Human Events (in vitro)
Human fertilization movie 1 frame 01.jpg Human fertilization movie 1 frame 02.jpg Human fertilization movie 1 frame 03.jpg Human fertilization movie 1 frame 04.jpg Human fertilization movie 1 frame 05.jpg
10 min - components 29 min - spermatozoa penetrates zone pellucida 31 min - spermatozoa penetrates oocyte - fertilization 4 hr - second polar body 8 hr - pronuclei
Human fertilization movie 1 frame 06.jpg Human fertilization movie 1 frame 07.jpg Human fertilization movie 1 frame 08.jpg Human fertilization movie 1 frame 09.jpg Human fertilization movie 1 frame 10.jpg
19 hr 35 min - pronuclei fusion 22 hr - first mitosis 23 hr - two blastomeres 35 hr - second mitosis 37 hr - four blastomeres
See also clock in lower righthand corner for the approximate timing of events.
Links: Human Fertilization Movie
Reference: PMID 22695746 J Assist Reprod Genet.



Stage 2 Day 2 Stage 2 Day 3 Human_embryo_day_5.jpg
Human Embryo (day 2) Human Embryo (day 3) Human Embryo (day 5)


Human-oocyte to blastocyst.jpg


Human blastocyst day 1-6.jpg

Movie shows in vitro development of a human morula to blastocyst stage occurring between day 3 and day 6 post-fertilization.

<html5media height="470" width="500">File:Human_blastocyst_day_3-6.mp4</html5media>

Click Here to play on mobile device

Timing shown below are "movie times" not the "developmental days".

00:00 day 3 - Initially a solid mass of cells morula stage enclosed by the zona pellucida.

00:18 day 4 - blastocoel formation

00:22 - inner cell mass (embryoblast)

00:29 - maximal expansion of blastocyst in ZP

00:31 - contraction

00:32 - re-expansion

00:37 day 5 - contraction

00:38 - re-expansion

00:39 - contraction (collapse)

00:40 - re-expansion (blastocoel enlargement)

00:41 - commence blastocyst hatching (1 o'clock position)

00:44 day 6 - complete hatching, blastocyst expansion (inner cell mass 2 o'clock position)

00:47 - trophoblast layer thickens

00:53 movie finishes


Blastocyst Hatching

By the end of the first week the blastocyst now consists of a ball of cells containing a large hollow fluid-filled (blastoceol) space.

Trophoblast Layer - Continued expansion of the blastoceol and cell division has led to the single layer of cells located at the periphery now being pressed against the inflexible zona pellucida wall and becoming flattened (squamous). This peripheral layer of cells is now called the trophoblast layer. Later in development this later will be involved in implantation and form part of the placenta.

Inner Cell Mass - On one wall of the blastoceol there is present a second layer of non-flattened cells. These inner cells are called the inner cell mass. Later in development from this layer the embryo will be formed.

Hatching - a combination of lysins (from the blastocyst or the uterus) and physical expansion, reduces the thickness and weakens the zona pelludica wall in preparation for hatching. Typically the blastocyst will hatch through a small opening (potentially at the site of fertilization) in the zona pellucida. The blastocyst is now ready to begin implantation.

Assisted Hatching - in vitro fertilization techniques use zona thinning, zona drilling, zona slitting or laser-assisted hatching to help blastocyst hatching and increase the probability of implantation occurring.

CSt3.jpg

Zona pellucida (left) with Blastocyst (right) hatching through a small opening in the wall. (More? Carnegie stage 3)


Links: MBoC - Mouse Blastocyst Development


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Practical 3: Oogenesis and Ovulation | Gametogenesis | Fertilization | Early Cell Division | Week 1 | Implantation | Week 2 | Extraembryonic Spaces | Gastrulation | Notochord | Week 3

Additional Information

Additional Information - Content shown under this heading is not part of the material covered in this class. It is provided for those students who would like to know about some concepts or current research in topics related to the current class page.
<html5media height="480" width="380">File:Mouse_zygote_division_02.mp4</html5media>

Click Here to play on mobile device

<html5media height="480" width="400">File:Mouse_zygote_division.mp4</html5media>

Click Here to play on mobile device

Movie shows mitotic division of the early mouse embryo starting at the zygote stage. <pubmed>19995936</pubmed>

Dizygotic Twinning

Dizygotic twins (fraternal, non-identical) arise from separate fertilization events involving two separate oocyte (egg, ova) and spermatozoa (sperm).


Terms

  • bilaminar- having 2 layers, usually referring to the epiblast and hypoblast layers that appear in week 2 of development.
  • blastocyst- the developmental stage following morula, as this stage matures, the zona pellucia is lost allowing the conceptus to adplant and then implant into the uterine wall.
  • blastomeres - the cells resulting from the initial rounds of mitotic division of the zygote. These cells become smaller (in cytoplasmic volume) with each division.
  • corona radiata - layer of follicle cells of cumulus oophorus remaining attached to zona pellucida of oocyte after ovulation.
  • inner cell mass - the clump of cells found inside the blastocyst. These cells will go in to form the embryo, these are the "stem cells" (we here about in the media) that are totipotential, they can form any tissue in the embryo. Mature oocyte-the female germ cell released at ovulation from the ovary.
  • morula - (L. morus = mulberry) early stage of development (12-15 cells) Followed by formation of a cavity in the mass (blastocyst stage). (More? Week 1)
  • parental genomes - the male (sperm) and female (oocyte) DNA which contributes to the embryo's cells.
  • polar bodies - 3 exclusion bodies which contain the DNA not used by the embryo. Contributed to initially by the meiotic division of the oocyte.
  • pronuclei - the male (sperm) and female (oocyte) nuclei within the fertilized oocyte, prior to their combination to form the new embryo's nuclei.
  • trilaminar embryonic disc- the 3 layered embryo stage (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) that appear in week 3 of development.
  • trophoblasts - (Gr. trophe = nutrition) outer layer of cells on blastocyst that will generate the embryonic part of the placenta.
  • uterine wall - the site of normal blastocyst implantation.
  • zona pellucida - glycoprotein shell that surrounds the oocyte through to blastula stage of development.
  • zygote - The first cell stage following fertilization of the oocyte by the sperm. This is the first cell of the conceptus which will divide into blastomeres.

Online Resources

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BGDA: Lecture 1 | Lecture 2 | Practical 3 | Practical 6 | Practical 12 | Lecture Neural | Practical 14 | Histology Support - Female | Male | Tutorial

Glossary Links

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 29) Embryology BGDA Practical 3 - Early Cell Division. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/BGDA_Practical_3_-_Early_Cell_Division

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G