BGDA Practical 3 - Early Cell Division: Difference between revisions

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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
[[File:Blackberry.jpg|thumb|Latin, ''morus'' = mulberry]]
[[File:Blackberry.jpg|thumb|150px|Latin, ''morus'' = mulberry]]
Following fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of mitotic cell divisions forming initially a solid ball of cells a '''morula''', then during the first week of development the formation of a hollow ball of cells, the 1-chambered conceptus or '''blastocyst''' (defined by the presence of this cavity the '''blastocoel''').
Following fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of mitotic cell divisions forming initially a solid ball of cells a '''morula''', then during the first week of development the formation of a hollow ball of cells, the 1-chambered conceptus or '''blastocyst''' (defined by the presence of this cavity the '''blastocoel''').


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This early mitosis is a unique embryonic cell cycle (M, S, M phases) compared to adult (M, G<sub>1</sub>, S, G<sub>2</sub>, M phase). With virtually no G<sub>1</sub> or G<sub>2</sub> phases this results in a reduction in cytoplasmic volume of each daughter cell with each cell division. See also [[:File:Human-oocyte_to_blastocyst.jpg|Human oocyte to blastocyst]]
This early mitosis is a unique embryonic cell cycle (M, S, M phases) compared to adult (M, G<sub>1</sub>, S, G<sub>2</sub>, M phase). With virtually no G<sub>1</sub> or G<sub>2</sub> phases this results in a reduction in cytoplasmic volume of each daughter cell with each cell division. See also [[:File:Human-oocyte_to_blastocyst.jpg|Human oocyte to blastocyst]]
|}
|}
'''Facts:''' Week 1, 2-3 days, size 0.1-0.2 mm '''Features:''' [[Z#zona pellucida|zona pellucida]], [[B#blastomeres|blastomeres]]
'''Facts:''' Week 1, 2-3 days, size 0.1-0.2 mm '''Features:''' {{zona pellucida}}, [[B#blastomeres|blastomeres]]


{|
{|
|-
|-
| [[File:Human_fertilization_01.gif]]
| [[File:Human_fertilization_01.gif]]
 
| <html5media height="500" width="640">File:Human fertilization 01.mp4</html5media>
<html5media height="500" width="640">File:Human fertilization 01.mp4</html5media>


[[Media:Human fertilization 01.mp4|'''Click Here''' to play on mobile device]]
[[Media:Human fertilization 01.mp4|'''Click Here''' to play on mobile device]]
|-
|-
|  
| colspan=2|{{Human Fertilization Movie 1 frame table}}
{{Human Fertilization Movie links}}


|}
|}


{{Human Fertilization Movie 1 frame table}}
 




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[[File:Human_blastocyst_day_1-6.jpg|link=Quicktime_Movie_-_Blastocyst_Development]]
[[File:Human_blastocyst_day_1-6.jpg|link=Blastocyst Day 3-6 Movie]]
 
Movie shows ''in vitro'' development of a human morula to blastocyst stage occurring between day 3 and day 6 post-fertilization.
 
{| border='0px'
|-
| width=505px|<html5media height="470" width="500">File:Human_blastocyst_day_3-6.mp4</html5media>
 
[[Media:Human_blastocyst_day_3-6.mp4|'''Click Here''' to play on mobile device]]
| valign="top" |Timing shown below are "movie times" not the "developmental days".
 
'''00:00'''  day 3 - Initially a solid mass of cells {{morula}} stage enclosed by the {{zona pellucida}}.
 
'''00:18''' day 4 - blastocoel formation
 
'''00:22'''  - inner cell mass (embryoblast)
 
'''00:29'''  - maximal expansion of blastocyst in ZP
 
'''00:31'''  - contraction
 
'''00:32'''  - re-expansion
 
'''00:37''' day 5 - contraction
 
'''00:38'''  - re-expansion
 
'''00:39'''  - contraction (collapse)
 
'''00:40'''  - re-expansion (blastocoel enlargement)
 
'''00:41'''  - commence blastocyst hatching (1 o'clock position)
 
'''00:44'''  day 6 - complete hatching, blastocyst expansion (inner cell mass 2 o'clock position)
 
'''00:47'''  - trophoblast layer thickens
 
'''00:53'''  movie finishes
|-
|}
 


== Blastocyst Hatching ==
== Blastocyst Hatching ==
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{{BGDA Practical 3 - Early Cell Division Interactive}}
{{BGDALab3}}
<br><br>
==Additional Information==
{{Med Prac additional Information}}
{|
| <html5media height="480" width="380">File:Mouse_zygote_division_02.mp4</html5media>
[[Media:Mouse_zygote_division_02.mp4|'''Click Here''' to play on mobile device]]
| width=405px|<html5media height="480" width="400">File:Mouse_zygote_division.mp4</html5media>


{{Template:BGDALab3}}
[[Media:Mouse_zygote_division.mp4|'''Click Here''' to play on mobile device]]
|-
| Movie shows mitotic division of the early mouse embryo starting at the zygote stage.
| {{#pmid:19995936}}
|}


==Additional Information==
===Errors in Mitosis===
{{#pmid:28457629}}
:"Along with errors in meiosis, mitotic errors during post-zygotic cell division contribute to pervasive aneuploidy in human embryos. Relatively little is known, however, about the genesis of these errors or their fitness consequences. Rapid technological advances are helping to close this gap, revealing diverse molecular mechanisms contributing to mitotic error. These include altered cell cycle checkpoints, aberrations of the centrosome, and failed chromatid cohesion, mirroring findings from cancer biology. Recent studies are challenging the idea that mitotic error is abnormal, emphasizing that the fitness impacts of mosaicism depend on its scope and severity. In light of these findings, technical and philosophical limitations of various screening approaches are discussed, along with avenues for future research."


===Dizygotic  Twinning===
===Dizygotic  Twinning===
Dizygotic twins (fraternal, non-identical) arise from separate [[F#fertilization|fertilization]] events involving two separate [[O#oocyte|oocyte]] (egg, ova) and [[S#spermatozoa|spermatozoa]] (sperm).
Dizygotic twins (fraternal, non-identical) arise from separate [[F#fertilization|fertilization]] events involving two separate [[O#oocyte|oocyte]] (egg, ova) and [[S#spermatozoa|spermatozoa]] (sperm).


===Monoygotic Twinning===
===Blastomere Isolation===
{|
| [[File:Blastomere isolation.jpg|300px]]
| This is early morula stage still enclosed by the zona pellucida.
 
* A single blastomere cell is being drawn into the pipette (right) from the solid cellular mass.
* A second larger pipette (left) holds the morula in place.
 
One of the new methods for generating embryonic stem cells (ESCs) involves using these single blastomere cells.
|}


Monoygotic twins (identical) produced from a single [[F#fertilization|fertilization]] event (one fertilised egg and a single spermatazoa, form a single zygote), these twins therefore share the same genetic makeup. Occurs in approximately 3-5 per 1000 pregnancies, more commonly with aged mothers. The later the twinning event, the less common are initially separate placental membranes and finally resulting in conjoined twins.
===Blastocyst Mechanics===
A recent review{{#pmid28681376|PMID28681376}} of the initial {{morula}} to {{blastocyst}} formation, based upon animal models, identifies important mechanical steps:


{| class="prettytable" 100%
# '''Compaction''' - {{morula}} blastomeres packing tightly (microfilament cytoskeleton)
| width=10% | '''Week'''
# '''Cleavage planes''' - spindle direction of dividing cells ({{mitosis}}).
|
# '''Polarisation''' - blastomeres apico-basal ({{Hippo}} pathway, Yes-associated protein (Yap)
| colspan="7" | Week 1
# '''Cavitation''' - blastocoel formation with cycles of cavity expansion and collapse.
| colspan="7" | Week 2
## epiblast cells - contact the polar trophectoderm
## primitive endoderm - facing the cavity


|-bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
== Terms ==
| '''Day'''
* '''bilaminar'''- having 2 layers, usually referring to the epiblast and hypoblast layers that appear in week 2 of development.
| width=5% | 0
| width=5% | 1
| width=5% | 2
| width=5% | 3
| width=5% | 4
| width=5% | 5
| width=5% | 6
| width=5% | 7
| width=5% | 8
| width=5% | 9
| width=5% | 10
| width=5% | 11
| width=5% | 12
| width=5% | 13
| width=5% | 14


|-
* '''{{blastocyst}}''' - the developmental stage following morula, as this stage matures, the zona pellucia is lost allowing the conceptus to adplant and then implant into the uterine wall.
| '''Cell Number'''
| 1
* '''blastomeres''' - the cells resulting from the initial rounds of mitotic division of the zygote. These cells become smaller (in cytoplasmic volume) with each division.
| 1
| 2
| 16
| 32
| 128
|
|
|
| bilaminar
|
|
|
|
|


|-
* '''corona radiata''' - layer of follicle cells of cumulus oophorus remaining attached to zona pellucida of oocyte after ovulation.
| '''Event'''
| Ovulation
| fertilization
| First cell division
| Morula
| Early blastocyst
| Late blastocyst


Hatching
* '''{{inner cell mass}}''' - the clump of cells found inside the blastocyst. These cells will go in to form the embryo, these are the "stem cells" (we here about in the media) that are totipotential, they can form any tissue in the embryo. Mature oocyte-the female germ cell released at ovulation from the ovary.
| Implantation starts
|
|
| X inactivation
|
|
|
|
|


|-
* '''{{morula}}''' - (L. morus = mulberry) early stage of development (12-15 cells) Followed by formation of a cavity in the mass (blastocyst stage). (More? [[Week 1]])
|
| [[File:Follicle 001 icon.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Early_zygote.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Human embryo day 2.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Human embryo day 3.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Human embryo day 5.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:CSt3.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Week2_001 icon.jpg|50px]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Monoygotic'''


'''Twin Type'''
* '''parental genomes''' - the male (sperm) and female (oocyte) DNA which contributes to the embryo's cells.
|
| colspan="3" | Diamniotic
* '''{{polar body}}''' - 3 exclusion bodies formed that contain the DNA not used by the embryo. Contributed to initially by the meiotic division of the oocyte.


Dichorionic
* '''pronuclei''' - the male (sperm) and female (oocyte) nuclei within the fertilized oocyte, prior to their combination to form the new embryo's nuclei.
| colspan="3" | Diamniotic


Monochorionic
* '''trilaminar embryonic disc'''- the 3 layered embryo stage (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)  that appear in week 3 of development.
| colspan="3" | Monoamniotic


Monochorionic
* '''{{trophoblast}}''' - (Gr. trophe = nutrition) outer layer of cells on blastocyst that will generate the embryonic part of the placenta.
| colspan="5" | Conjoined


|-
* '''uterine wall''' - the site of normal blastocyst implantation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|


|}
* '''{{zona pellucida}}''' - glycoprotein shell that surrounds the oocyte through to blastula stage of development.


Table based upon: Twinning. Hall JG. Lancet. 2003 Aug 30;362(9385):735-43. Review. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12957099 PMID: 12957099]
* '''{{zygote}}''' - The first cell stage following fertilization of the oocyte by the sperm. This is the first cell of the conceptus which will divide into blastomeres.


== Terms ==
===References===
* '''bilaminar'''- having 2 layers, usually referring to the epiblast and hypoblast layers that appear in week 2 of development.
<references/>
* '''blastocyst-''' the developmental stage following morula, as this stage matures, the zona pellucia is lost allowing the conceptus to adplant and then implant into the uterine wall.
* '''blastomeres''' - the cells resulting from the initial rounds of mitotic division of the zygote. These cells become smaller (in cytoplasmic volume) with each division.
* '''corona radiata''' - layer of follicle cells of cumulus oophorus remaining attached to zona pellucida of oocyte after ovulation.
* '''inner cell mass''' - the clump of cells found inside the blastocyst. These cells will go in to form the embryo, these are the "stem cells" (we here about in the media) that are totipotential, they can form any tissue in the embryo. Mature oocyte-the female germ cell released at ovulation from the ovary.
* '''morula''' - (L. morus = mulberry) early stage of development (12-15 cells) Followed by formation of a cavity in the mass (blastocyst stage). (More? [[Week 1]])
* '''parental genomes''' - the male (sperm) and female (oocyte) DNA which contributes to the embryo's cells.
* '''polar bodies''' - 3 exclusion bodies which contain the DNA not used by the embryo. Contributed to initially by the meiotic division of the oocyte.
* '''pronuclei''' - the male (sperm) and female (oocyte) nuclei within the fertilized oocyte, prior to their combination to form the new embryo's nuclei.
* '''trilaminar embryonic disc'''- the 3 layered embryo stage (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)  that appear in week 3 of development.
* '''trophoblasts''' - (Gr. trophe = nutrition) outer layer of cells on blastocyst that will generate the embryonic part of the placenta.
* '''uterine wall''' - the site of normal blastocyst implantation.
* '''zona pellucida''' - glycoprotein shell that surrounds the oocyte through to blastula stage of development.
* '''zygote''' - The first cell stage following fertilization of the oocyte by the sperm. This is the first cell of the conceptus which will divide into blastomeres.


== Online Resources ==
== Online Resources ==


{{Template:BGDAFooter}}
{{BGDAFooter}}

Latest revision as of 11:04, 8 May 2019

BGDsmall.jpg
Practical 3: Oogenesis and Ovulation | Gametogenesis | Fertilization | Early Cell Division | Week 1 | Implantation | Week 2 | Extraembryonic Spaces | Gastrulation | Notochord | Week 3

Introduction

Latin, morus = mulberry

Following fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of mitotic cell divisions forming initially a solid ball of cells a morula, then during the first week of development the formation of a hollow ball of cells, the 1-chambered conceptus or blastocyst (defined by the presence of this cavity the blastocoel).

From Oocyte to Blastocyst

Stage2.jpg First cell divisions of the zygote forming initially 2 blastomeres and continuing to divide to form the morula. Embryo mitosis icon.jpg

This early mitosis is a unique embryonic cell cycle (M, S, M phases) compared to adult (M, G1, S, G2, M phase). With virtually no G1 or G2 phases this results in a reduction in cytoplasmic volume of each daughter cell with each cell division. See also Human oocyte to blastocyst

Facts: Week 1, 2-3 days, size 0.1-0.2 mm Features: zona pellucida, blastomeres

Human fertilization 01.gif <html5media height="500" width="640">File:Human fertilization 01.mp4</html5media>

Click Here to play on mobile device

Approximate Timing of Early Human Events (in vitro)
Human fertilization movie 1 frame 01.jpg Human fertilization movie 1 frame 02.jpg Human fertilization movie 1 frame 03.jpg Human fertilization movie 1 frame 04.jpg Human fertilization movie 1 frame 05.jpg
10 min - components 29 min - spermatozoa penetrates zone pellucida 31 min - spermatozoa penetrates oocyte - fertilization 4 hr - second polar body 8 hr - pronuclei
Human fertilization movie 1 frame 06.jpg Human fertilization movie 1 frame 07.jpg Human fertilization movie 1 frame 08.jpg Human fertilization movie 1 frame 09.jpg Human fertilization movie 1 frame 10.jpg
19 hr 35 min - pronuclei fusion 22 hr - first mitosis 23 hr - two blastomeres 35 hr - second mitosis 37 hr - four blastomeres
See also clock in lower righthand corner for the approximate timing of events.
Links: Human Fertilization Movie
Reference: PMID 22695746 J Assist Reprod Genet.



Stage 2 Day 2 Stage 2 Day 3 Human_embryo_day_5.jpg
Human Embryo (day 2) Human Embryo (day 3) Human Embryo (day 5)


Human-oocyte to blastocyst.jpg


Human blastocyst day 1-6.jpg

Movie shows in vitro development of a human morula to blastocyst stage occurring between day 3 and day 6 post-fertilization.

<html5media height="470" width="500">File:Human_blastocyst_day_3-6.mp4</html5media>

Click Here to play on mobile device

Timing shown below are "movie times" not the "developmental days".

00:00 day 3 - Initially a solid mass of cells morula stage enclosed by the zona pellucida.

00:18 day 4 - blastocoel formation

00:22 - inner cell mass (embryoblast)

00:29 - maximal expansion of blastocyst in ZP

00:31 - contraction

00:32 - re-expansion

00:37 day 5 - contraction

00:38 - re-expansion

00:39 - contraction (collapse)

00:40 - re-expansion (blastocoel enlargement)

00:41 - commence blastocyst hatching (1 o'clock position)

00:44 day 6 - complete hatching, blastocyst expansion (inner cell mass 2 o'clock position)

00:47 - trophoblast layer thickens

00:53 movie finishes


Blastocyst Hatching

By the end of the first week the blastocyst now consists of a ball of cells containing a large hollow fluid-filled (blastoceol) space.

Trophoblast Layer - Continued expansion of the blastoceol and cell division has led to the single layer of cells located at the periphery now being pressed against the inflexible zona pellucida wall and becoming flattened (squamous). This peripheral layer of cells is now called the trophoblast layer. Later in development this later will be involved in implantation and form part of the placenta.

Inner Cell Mass - On one wall of the blastoceol there is present a second layer of non-flattened cells. These inner cells are called the inner cell mass. Later in development from this layer the embryo will be formed.

Hatching - a combination of lysins (from the blastocyst or the uterus) and physical expansion, reduces the thickness and weakens the zona pelludica wall in preparation for hatching. Typically the blastocyst will hatch through a small opening (potentially at the site of fertilization) in the zona pellucida. The blastocyst is now ready to begin implantation.

Assisted Hatching - in vitro fertilization techniques use zona thinning, zona drilling, zona slitting or laser-assisted hatching to help blastocyst hatching and increase the probability of implantation occurring.

CSt3.jpg

Zona pellucida (left) with Blastocyst (right) hatching through a small opening in the wall. (More? Carnegie stage 3)


Links: MBoC - Mouse Blastocyst Development


Early Cell Division Interactive Component

Attempt the Quiz - Early Cell Division  
BGDsmall.jpg

Here are a few simple Quiz questions that relate to Early Cell Division from the lecture and practical.

See your Quiz Result - Answer all the questions, then click "submit" to complete. The page will reload and you can then reopen this table to see your result and feedback.

  

1 The zona pellucida is present around:

a primary oocyte
a secondary oocyte
the morula
an early blastocyst
all of the above

2 Which of the following is the correct sequence during the first week of development:

zygote, blastocyst, blastomeres, morula
zygote, morula, blastocyst, blastomeres
zygote, blastomeres, morula, blastocyst
zygote, morula, blastomeres, blastocyst
none of the above

3 Which part of the morula is the region with the most rapidly dividing cells:

the inner cell mass
the trophectoderm
the apical polar region
the outer cells
the inner cells

4 Which cellular part of the blastocyst is mainly involved with the zona pellucida "hatching" process:

the inner cell mass
the trophectoderm
the embryoblast
the blastocoel
none of the above

BGDsmall.jpg
Practical 3: Oogenesis and Ovulation | Gametogenesis | Fertilization | Early Cell Division | Week 1 | Implantation | Week 2 | Extraembryonic Spaces | Gastrulation | Notochord | Week 3



Additional Information

Additional Information - Content shown under this heading is not part of the material covered in this class. It is provided for those students who would like to know about some concepts or current research in topics related to the current class page.
<html5media height="480" width="380">File:Mouse_zygote_division_02.mp4</html5media>

Click Here to play on mobile device

<html5media height="480" width="400">File:Mouse_zygote_division.mp4</html5media>

Click Here to play on mobile device

Movie shows mitotic division of the early mouse embryo starting at the zygote stage. Hayashi-Takanaka Y, Yamagata K, Nozaki N & Kimura H. (2009). Visualizing histone modifications in living cells: spatiotemporal dynamics of H3 phosphorylation during interphase. J. Cell Biol. , 187, 781-90. PMID: 19995936 DOI.

Errors in Mitosis

McCoy RC. (2017). Mosaicism in Preimplantation Human Embryos: When Chromosomal Abnormalities Are the Norm. Trends Genet. , 33, 448-463. PMID: 28457629 DOI.

"Along with errors in meiosis, mitotic errors during post-zygotic cell division contribute to pervasive aneuploidy in human embryos. Relatively little is known, however, about the genesis of these errors or their fitness consequences. Rapid technological advances are helping to close this gap, revealing diverse molecular mechanisms contributing to mitotic error. These include altered cell cycle checkpoints, aberrations of the centrosome, and failed chromatid cohesion, mirroring findings from cancer biology. Recent studies are challenging the idea that mitotic error is abnormal, emphasizing that the fitness impacts of mosaicism depend on its scope and severity. In light of these findings, technical and philosophical limitations of various screening approaches are discussed, along with avenues for future research."

Dizygotic Twinning

Dizygotic twins (fraternal, non-identical) arise from separate fertilization events involving two separate oocyte (egg, ova) and spermatozoa (sperm).

Blastomere Isolation

Blastomere isolation.jpg This is early morula stage still enclosed by the zona pellucida.
  • A single blastomere cell is being drawn into the pipette (right) from the solid cellular mass.
  • A second larger pipette (left) holds the morula in place.

One of the new methods for generating embryonic stem cells (ESCs) involves using these single blastomere cells.

Blastocyst Mechanics

A recent review{{#pmid28681376|PMID28681376}} of the initial morula to blastocyst formation, based upon animal models, identifies important mechanical steps:

  1. Compaction - morula blastomeres packing tightly (microfilament cytoskeleton)
  2. Cleavage planes - spindle direction of dividing cells (mitosis).
  3. Polarisation - blastomeres apico-basal (Hippo pathway, Yes-associated protein (Yap)
  4. Cavitation - blastocoel formation with cycles of cavity expansion and collapse.
    1. epiblast cells - contact the polar trophectoderm
    2. primitive endoderm - facing the cavity

Terms

  • bilaminar- having 2 layers, usually referring to the epiblast and hypoblast layers that appear in week 2 of development.
  • blastocyst - the developmental stage following morula, as this stage matures, the zona pellucia is lost allowing the conceptus to adplant and then implant into the uterine wall.
  • blastomeres - the cells resulting from the initial rounds of mitotic division of the zygote. These cells become smaller (in cytoplasmic volume) with each division.
  • corona radiata - layer of follicle cells of cumulus oophorus remaining attached to zona pellucida of oocyte after ovulation.
  • inner cell mass - the clump of cells found inside the blastocyst. These cells will go in to form the embryo, these are the "stem cells" (we here about in the media) that are totipotential, they can form any tissue in the embryo. Mature oocyte-the female germ cell released at ovulation from the ovary.
  • morula - (L. morus = mulberry) early stage of development (12-15 cells) Followed by formation of a cavity in the mass (blastocyst stage). (More? Week 1)
  • parental genomes - the male (sperm) and female (oocyte) DNA which contributes to the embryo's cells.
  • polar body - 3 exclusion bodies formed that contain the DNA not used by the embryo. Contributed to initially by the meiotic division of the oocyte.
  • pronuclei - the male (sperm) and female (oocyte) nuclei within the fertilized oocyte, prior to their combination to form the new embryo's nuclei.
  • trilaminar embryonic disc- the 3 layered embryo stage (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) that appear in week 3 of development.
  • trophoblast - (Gr. trophe = nutrition) outer layer of cells on blastocyst that will generate the embryonic part of the placenta.
  • uterine wall - the site of normal blastocyst implantation.
  • zona pellucida - glycoprotein shell that surrounds the oocyte through to blastula stage of development.
  • zygote - The first cell stage following fertilization of the oocyte by the sperm. This is the first cell of the conceptus which will divide into blastomeres.

References


Online Resources

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology BGDA Practical 3 - Early Cell Division. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/BGDA_Practical_3_-_Early_Cell_Division

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G