UNSW Embryology
The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology
Moore, K.L., Persaud, T.V.N. & Torchia, M.G. (2015). The developing human: clinically oriented embryology (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. (links only function with UNSW connection)
Larsen's Human Embryology
Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R., Francis-West, P.H. & Philippa H. (2015). Larsen's human embryology (5th ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.(links only function with UNSW connection)
More Textbooks?
Week 3
Ectoderm
- neural plate - midline (columnar cells)
- neural crest - outside lateral edges of neural plate
- surface ectoderm - lateral (cuboidal cells)
- head - sensory and anterior pituitary (placodes)
- integument - epidermis of skin, hair, glands, teeth enamel
Neural Plate
- extends from buccopharyngeal membrane (oral membrane) to primitive node (Hensen's node)
- forms above notochord and paraxial mesoderm
- neuroectodermal cells - neural plate, neural crest
- rostrocaudal width
- brain plate (broad)
- spinal cord (narrow)
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<html5media height="520" width="320">File:Neuralplate_001.mp4</html5media>
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Week 4
Neural Tube
neural groove
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neural tube and neural crest
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<html5media height="480" width="480">File:Neuraltube_001.mp4</html5media>
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<html5media height="440" width="380">File:Mouse neural tube 01.mp4</html5media>
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Neural Crest
Neural Crest Development
Primary Brain Vesicles
Traditional vesicle description (simplified name and alternate neuromere description in brackets)
Brain
- Prosencephalon (forebrain, prosomeres)
- Mesencephalon (midbrain, mesomeres)
- Rhombencephalon (hindbrain, rhombomeres)
Spinal Cord
Neural Tube Regions
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Neural Tube Early Structures
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Neural Tube (stage 11)
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Regions
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Anatomical location
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Patterning region
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roof plate
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dorsal
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surface ectoderm
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alar plate
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dorsal lateral
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surface ectoderm
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basal plate
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ventral lateral
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notochord and floor plate
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floor plate
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ventral
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notochord
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Table above shows the future transient regions that develop from the early neural tube.
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Links: Spinal Cord
Week 5
Secondary Brain Vesicles
- Telencephalon
- Diencephalon
- Mesencephalon
- Metencephalon
- Myelencephalon
Brain Flexures
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Rapid growth folds the neural tube forming 3 brain flexures (cranial to caudal)
- cephalic flexure - (mesencephalic) pushes mesencephalon upwards
- pontine flexure - generates 4th ventricle (cerebellum will grow into this space)
- cervical flexure - between brain stem and spinal cord
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Ventricles
- cavity within neural tube will form the contiguious space of the ventricules of the brain and central canal of spinal cord
- space is filled initially with amniotic fluid, later with CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF)
- CSF is secreted by
- chorioid plexus modified vascular structures lying within the ventricles
- floor of lateral ventricle and roof of the third and fourth ventricles
- ventricular ependymal cells and cells lining the subarachnoid space
- CSF also fills the subarachnoid space (between arachnoid mater and pia mater).
Adult Ventricular Structures
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Brain four ventricles and several foramina (openings that connect ventricular spaces)
- 2 lateral ventricles (right and left)
- interventricular foramina (foramina of Monro)
- third ventricle
- cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)
- fourth ventricle
- median aperture (Magendie) subarachnoid space via the cisterna magna
- right and left lateral aperture (Luschka) subarachnoid space via the cistern of great cerebral vein
Spinal cord
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Adult Meninges Layers
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- Links: Neural - Ventricular System Development
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CSF-filled spaces in adult brain.
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Week 6
<html5media height="600" width="520">File:Human embryo tomography Carnegie stage 17.mp4</html5media>
Movie
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Note the shape and size of the different regions of the brain and spinal cord.
- Telencephalon (cerebrum) has begun to expand and will eventually cover the midbrain region.
- Dorsal root ganglia are visible outside the spinal cord.
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Week 8
Cortex
Spinal Cord
Fetal
Second Trimester
Human week 10 fetus
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Brain and Ventricular Development[1]
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Brain Fissure Development[1]
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Sylvian Fissure Development
<html5media height="480" width="400">File:Neural_-_Sylvian_fissure.mp4</html5media>
Third Trimester
The brain goes from a smooth surface to begin to fold.
- Folds occur as millions of cells push into the cortex, increasing the surface area.
- groove - fissure (plural, fissures).
- fold - gyrus (plural, gyri).
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Human Fetus (CRL 240mm) Brain
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Human Brain Growth
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Embryonic
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Table below shows a direct comparison of brain growth in size between week 4 to 8 (GA 6-10)
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Fetal
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Adult
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Adult CNS Structures
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Neural Tube Development
Neural Tube
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Primary Vesicles
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Secondary Vesicles
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Adult Structures
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week 3
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week 4
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week 5
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adult
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neural plate
neural groove
neural tube
Brain
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prosencephalon (forebrain)
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telencephalon
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Rhinencephalon, Amygdala, hippocampus, cerebrum (cortex), hypothalamus, pituitary | Basal Ganglia, lateral ventricles
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diencephalon
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epithalamus, thalamus, Subthalamus, pineal, posterior commissure, pretectum, third ventricle
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mesencephalon (midbrain)
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mesencephalon
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tectum, Cerebral peduncle, cerebral aqueduct, pons
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rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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metencephalon
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cerebellum
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myelencephalon
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medulla oblongata, isthmus
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spinal cord, pyramidal decussation, central canal
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Fetal Timeline
Postnatal
Movies
Abnormalities
BGDA: Lecture 1 | Lecture 2 | Practical 3 | Practical 6 | Practical 12 | Lecture Neural | Practical 14 | Histology Support - Female | Male | Tutorial
Glossary Links
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 24) Embryology BGDA Lecture - Development of the Nervous System. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/BGDA_Lecture_-_Development_of_the_Nervous_System
- What Links Here?
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
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