BGDA Lecture - Development of the Embryo/Fetus 1

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Introduction

Human development timeline graph 02.jpg

In medicine foundations you were given a broad overview of human development. Now in BGDA we will be working through the human development process in more detail, focussing on key events.

  • Begin by reviewing the recent Foundations Lecture and Practical.
  • This BGDA lecture covers conceptus development from fertilization to implantation to trilaminar embryo formation.
    • Note that fertilization and week 1 concepts have already been covered in an earlier BGDA lecture.
  • The lecture will also introduce early fetal membranes and placentation.


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1 Minute Embryology | UNSW theBox

Lecture Archive  

2016 | 2015 | 2015 PDF | 2014 | 2014 PDF | 2013 |

Textbooks  

UNSW Embryology

Logo.png Hill, M.A. (2020). UNSW Embryology (20th ed.) Retrieved March 28, 2024, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au

The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology

Moore, K.L., Persaud, T.V.N. & Torchia, M.G. (2015). The developing human: clinically oriented embryology (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. (links only function with UNSW connection)

The Developing Human, 10th edn.jpg

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Developing Human

Chapter 2 First Week of Human Development

Chapter 3 Second Week of Human Development

Chapter 4 Third Week of Human Development

The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (10th edn) 
The Developing Human, 10th edn.jpg

UNSW Students have online access to the current 10th edn. through the UNSW Library subscription (with student Zpass log-in).


APA Citation: Moore, K.L., Persaud, T.V.N. & Torchia, M.G. (2015). The developing human: clinically oriented embryology (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.

Links: PermaLink | UNSW Embryology Textbooks | Embryology Textbooks | UNSW Library
  1. Introduction to the Developing Human
  2. First Week of Human Development
  3. Second Week of Human Development
  4. Third Week of Human Development
  5. Fourth to Eighth Weeks of Human Development
  6. Fetal Period
  7. Placenta and Fetal Membranes
  8. Body Cavities and Diaphragm
  9. Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck
  10. Respiratory System
  11. Alimentary System
  12. Urogenital System
  13. Cardiovascular System
  14. Skeletal System
  15. Muscular System
  16. Development of Limbs
  17. Nervous System
  18. Development of Eyes and Ears
  19. Integumentary System
  20. Human Birth Defects
  21. Common Signaling Pathways Used During Development
  22. Appendix : Discussion of Clinically Oriented Problems

Larsen's Human Embryology

Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R., Francis-West, P.H. & Philippa H. (2015). Larsen's human embryology (5th ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.(links only function with UNSW connection)

Larsen's human embryology 5th ed.jpg

Chapter 1 Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and First Week

Chapter 2 Second Week: Becoming Bilaminar and Fully Implanting

Chapter 3 Third Week: Becoming Trilaminar and Establishing Body Axes

Larsen's Human Embryology (5th edn) 
Larsen's human embryology 5th ed.jpg
UNSW students have full access to this textbook edition through UNSW Library subscription (with student Zpass log-in).


APA Citation: Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R., Francis-West, P.H. & Philippa H. (2015). Larsen's human embryology (5th ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.

Links: PermaLink | UNSW Embryology Textbooks | Embryology Textbooks | UNSW Library
  1. Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and First Week
  2. Second Week: Becoming Bilaminar and Fully Implanting
  3. Third Week: Becoming Trilaminar and Establishing Body Axes
  4. Fourth Week: Forming the Embryo
  5. Principles and Mechanisms of Morphogenesis and Dysmorphogenesis
  6. Fetal Development and the Fetus as Patient
  7. Development of the Skin and Its Derivatives
  8. Development of the Musculoskeletal System
  9. Development of the Central Nervous System
  10. Development of the Peripheral Nervous System
  11. Development of the Respiratory System and Body Cavities
  12. Development of the Heart
  13. Development of the Vasculature
  14. Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract
  15. Development of the Urinary System
  16. Development of the Reproductive System
  17. Development of the Pharyngeal Apparatus and Face
  18. Development of the Ears
  19. Development of the Eyes
  20. Development of the Limbs

More Textbooks?


BGDA Practical Classes

Practical 3 - Fertilization to Implantation Practical 6 - Implantation to 8 Weeks Practical 12 - Fetal Period
 
Practical 14 - Placenta and Fetal Membranes

Human Reproductive Cycle

  • Meiosis in gonad produces haploid gametes (egg and sperm)
Female Male
  • Menstrual Cycle a regular cycle of reproduction (28 days)
  • begins at puberty, release of 1 egg (oocyte) every cycle
  • Endocrine controlled (HPG axis) Hypothalamus - Pituitary - Gonad
  • continuous production of sperm (spermatozoa)
  • begins at puberty, release millions of spermatozoa
  • Endocrine controlled (HPG axis) Hypothalamus - Pituitary - Gonad

XXhpgaxis.jpg Menstrual cycle.png \

Gametogenesis

Male

The testes have two functions.

  1. produce the male gametes or spermatozoa
  2. produce male sexual hormone, testosterone (internal and external genitalia, sex characteristics)

Human spermatozoa take about 48 days from entering meiosis until morphologically mature spermatozoa.

Spermatozoa development: primordial germ cell - spermatogonia - primary spermatocyte - secondary spermatocytes - spermatid - spermatozoa

Sertoli cells (support cells) Interstitial cells or Leydig cells (produce hormone)

Seminiferous tubule cartoon.jpg

Female

The ovaries have two functions.

  1. produce the female gametes or oocytes
  2. produce female hormones, estrogen and progesterone (secondary sex characteristics, menstrual cycle)

In an adult human female the development of a primordial follicle containing an oocyte to a preovulatory follicle takes in excess of 120 days.

Human ovary follicle development.jpg

Human ovary follicle development

Ovarian Follicle Stages: primordial follicle - primary follicle - secondary follicle - tertiary follicle - preovulatory follicle


Follicle cells (support cells) Theca cells (produce hormone)


Links: Spermatozoa Development | Oocyte Development | MBoC - Figure 20-18. Influence of Sry on gonad development | Endocrinology - Comparative anatomy of male and female reproductive tracts

Fertilization

Early zygote showing polar bodies
  • Oogenesis - 1 gamete produced/meiosis + 3 polar bodies, meiosis is slow, 1 egg produced and released at ovulation
  • Spermatogenesis - 4 gametes produced/meiosis, meiosis is fast, 200-600 million sperm released at ejaculation


Ovulation icon.jpg Fertilization 001 icon.jpg

Fertilization Site

  • Fertilization usually occurs in first 1/3 of uterine tube (oviduct, Fallopian tube)
  • Fertilization can also occur outside uterine tube associated with Assisted Reproductive Technologies (IVF, GIFT, ZIFT...) and ectopic pregnancy
  • The majority of fertilized eggs do not go on to form an embryo

Fertilization - Spermatozoa

Approximate Timing of Early Human Events (in vitro)
Human fertilization movie 2 frame 01.jpg Human fertilization movie 2 frame 02.jpg Human fertilization movie 2 frame 03.jpg
20 min - components 28 min - spermatozoa penetrates zone pellucida 31 min - spermatozoa penetrates oocyte - fertilization
See also clock in lower righthand corner for the approximate timing of events.
Links: Human Fertilization Detail Movie | Human Fertilization Movie
Reference: PMID 22695746 J Assist Reprod Genet.

Fertilization - Oocyte

Embryo mitosis icon.jpg Week1 001 icon.jpg

Week 1 and 2

Human uterine tube ciliated epithelium (SEM)

Week1 summary.jpg

Human blastocyst day 1-6.jpg

Human embryo day 5 label.jpg Human embryo day 5 label2.jpg

Week 2 Implantation

  • Bilaminar embryo - Epiblast and Hypoblast

Week2 001 icon.jpg Chorion 001 icon.jpg


Uterine Implantation Ectopic Implantation
  • Uterine body
    • posterior, anterior, superior, lateral (most common posterior)
    • Placenta Previa inferior implantation, placenta overlies internal os of uterus
  • Outside Uterine body
    • external surface of uterus, ovary, bowel, gastrointestinal tract, mesentery, peritoneal wall
    • Tubal pregnancy - (uterine tube) most common ectopic
Galletti1770 placenta previa.jpg Tubal pregnancy.gif

Early Placenta

  • interaction between implanting conceptus and uterine wall (endometrium)
  • The uterine lining following implantation (Decidua)
    • forms 3 distinct regions, at approx 3 weeks
    • Decidua Basalis - implantation site
    • Decidua Capsularis - enclosing the conceptus
    • Decidua Parietalis - remainder of uterus
  • uterine cavity is lost by 12 weeks
Bailey494.jpg

Week 3 Gastrulation

Stage7-sem2.jpg Stage7 primitive streak Chicken-gastrulation3.jpg
Embryonic disc Primitive Streak Gastrulation
  • Primitive node - region in the middle of the early embryonic disc epiblast from which the primitive streak extends caudally (tail)
    • nodal cilia establish the embryo left/right axis
    • axial process extends from the nodal epiblast
  • Primitive streak - region of cell migration from the epiblast layer forming sequentially the two germ cell layers (endoderm and mesoderm)
Gastrulation, (Greek = belly)

Means the formation of gut, but has been used in a more looser sense to to describe the formation of the trilaminar embryo. The epiblast layer, consisting of totipotential cells, derives all 3 embryo layers:

  1. endoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. ectoderm

The primitive streak is the visible feature which represents the site of cell migration to form the additional layers. Historically, gastrulation was one of the earliest observable morphological event occurring in the frog embryo.

Trilaminar embryo.jpg

Trilaminar embryo (SEM)

Trilaminar embryo

Mesoderm 001 icon.jpg

Notochord

Stage7 axial process

The notochord is a structure which has an early mechanical role in embryonic disc folding and a major signaling role in patterning surrounding embryonic tissue development. This signaling role patterns many different tissues (neural plate, neural tube, somites, endodermal organs). It has its own sequence of development from a primitive axial process and is a developmental feature not present in the adult anatomy.

Notochord 02 icon.jpg

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  • axial process an initial epiblast hollow epithelial tube which extends in the midline from the primitive pit, cranially in the embryonic disc (toward the oral membrane).
    • neuroenteric canal is a transient communication between the amnionic cavity and the yolk sac cavity formed by the axial process.
  • notochordal plate forms from the axial process merging with the endoderm layer.
  • notochord forms from the notochordal plate which then separates back into the mesoderm layer as a solid column of cells lying in the midline of the embryonic disc and running rostro-caudally (head to tail).
    • An alternate name for the notochord is "axial mesoderm".

Somitogenesis

stage 9 Embryo
stage 10 Embryo

Mesoderm means the "middle layer" and it is from this layer that nearly all the bodies connective tissues are derived. In early mesoderm development a number of transient structures will form and then be lost as tissue structure is patterned and organised. Humans are vertebrates, with a "backbone", and the first mesoderm structure we will see form after the notochord will be somites.

Coelom, meaning "cavity", and major fluid-filled cavities can be seen to form both within the embryo (|intraembryonic coelom) and outside the embryo (extraembryonic coelom).

The intraembryonic coelom is the single primitive cavity that lies within the mesoderm layer that will eventually form the 3 major anatomical body cavities (pericardial, pleural, peritoneal).


stage 11 Embryo

Somite initially forms 2 main components

  • sclerotome - (ventromedial) forms axial skeleton - vertebral body and intervertebral disc
  • dermomyotome - (dorsolateral) forms dermis and skeletal muscle


Week 4

Week 3 Ectoderm - 2 parts

  • midline - neural plate (columnar cells) CNS
  • lateral - surface ectoderm (cuboidal cells)
    • epidermis of skin, hair, glands, anterior pituitary, teeth enamel
    • head region - sensory placodes

Neuralation

  • extends from buccopharyngeal membrane to primitive node
  • forms above notochord and paraxial mesoderm
  • neuroectodermal cells
    • broad brain plate
    • narrower spinal cord
  • 3 components form: floor plate,neural plate, neural crest
Neuralplate 001 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Neural Plate
Page | Play
Neuraltube 001 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Neural Tube
Page | Play
Mouse neural tube 01 movie icon.jpg
 ‎‎Neural Tube Close
Page | Play
Neural Tube Defects
US Spina bifida GA19week.jpg
 ‎‎Spina Bifida
Page | Play
Neural tube defect meningomyelocele.jpg
Spina-Bifida Meningomyelocele


Links: Neural System - Abnormalities | Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects

Cardiogenesis

Early Development of Heart Tube.jpg

Early Development of Heart Tube

Human heart SEM1.jpg

Heart Tube Fusion

The Human Heart from day 10 to 25 (scanning electron micrograph)

  • forms initially in splanchnic mesoderm of prechordal plate region - cardiogenic region
    • growth and folding of the embryo moves heart ventrallly and downward into anatomical position
  • week 3 begins as paired heart tubes that fuse to form single heart tube
  • begins to beat in Humans- day 22-23
Week3 folding icon.jpg

Blood Islands

fetal blood
  • 2 populations of cells
  • all vessels (arteries and veins) appear initially the same

Blood Formation

Mouse hematopoietic stem cell location
  • blood formation from stem cells occurs initially in the extraembryonic mesoderm of the yolk sac
  • then later (week 5) throughout embryonic mesenchyme
  • blood stem cells then migrate into the liver
    • then spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes

Red Blood Cells

The only cells in the blood are nearly entirely fetal red blood cells (RBC).

These red blood cells differ from adult red blood cells in:

  • often remaining nucleated
  • contain fetal haemoglobin - has different oxygen and carbon dioxide binding characteristics


Links: Basic Cardiac Embryology

Early Placentation

Week2 001 icon.jpg

Placenta and placental membranes
Placenta anchoring villi

The trophoblast layer has now differentiated into two morphologically distinct cellular layers.

  • Syncitiotrophoblasts - form a multinucleated cytoplasmic mass by cytotrophoblast cell fusion and both invade the decidua and secrete hCG
  • Cytotrophoblasts - form a cellular layer around the blastocyst, proliferates and extends behind syncitiotrophoblasts

Early Utero-Placental exchange - transfer of nutrition from maternal lacunae filled with secretions from uterine glands and maternal blood from blood vessels. The development of trophoblast villi extending into the uterine decidua.

There are three stages of villi development:

  1. Primary Villi - cytotrophoblast
  2. Secondary Villi - cytotrophoblast + extraembryonic mesoderm
  3. Tertiary Villi - cytotrophoblast + extraembryonic mesoderm + blood vessels

There are two main types of early villi:

  • Anchoring villi - attached to decidua
  • Floating villi - not attached to decidua, floating in maternal lacunae.

Abnormalities

Critical periods, Genetic and Environmental factors leading to abnormal development will be covered in the associated practical class.



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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology BGDA Lecture - Development of the Embryo/Fetus 1. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/BGDA_Lecture_-_Development_of_the_Embryo/Fetus_1

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G