BGDA Lecture - Development of the Embryo/Fetus 1: Difference between revisions

From Embryology
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** nodal cilia establish the embryo left/right axis
** nodal cilia establish the embryo left/right axis
** axial process extends from the nodal epiblast
** axial process extends from the nodal epiblast
* '''Primitive streak''' - region of cell migration (gastrulation) from the epiblast layer forming sequentially the two germ cell layers (endoderm and mesoderm)
* '''Primitive streak''' - region of cell migration (gastrulation) from the epiblast layer forming sequentially the two germ cell layers ({{endoderm}} and {{mesoderm}})


{|
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Means the formation of gut, but has been used in a more looser sense to to describe the formation of the trilaminar embryo. The  epiblast layer, consisting of totipotential cells, derives all 3 embryo layers:
Means the formation of gut, but has been used in a more looser sense to to describe the formation of the trilaminar embryo. The  epiblast layer, consisting of totipotential cells, derives all 3 embryo layers:
# endoderm
 
# mesoderm
# {{ectoderm}}
# ectoderm
# {{mesoderm}}
# {{endoderm}}


The primitive streak is the visible feature which represents the site of cell migration to form the additional layers. Historically, gastrulation was one of the earliest observable morphological event occurring in the frog embryo.
The primitive streak is the visible feature which represents the site of cell migration to form the additional layers. Historically, gastrulation was one of the earliest observable morphological event occurring in the frog embryo.
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* '''axial process'''  an initial epiblast hollow epithelial tube which extends in the midline from the primitive pit, cranially in the embryonic disc (toward the oral membrane).
* '''axial process'''  an initial epiblast hollow epithelial tube which extends in the midline from the primitive pit, cranially in the embryonic disc (toward the oral membrane).
** '''neuroenteric canal''' is a transient communication between the amnionic cavity and the yolk sac cavity formed by the axial process.
** '''neuroenteric canal''' is a transient communication between the amnionic cavity and the yolk sac cavity formed by the axial process.
* '''notochordal plate''' forms from the axial process merging with the endoderm layer.
* '''notochordal plate''' forms from the axial process merging with the {{endoderm}} layer.
* '''notochord''' forms from the notochordal plate which then separates back into the mesoderm layer as a solid column of cells lying in the midline of the embryonic disc and running rostro-caudally (head to tail).
* '''notochord''' forms from the notochordal plate which then separates back into the mesoderm layer as a solid column of cells lying in the midline of the embryonic disc and running rostro-caudally (head to tail).
** An alternate name for the notochord is "axial mesoderm".
** An alternate name for the notochord is "axial mesoderm".
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==Somitogenesis==
==Somitogenesis==
[[File:Stage_9_SEM1.jpg|thumb|stage 9 Embryo]] [[File:Stage10 bf6b.jpg|thumb|stage 10 Embryo]]
[[File:Stage_9_SEM1.jpg|thumb|stage 9 Embryo]] [[File:Stage10 bf6b.jpg|thumb|stage 10 Embryo]]
'''Mesoderm''' means the "middle layer" and it is from this layer that nearly all the bodies connective tissues are derived. In early mesoderm development a number of transient structures will form and then be lost as  tissue structure is patterned and organised. Humans are vertebrates, with a "backbone", and the first  mesoderm structure we will see form after the notochord will be '''[[S#somite|somites]]'''.
'''Mesoderm''' means the "middle layer" and it is from this layer that nearly all the bodies connective tissues are derived. In early {{mesoderm}} development a number of transient structures will form and then be lost as  tissue structure is patterned and organised. Humans are vertebrates, with a "backbone", and the first  mesoderm structure we will see form after the notochord will be '''[[S#somite|somites]]'''.


<gallery mode="packed-hover" caption="Mesoderm and Ectoderm Cartoons">
<gallery mode="packed-hover" caption="Mesoderm and Ectoderm Cartoons">
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'''Coelom''', meaning "cavity", and major fluid-filled cavities can be seen to form both within the embryo (|intraembryonic coelom) and outside the embryo (extraembryonic coelom).  
'''Coelom''', meaning "cavity", and major fluid-filled cavities can be seen to form both within the embryo (|intraembryonic coelom) and outside the embryo (extraembryonic coelom).  


The '''intraembryonic coelom''' is the single primitive cavity that lies within the mesoderm layer that will eventually form the 3 major anatomical body cavities ('''pericardial, pleural, peritoneal''').
The '''intraembryonic coelom''' is the single primitive cavity that lies within the {{mesoderm}} layer that will eventually form the 3 major anatomical body cavities ('''pericardial, pleural, peritoneal''').




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==Week 4==
==Week 4==
Week 3 Ectoderm - 2 parts  
Week 3 {{ectoderm}} - 2 parts  
* midline - neural plate (columnar cells) CNS
* midline - neural plate (columnar cells) CNS
* lateral - surface ectoderm (cuboidal cells)
* lateral - surface ectoderm (cuboidal cells)

Revision as of 23:09, 14 April 2018

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BGDsmall.jpg

Introduction

Human development timeline graph 02.jpg

In medicine foundations you were given a broad overview of human development. Now in BGDA we will be working through the human development process in more detail, focussing on key events.

2017 Lecture PDF

  • Begin by reviewing the recent Foundations Lecture and Practical.
  • This BGDA lecture covers conceptus development from fertilization to implantation to trilaminar embryo formation.
    • Note that fertilization and week 1 concepts have already been covered in an earlier BGDA lecture.
  • The lecture will also introduce early fetal membranes and placentation.


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1 Minute Embryology | UNSW theBox

Lecture Archive  

2017 PDF | 2016 | 2015 | 2015 PDF | 2014 | 2014 PDF | 2013 |

Textbooks  

UNSW Embryology

Logo.png Hill, M.A. (2020). UNSW Embryology (20th ed.) Retrieved March 28, 2024, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au

The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology

Moore, K.L., Persaud, T.V.N. & Torchia, M.G. (2015). The developing human: clinically oriented embryology (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. (links only function with UNSW connection)

The Developing Human, 10th edn.jpg
  1. Introduction to the Developing Human
  2. First Week of Human Development
  3. Second Week of Human Development
  4. Third Week of Human Development
The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (10th edn) 
The Developing Human, 10th edn.jpg

UNSW Students have online access to the current 10th edn. through the UNSW Library subscription (with student Zpass log-in).


APA Citation: Moore, K.L., Persaud, T.V.N. & Torchia, M.G. (2015). The developing human: clinically oriented embryology (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.

Links: PermaLink | UNSW Embryology Textbooks | Embryology Textbooks | UNSW Library
  1. Introduction to the Developing Human
  2. First Week of Human Development
  3. Second Week of Human Development
  4. Third Week of Human Development
  5. Fourth to Eighth Weeks of Human Development
  6. Fetal Period
  7. Placenta and Fetal Membranes
  8. Body Cavities and Diaphragm
  9. Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck
  10. Respiratory System
  11. Alimentary System
  12. Urogenital System
  13. Cardiovascular System
  14. Skeletal System
  15. Muscular System
  16. Development of Limbs
  17. Nervous System
  18. Development of Eyes and Ears
  19. Integumentary System
  20. Human Birth Defects
  21. Common Signaling Pathways Used During Development
  22. Appendix : Discussion of Clinically Oriented Problems

Larsen's Human Embryology

Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R., Francis-West, P.H. & Philippa H. (2015). Larsen's human embryology (5th ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.(links only function with UNSW connection)

Larsen's human embryology 5th ed.jpg
  1. Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and First Week
  2. Second Week: Becoming Bilaminar and Fully Implanting
  3. Third Week: Becoming Trilaminar and Establishing Body Axes
Larsen's Human Embryology (5th edn) 
Larsen's human embryology 5th ed.jpg
UNSW students have full access to this textbook edition through UNSW Library subscription (with student Zpass log-in).


APA Citation: Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R., Francis-West, P.H. & Philippa H. (2015). Larsen's human embryology (5th ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.

Links: PermaLink | UNSW Embryology Textbooks | Embryology Textbooks | UNSW Library
  1. Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and First Week
  2. Second Week: Becoming Bilaminar and Fully Implanting
  3. Third Week: Becoming Trilaminar and Establishing Body Axes
  4. Fourth Week: Forming the Embryo
  5. Principles and Mechanisms of Morphogenesis and Dysmorphogenesis
  6. Fetal Development and the Fetus as Patient
  7. Development of the Skin and Its Derivatives
  8. Development of the Musculoskeletal System
  9. Development of the Central Nervous System
  10. Development of the Peripheral Nervous System
  11. Development of the Respiratory System and Body Cavities
  12. Development of the Heart
  13. Development of the Vasculature
  14. Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract
  15. Development of the Urinary System
  16. Development of the Reproductive System
  17. Development of the Pharyngeal Apparatus and Face
  18. Development of the Ears
  19. Development of the Eyes
  20. Development of the Limbs

More Textbooks?


BGDA Practical Classes

Practical 3 - Fertilization to Implantation Practical 6 - Implantation to 8 Weeks Practical 12 - Fetal Period
 
Practical 14 - Placenta and Fetal Membranes

Human Reproductive Cycle

  • Meiosis in gonad produces haploid gametes (egg and sperm)
Female Male
  • Menstrual Cycle a regular cycle of reproduction (28 days)
  • begins at puberty, release of 1 egg (oocyte) every cycle
  • Endocrine controlled (HPG axis) Hypothalamus - Pituitary - Gonad
  • continuous production of sperm (spermatozoa)
  • begins at puberty, release millions of spermatozoa
  • Endocrine controlled (HPG axis) Hypothalamus - Pituitary - Gonad

XXhpgaxis.jpg Menstrual cycle.png \

Gametogenesis

Male

The testes have two functions.

  1. produce the male gametes or spermatozoa
  2. produce male sexual hormone, testosterone (internal and external genitalia, sex characteristics)

Human spermatozoa take about 48 days from entering meiosis until morphologically mature spermatozoa.

  • Spermatogonia - are the first cells of spermatogenesis
  • Primary spermatocytes - large, enter the prophase of the first meiotic division
  • Secondary spermatocytes - small, complete the second meiotic division
  • Spermatid - immature spermatozoa
  • Spermatozoa - differentiated gamete
Spermatozoa development: primordial germ cell - spermatogonia - primary spermatocyte - secondary spermatocytes - spermatid - spermatozoa

Sertoli cells (support cells) Interstitial cells or Leydig cells (produce hormone)

Seminiferous tubule cartoon.jpg
Spermatozoa Development (expand to see terms)  

Spermatozoa Development

Note there are additional glossaries associated with genital, spermatozoa, oocyte and renal.

Spermatozoon
  • acroplaxome - structure forms the acrosome plate with intermediate filament bundles of the marginal ring at the leading edge of the acrosome. The sub-acrosomal layer located in the developing spermatozoa head perinuclear region, located between the inner acrosomal membrane and the nuclear envelope. The other part of the perinuclear region is the post-acrosomal sheath (PAS) at the post-acrosomal region.
  • acrosome - Cap-shaped cellular structure formed from the golgi apparatus and contains enzymes to dissolve the oocyte (egg) zona pellucida for fertilisation.
  • acrosome compaction - Acrosome reshaping process in final stages of spermatogenesis (spermatid to spermatozoa).
  • acrosome reaction - Chemical change within the spermatozoa following binding to the zona pellucida, only acrosome reacted spermatozoa have an ability to fuse with oocytes.
  • annulus - Cytoskeletal (septin) structure located between the midpiece and principal piece regions of the tail, thought to form a diffusion barrier between these two domains. PMID 20042538
  • asthenozoospermia - (asthenospermia) Term for reduced sperm motility and can be the cause of male infertility.
  • axoneme - (axonema) The basic structure in cilia and eukaryotic flagella and in the spermatozoa tail, consisting of parallel microtubules in a characteristic "9 + 2" pattern. This pattern describes 9 outer microtubule doublets (pairs) surrounding 2 central singlet microtubules, in humans 50 μm long. The motor protein dynenin move the outer microtubules with respect to the central pair, bending the cilia and generating motility. Note that prokaryotic bacteria have a similar process (flagellum) that uses an entirely different mechanism for motility.
  • capacitation - term describing the process by which spermaozoa become capable of fertilizing an oocyte, requires membrane changes, removal of surface glycoproteins and increased motility.
  • caput - proximal head of the epididymis, epithelium with stereocilia, involved in absorbing fluid to concentrate spermatozoa. Underlying smooth muscle aids movement. Epididymis three main parts : caput (head), corpus (body), cauda (tail).
  • CatSper - cationic (Ca2+) channel of spermatozoa, progesterone activated involved in hyperactivation, acrosome reaction, and possibly chemotaxis.
  • cauda - distal tail of the epididymis, region with a thin epithelium and the greatest quantity of smooth muscle. Epididymis three main parts : caput (head), corpus (body), cauda (tail).
  • centriole - a microtubule organising centre. First required for axoneme formation (distal centriole) that is lost and a second for pronuclei formation (proximal) following fertilisation. Rodents loose both and only have maternal centrioles.
  • connecting piece - linkage between the spermatozoa head and the midpiece of the tail. PMID 22767409
  • corpus - elongated body of the epididymis, This has an intermediate thickness of epithelium and thicker smooth muscle layer than caput. Epididymis three main parts : caput (head), corpus (body), cauda (tail).
  • cytoplasmic bridges - Transient cytoplasm connections between spermatids arising from one spermatogonium due to incomplete cytokinesis.
  • diploid - (Greek, di = double + ploion = vessel) Having two sets of chromosomes, the normal state for all cells other than the gametes.
  • end piece - Last portion of the spermatozoa tail region.
  • epididymis - testis tubular structure connecting the efferent ducts to the ductus deferent and functions for the storage and maturation of spermatozoa. Epididymis three main parts : caput (head), corpus (body), cauda (tail). PMID27307387
  • fibrous sheath - cytoskeletal structure surrounding the axoneme and outer dense fibers, defining the extent of the principal piece region.
  • haploid - (Greek, haploos = single) Having a single set of chromosomes as in mature germ/sex cells (oocyte, spermatozoa) following reductive cell division by meiosis. Normally cells are diploid, containing 2 sets of chromosomes.
  • interstitial cell - (Leydig cell) Male gonad (testis) cell which secrete the androgen testosterone, beginning in the fetus.
  • interstitium - testis developmental region (space between testis cords) that generates Leydig cells and other less well characterized cell types.
  • Johnsen score - a clinical score (1-10) for assessing spermatogenesis in a human testicular biopsy. Named after the author of the original article. PMID 5527187
  • Leydig cell - (interstitial cell) Male gonad (testis) cell that secrete the androgen testosterone, beginning in the fetus. Fetal Leydig cells develop from coelomic epithelium and undifferentiated perivascular cells in the gonad–mesonephros border region. Adult Leydig cells appear after birth from stem/progenitor cells among peritubular and peri-vascular cells. Leydig cells were first histologically identified in 1850 by Franz von Leydig (1821 - 1908) a German scientist.
  • meiosis - The cell division that occurs only in production of germ cells where there is a reduction in the number of chromosomes (diploid to haploid) which is the basis of sexual reproduction. All other non-germ cells in the body divide by mitosis.
  • midpiece - (middle piece) spermatozoa tail initial segment of axoneme surrounded outer dense fibres then by mitochondria. Next in the tail is the principal piece then finally the end piece.
  • mitosis - The normal division of all cells, except germ cells, where chromosome number is maintained (diploid). In germ cell division (oocyte, spermatozoa) meiosis is a modified form of this division resulting in reduction in genetic content (haploid). Mitosis, division of the nucleus, is followed by cytokinesis the division of the cell cytoplasm and the cytoplasmic contents. cytokinesis overlaps with telophase.
  • outer dense fibres - (ODF, outer dense fibers) cytoskeletal structures that surround the axoneme in the middle piece and principal piece of the spermatozoa tail.
  • primary spermatocyte - arranged in the seminiferous tubule wall deep (luminal) to the spermatogonia. These large cells enter the prophase of the first meiotic division. (More? meiosis)
  • principal piece - Spermatozoa tail segment containing the plasma membrane calcium channels (CatSper1 and CatSper2) required for hyperactivation of motility. Region is partially separated from the midpiece by a barrier called the annulus.
  • sertoli cells - (sustentacular cell) These cells are the spermatozoa supporting cells, nutritional and mechanical, as well as forming a blood-testis barrier. The cell cytoplasm spans all layers of the seminiferous tubule. The cells are named after Enrico Sertoli (1842 - 1910), and italian physiologist and histologist.
  • sperm annulus - (Jensen's ring; Latin, annulus = ring) A region of the mammalian sperm flagellum connecting the midpiece and the principal piece. The annulus is a septin-based structure formed from SEPT1, 4, 6, 7 and 12. Septins are polymerizing GTPases that can act as a scaffold forming hetero-oligomeric filaments required for cytokinesis and other cell cycle roles.
  • spermatogenesis - (Greek, genesis = origin, creation, generation) The term used to describe the process of diploid spermatagonia division and differentiation to form haploid spermatazoa within the testis (male gonad). The process includes the following cellular changes: meiosis, reoorganization of DNA, reduction in DNA content, reorganization of cellular organelles, morphological changes (cell shape). The final process of change in cell shape is also called spermiogenesis.
  • spermatogenesis - (Greek, genesis = origin, creation, generation) The maturation process of the already haploid spermatazoa into the mature sperm shape and organization. This process involves reorganization of cellular organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria), cytoskeletal changes (microtubule organization) and morphological changes (cell shape, acrosome and tail formation).
  • spermatogonia - The cells located in the seminiferous tubule adjacent to the basal membrane that either divide and separate to renew the stem cell population, or they divide and stay together as a pair (Apr spermatogonia) connected by an intercellular cytoplasmic bridge to differentiate and eventually form spermatazoa.
  • spermatozoa head - Following spermiogenesis, the first region of the spermatozoa containing the haploid nucleus and acrosome. In humans, it is a flattened structure (5 µm long by 3 µm wide) with the posterior part of nuclear membrane forming the basal plate region. The human spermatozoa is about 60 µm long, actively motile and divided into 3 main regions (head, neck and spermatozoa tail).
  • spermatozoa neck - Following spermiogenesis, the second region of the spermatozoa attached to basal plate, transverse oriented centriole, contains nine segmented columns of fibrous material, continue as outer dense fibres in tail. In humans, it forms a short structure (1 µm). The human spermatozoa is about 60 µm long, actively motile and divided into 3 main regions (head, neck and tail).
  • spermatozoa tail - Following spermiogenesis, the third region of the spermatozoa that has a head, neck and tail). The tail is also divided into 3 structural regions a middle piece, a principal piece and an end piece. In humans: the middle piece (5 µm long) is formed by axonema and dense fibres surrounded by mitochondria; the principal piece (45 µm long) fibrous sheath interconnected by regularly spaced circumferential hoops; the final end piece (5 µm long) has an axonema surrounded by small amount of cytoplasm and plasma membrane.
  • spermatogonial stem cells - (SSCs) The spermatagonia cells located beside the seminiferous tubule basal membrane that either divide and separate to renew the stem cell population, or they divide and stay together as a pair (|Apr spermatogonia) connected by an intercellular cytoplasmic bridge to differentiate and eventually form spermatazoa.
  • spermatozoon - singular form of of spermatozoa.
  • sperm protein 56 - A component of the spermatozoa acrosomal matrix released to the sperm surface during capacitation.
  • teratospermia - Clinical term for a spermatozoa with abnormal morphology (small, large, defects in the head, tail, and/or mid-piece) present in the semen or ejaculate.
  • testis cords - developmental structure that give rise to the adult seminiferous tubules, the other developmental region is the interstitium.
  • vasectomy - Clinical term for ligation of the scrotal portion of the ductus deferens.

See also: Spermatozoa Terms collapse table

Other Terms Lists  
Terms Lists: ART | Birth | Bone | Cardiovascular | Cell Division | Endocrine | Gastrointestinal | Genital | Genetic | Head | Hearing | Heart | Immune | Integumentary | Neonatal | Neural | Oocyte | Palate | Placenta | Radiation | Renal | Respiratory | Spermatozoa | Statistics | Tooth | Ultrasound | Vision | Historic | Drugs | Glossary

Female

The ovaries have two functions.

  1. produce the female gametes or oocytes
  2. produce female hormones, estrogen and progesterone (secondary sex characteristics, menstrual cycle)

In an adult human female the development of a primordial follicle containing an oocyte to a preovulatory follicle takes in excess of 120 days.

Human ovary follicle development.jpg

Human ovary follicle development

Ovarian Follicle Stages: primordial follicle - primary follicle - secondary follicle - tertiary follicle - preovulatory follicle


Follicle cells (support cells) Theca cells (produce hormone)


Links: Spermatozoa Development | Oocyte Development | MBoC - Figure 20-18. Influence of Sry on gonad development | Endocrinology - Comparative anatomy of male and female reproductive tracts

Fertilization

Early zygote showing polar bodies
  • Oogenesis - 1 gamete produced/meiosis + 3 polar bodies, meiosis is slow, 1 egg produced and released at ovulation
  • Spermatogenesis - 4 gametes produced/meiosis, meiosis is fast, 200-600 million sperm released at ejaculation


Ovulation icon.jpg Fertilization 001 icon.jpg

Fertilization Site

  • Fertilization usually occurs in first 1/3 of uterine tube (oviduct, Fallopian tube)
  • Fertilization can also occur outside uterine tube associated with Assisted Reproductive Technologies (IVF, GIFT, ZIFT...) and ectopic pregnancy
  • The majority of fertilized eggs do not go on to form an embryo

Fertilization - Spermatozoa

  • Capacitation - alteration of the spermatozoa metabolism and surface proteins
  • Sperm Binding - zona pellucida protein ZP3 acts as receptor for sperm
  • Acrosome Reaction - exocytosis of acrosome contents (Calcium mediated) MBoC - Figure 20-31. The acrosome reaction that occurs when a mammalian sperm fertilizes an egg
    • enzymes to digest the zona pellucida
    • exposes sperm surface proteins to bind ZP2
  • Membrane Fusion - between sperm and egg, allows sperm nuclei passage into egg cytoplasm
Approximate Timing of Early Human Events (in vitro)
Human fertilization movie 2 frame 01.jpg Human fertilization movie 2 frame 02.jpg Human fertilization movie 2 frame 03.jpg
20 min - components 28 min - spermatozoa penetrates zone pellucida 31 min - spermatozoa penetrates oocyte - fertilization
See also clock in lower righthand corner for the approximate timing of events.
Links: Human Fertilization Detail Movie | Human Fertilization Movie
Reference: PMID 22695746 J Assist Reprod Genet.

Fertilization - Oocyte

Embryo mitosis icon.jpg Week1 001 icon.jpg

Week 1 and 2

Human uterine tube ciliated epithelium (SEM)

Week1 summary.jpg

Human blastocyst day 1-6.jpg

Human embryo day 5 label.jpg Human embryo day 5 label2.jpg

Week 2 Implantation

  • Bilaminar embryo - Epiblast and Hypoblast
  • Bilaminar trophoblast - Cytotrophoblast and Syncytiotrophoblast

Week2 001 icon.jpg Chorion 001 icon.jpg


Uterine Implantation Ectopic Implantation
  • Uterine body
    • posterior, anterior, superior, lateral (most common posterior)
    • Placenta Previa inferior implantation, placenta overlies internal os of uterus
  • Outside Uterine body
    • external surface of uterus, ovary, bowel, gastrointestinal tract, mesentery, peritoneal wall
    • Tubal pregnancy - (uterine tube) most common ectopic
Galletti1770 placenta previa.jpg Tubal pregnancy.gif

Early Placenta

  • interaction between implanting conceptus and uterine wall (endometrium)
  • The uterine lining following implantation (Decidua)
    • forms 3 distinct regions, at approx 3 weeks
    • Decidua Basalis - implantation site
    • Decidua Capsularis - enclosing the conceptus
    • Decidua Parietalis - remainder of uterus
  • uterine cavity is lost by 12 weeks
Bailey494.jpg

Week 3 Gastrulation

Stage7-sem2.jpg Stage7 primitive streak Chicken-gastrulation3.jpg
Embryonic disc Primitive Streak Gastrulation
  • Primitive node - region in the middle of the early embryonic disc epiblast from which the primitive streak extends caudally (tail)
    • nodal cilia establish the embryo left/right axis
    • axial process extends from the nodal epiblast
  • Primitive streak - region of cell migration (gastrulation) from the epiblast layer forming sequentially the two germ cell layers (endoderm and mesoderm)
Gastrulation, (Greek = belly)

Means the formation of gut, but has been used in a more looser sense to to describe the formation of the trilaminar embryo. The epiblast layer, consisting of totipotential cells, derives all 3 embryo layers:

  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm

The primitive streak is the visible feature which represents the site of cell migration to form the additional layers. Historically, gastrulation was one of the earliest observable morphological event occurring in the frog embryo.

Mesoderm 001 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Week 3 Mesoderm
Page | Play
Trilaminar embryo.jpg

Trilaminar embryo (SEM)

Trilaminar embryo

Virtual Slides - Human Embryo (stage 7) 
Stage 7 - Implanted Conceptus

Stage7 bf5.jpg

 ‎‎Mobile | Desktop | Original

Stage 7 | Embryo Slides
Stage 7 - Embryonic Disc

Stage7 bf51.jpg

 ‎‎Mobile | Desktop | Original

Stage 7 | Embryo Slides
Stage 7 - Vesicle (Kyoto 15458)

Kyoto15458-01-icon.jpg

 ‎‎Mobile | Desktop | Original

Stage 7 | Embryo Slides
Stage 7 - Conceptus

Stage7-bf1.jpg

 ‎‎Mobile | Desktop | Original

Stage 7 | Embryo Slides

Notochord

Stage7 axial process

The notochord is a structure which has an early mechanical role in embryonic disc folding and a major signaling role in patterning surrounding embryonic tissue development. This signaling role patterns many different tissues (neural plate, neural tube, somites, endodermal organs). It has its own sequence of development from a primitive axial process and is a developmental feature not present in the adult anatomy.

Notochord 02 icon.jpg

Page

  • axial process an initial epiblast hollow epithelial tube which extends in the midline from the primitive pit, cranially in the embryonic disc (toward the oral membrane).
    • neuroenteric canal is a transient communication between the amnionic cavity and the yolk sac cavity formed by the axial process.
  • notochordal plate forms from the axial process merging with the endoderm layer.
  • notochord forms from the notochordal plate which then separates back into the mesoderm layer as a solid column of cells lying in the midline of the embryonic disc and running rostro-caudally (head to tail).
    • An alternate name for the notochord is "axial mesoderm".

Somitogenesis

stage 9 Embryo
stage 10 Embryo

Mesoderm means the "middle layer" and it is from this layer that nearly all the bodies connective tissues are derived. In early mesoderm development a number of transient structures will form and then be lost as tissue structure is patterned and organised. Humans are vertebrates, with a "backbone", and the first mesoderm structure we will see form after the notochord will be somites.

Coelom, meaning "cavity", and major fluid-filled cavities can be seen to form both within the embryo (|intraembryonic coelom) and outside the embryo (extraembryonic coelom).

The intraembryonic coelom is the single primitive cavity that lies within the mesoderm layer that will eventually form the 3 major anatomical body cavities (pericardial, pleural, peritoneal).


stage 11 Embryo

Somite initially forms 2 main components

  • sclerotome - (ventromedial) forms axial skeleton - vertebral body and intervertebral disc
  • dermomyotome - (dorsolateral) forms dermis and skeletal muscle


Week 4

Week 3 ectoderm - 2 parts

  • midline - neural plate (columnar cells) CNS
  • lateral - surface ectoderm (cuboidal cells)
    • epidermis of skin, hair, glands, anterior pituitary, teeth enamel
    • head region - sensory placodes

Neuralation

  • extends from buccopharyngeal membrane to primitive node
  • forms above notochord and paraxial mesoderm
  • neuroectodermal cells
    • broad brain plate
    • narrower spinal cord
  • 3 components form: floor plate,neural plate, neural crest
Neuralplate 001 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Neural Plate
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 ‎‎Neural Tube
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 ‎‎Neural Tube Close
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Week 4 Embryo (dorsal view)  
Stage 10 - Dorsal View

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 ‎‎Mobile | Desktop | Original

Stage 10 | Embryo Slides

Embryo Virtual Slides

Neural Tube Defects
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 ‎‎Spina Bifida
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Spina-Bifida Anencephaly Meningomyelocele


Links: Neural System - Abnormalities | Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects

Cardiogenesis

Heart Tube Fusion
Heart Tube Fusion

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Early Development of Heart Tube

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The Human Heart from day 10 to 25 (scanning electron micrograph)

  • forms initially in splanchnic mesoderm of prechordal plate region - cardiogenic region
    • growth and folding of the embryo moves heart ventrallly and downward into anatomical position
  • week 3 begins as paired heart tubes that fuse to form single heart tube
  • begins to beat in Humans- day 22-23
Week3 folding icon.jpg

Blood Islands

fetal blood
  • 2 populations of cells
  • all vessels (arteries and veins) appear initially the same

Blood Formation

Mouse hematopoietic stem cell location
  • blood formation from stem cells occurs initially in the extra-embryonic mesoderm of the yolk sac
  • then later (week 5) throughout embryonic mesenchyme
  • blood stem cells then migrate into the liver
    • then spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes

Red Blood Cells

The only cells in the blood are initially entirely fetal red blood cells (RBC).

These red blood cells differ from adult red blood cells in:

  • may remaining nucleated
  • contain fetal haemoglobin - has different oxygen and carbon dioxide binding characteristics


Links: Basic Cardiac Embryology

Early Placentation

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Placenta and placental membranes
Placenta anchoring villi

The trophoblast layer has now differentiated into two morphologically distinct cellular layers.

  • Syncitiotrophoblasts - form a multinucleated cytoplasmic mass by cytotrophoblast cell fusion and both invade the decidua and secrete hCG
  • Cytotrophoblasts - form a cellular layer around the blastocyst, proliferates and extends behind syncitiotrophoblasts

Early Utero-Placental exchange - transfer of nutrition from maternal lacunae filled with secretions from uterine glands and maternal blood from blood vessels. The development of trophoblast villi extending into the uterine decidua.

There are three stages of villi development:

  1. Primary Villi - cytotrophoblast
  2. Secondary Villi - cytotrophoblast + extraembryonic mesoderm
  3. Tertiary Villi - cytotrophoblast + extraembryonic mesoderm + blood vessels

There are two main types of early villi:

  • Anchoring villi - attached to decidua
  • Floating villi - not attached to decidua, floating in maternal lacunae.

Abnormalities

Critical periods, Genetic and Environmental factors leading to abnormal development will be covered in the associated practical classes.



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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology BGDA Lecture - Development of the Embryo/Fetus 1. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/BGDA_Lecture_-_Development_of_the_Embryo/Fetus_1

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G