Introduction
Classic anatomy textbook widely reproduced online, particularly the anatomical illustrations, due to the fact that the 1918 edition is out of copyright. W.H. Lewis edited the 20th edition published in September 1918, the current 40th edition was published in 2008. The majority of images were anatomical drawings with some cartoon simplifications. The text also includes earlier historic drawings, particularly in the embryology section that commences the text.
Reference: Gray, Henry. Anatomy of the Human Body. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918.
Clicking the Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy should display a list of the images available on this current website. Note that over time the image naming has varied and requires better standardisation. Images used here may be altered and edited from those appearing in the original textbook.
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ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY
Textbook Introduction
THE term human anatomy comprises a consideration of the various structures which make up the human organism. In a restricted sense it deals merely with the parts which form the fully developed individual and which can be rendered evident to the naked eye by various methods of dissection. Regarded from such a standpoint it may be studied by two methods: (1) the various structures may be separately considered— systematic anatomy; or (2) the organs and tissues may be studied in relation to one another — topographical or regional anatomy.
It is, however, of much advantage to add to the facts ascertained by nakedeye dissection those obtained by the use of the microscope. This introduces two fields of investigation, viz., the study of the minute structure of the various component parts of the body — histology — and the study of the human organism in its immature condition, i. e., the various stages of its intrauterine development from the fertilized ovum up to the period when it assumes an independent existence — embryology. Owing to the difficulty of obtaining material illustrating all the stages of this early development, gaps must be filled up by observations on the development of lower forms — comparative embryology, or by a consideration of adult forms in the line of human ancestry — comparative anatomy. The direct application of the facts of human anatomy to the various pathological conditions which may occur constitutes the subject of applied anatomy. Finally, the appreciation of structures on or immediately underlying the surface of the body is frequently made the subject of special study — smiace anatomy.
Systematic Anatomy
The various systems of which the human body is composed are grouped under the following headings:
1. Osteology — the bony system or skeleton.
2. Syndesmology — the articulations or joints.
3. Myology — the muscles. With the description of the muscles it is convenient to include that of the fasciae which are so intimately connected with them.
4. Angiology — the vascular system, comprising the heart, bloodvessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands.
5. Neurology — the nervous system. The organs of sense may be included in this system.
6. Splanchnology — the visceral system. Topographically the viscera form two groups, viz., the thoracic viscera and the abdomino-pelvic viscera. The heart, a thoracic viscus, is best considered with the vascular system. The rest of the viscera may be grouped according to their functions: (a) the respiratory apparatus; (6) the digestive apparatus; and (c) the urogenital apparatus. Strictly speaking, the third subgroup should include only such components of the urogenital apparatus as are included within the abdomino-pelvic cavity, but it is convenient to study under this heading certain parts which lie in relation to the surface of the body, e. g., the testes and the external organs of generation.
For descriptive purposes. the body is supposed to be in the erect posture, with the arms hanging by the sides and the palms of the hands directed forward. The median plane is a vertical antero-posterior plane, passing through the center of the trunk. This plane will pass approximately through the sagittal suture of the skull, and hence any plane parallel to it is termed a sagittal plane. A vertical plane at right angles to the median plane passes, roughly speaking, through the central part of the coronal suture or through a line parallel to it; such a plane is known as a frontal plane or sometimes as a coronal plane. A plane at right angles to both the median and frontal planes is termed a transverse plane.
The terms anterior or ventral, and posterior or dorsal, are employed to indicate the relation of parts to the front or back of the body or limbs, and the terms superior or cephalic, and inferior or caudal, to indicate the relative levels of different structures; structures nearer to or farther from the median plane are referred to as medial or lateral respectively.
The terms superficial and deep are strictly confined to descriptions of the relative depth from the surface of the various structures; external and internal are reserved almost entirely for describing the walls of cavities or of hollow viscera. In the case of the limbs the words proximal and distal refer to the relative distance from the attached end of the limb.
Embryology
THE term Embryology, in its widest sense, is applied to the various changes ^^ which take place during the growth of an animal from the egg to the adult condition: it is, however, usually restricted to the phenomena which occur before ^" birth. Embryology may be studied from two aspects: (1) that of ontogeny, which deals only with the development of the individual; and (2) that of phylogeny, which concerns itself with the evolutionary history of the animal kingdom.
In vertebrate animals the development of a new being can only take place when a female germ cell or ovum has been fertilized by a male germ cell or spermatozoon. The ovum is a nucleated cell, and all the complicated changes by which the various tissues and organs of the body are formed from it, after it has been fertilized, are the result of two general processes, viz., segmentation and differentiation of cells. Thus, the fertilized ovum undergoes repeated segmentation into a number of cells which at first closely resemble one another, but are, sooner or later, differentiated into two groups: (1) somatic cells, the function of which is to build up the various tissues of the body; and (2) germinal cells, which become imbedded in the sexual glands — the ovaries in the female and the testes in the male — and are destined for the perpetuation of the species.
Having regard to the main purpose of this work, it is impossible, in the space available in this section, to describe fully, or illustrate adequately, all the phenomena which occur in the different stages of the development of the human body. Only the principal facts are given, and the student is referred for further detaUs to one or other of the text-books^ on human embryology.
Not all site images are included below. There may be several image versions (sizes, labeling, and formats gif, jpg, png).
Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages
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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding. (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)
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Development
15 Neural Groove- series of sections dog embryo
20 Dorsal human embryo 2.11 mm
24 Diagram showing earliest observed stage of human ovum
25 Diagram illustrating early formation of allantois and differentiation of body-stalk
26 Diagram showing later stage of allantoic development with commencing constriction of the yolk-sac
27 Diagram showing the expansion of amnion and delimitation of the umbilicus
28 Diagram illustrating a later stage in the development of the umbilical cord
29 Diagram of a transverse section, showing the mode of formation of the amnion in the chick.
30 Fetus of about eight weeks, enclosed in the amnion.
31 Model of human embryo 1.3 mm
32 Human Embryo Day 8 to 9 (week 3)
34 Uterus in the third and fourth month
35 Transverse section of a chorionic villus
36 Primary Chorionic Villi
37 Secondary Chorionic Villi
38 Fetus in Utero Between fifth and sixth months
41 Head end of human embryo about the end of the fourth week
43 Head and neck of a human embryo eighteen weeks old with Meckel’s cartilage and hyoid bar exposed
44 Under surface of the head of a human embryo about twenty-nine days old
47 Head of a human embryo of about eight weeks
48 Diagram showing the regions of the adult face and neck related to the fronto-nasal process and the branchial arches
49 Primitive palate of a human embryo of thirty-seven to thirty-eight days
50 The roof of the mouth of a human embryo aged about two and a half months
51 Frontal section of nasal cavities of a human embryo 28 mm long
178 Human embryo CRL 24 mm outer aspect
179 Human embryo CRL 24 mm inner aspect
180 Human embryo CRL 95 mm outer aspect
181 Human embryo CRL 95 mm inner aspect
183 Mandible in childhood
301-400
379 Left orbicularis oculi (seen from behind)
391 Adult human diaphragm (viewed from beneath)
Cardiovascular
401-500
458 Diagram of the vascular channels in a human embryo of the second week
459 Human embryo of about fourteen days, with yolk-sac
460 Head of chick embryo of about thirty-eight hours' incubation
461 Diagram to illustrate the simple tubular condition of the heart
462 Heart of human embryo of about fourteen days
463 Heart of human embryo of about fifteen days
464 Dorsal surface of heart of human embryo of thirty-five days
465 Interior of dorsal half of heart from a human embryo of about thirty days
532 The celiac artery and its branches.
533 The celiac artery and its branches.
589 Vessels of the uterus and its appendages.
Lymphatic
592
Immune System Development
593 Lymph capillaries of the human conjunctiva.
594 Lymph capillaries from the human scrotum.
595 Lymph capillaries of the sole of the human foot.
596 Section through human tongue.
599 Thoracic and right lymphatic ducts.
600 Modes of origin of thoracic duct.
601 Terminal collecting trunks of right side.
602 Lymph glands of the head.
603 Lymphatics of pharynx.
604 Lymphatics of the face.
605 Lymphatics of the Tongue.
606 Lymph glands of the upper extremity.
607 Lymphatics of the mamma.
608 Lymphatic vessels of the dorsal hand surface.
609 Lymph glands of popliteal fossa.
610 Superficial lymph glands and vessels of the lower extremity.
611 Parietal lymph glands of the pelvis.
613 Lymphatics of stomach.
614 Lymphatics of stomach.
615 Lymphatics of cecum and vermiform process.
616 Lymphatics of cecum and vermiform process.
618 Lymphatic of the Bladder.
619 Lymphatics of the Prostate.
620 Lymphatics of the Uterus.
621 Lymphatics of the thorax and abdomen.
622 Tracheobronchial Lymph Glands
Neural
623
623 Neuroglia cells of brain.
649 Human Fetal Hindbrain (3 months)
651 Human Embryo Brain (week 4.5 exterior view)
652 Human Embryo Brain (week 5 exterior view)
653 Human Embryo Brain (week 5 interior view)
654 Human Fetal Brain (3 months)
655 Human Fetal Brain (4 months)
658 Human Fetal Brain (5 months)
664 Transverse section of the medulla spinalis in the mid-thoracic region
666 Transverse sections of the medulla spinalis at different levels
666 (new layout) Transverse sections of the medulla spinalis at different levels
670 Diagram showing afferent (sensory) and efferent fibers
671 Spinal cord motor columns
675 A spinal nerve with its anterior and posterior roots
720 Median sagittal section of brain
778 Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion
781 Mandibular division of the Trigeminal Nerve
784 Sensory areas of the head
786 Oblique section through the right cavernous sinus
788 Plan of the Facial and Intermediate Nerves and their Communication with Other Nerves
790 The nerves of the scalp face and side of neck
Smell
852
852 Cartilages of the nose Side view
853 Cartilages of the nose, seen from below
854 Bones and cartilages of septum of nose Right side
855 Lateral wall of nasal cavity
859 Coronal section of nasal cavities
Vision
863 Chicken Optic Placode and Vesicle
864 Chicken Optic Placode and Vesicle
865 Human Optic Cup and Choroidal Fissure
868 Section of developing eye of trout
869 Horizontal section of the eyeball
871 Section of Human Cornea near the Margin
873 The Arteries of the Choroid and Iris
874 The Veins of the Choroid
875 Interior of anterior half of bulb of eye
876 Vessels of the choroid, ciliary processes, and iris of a child
877 Blood Vessels of the Eye
879 Interior of posterior half of bulb of left eye
880 Optic Nerve entering Eyeball
882 Plan of Retinal Neurons
883 Section through front of Eyeball
888 Sagittal section of right orbital cavity
889 Muscles of the right orbit
891 Right Eye Fascia Bulbi
892 Front of left eye with eyelids separated to show medial canthus
893 Structure of the Eyelids
894 The tarsi and their ligaments
897 Structures of the Lacrimal Gland
Hearing
898 Section through human embryo head about twelve days old, in the region of the hind-brain
899 Section through hind-brain and auditory vesicles
900 Lateral views of membranous labyrinth and acoustic complex
901 Median views of membranous labyrinth and acoustic complex in human embryos
902 Transverse section through head of fetal sheep in the region of the labyrinth
903 Transverse section of the cochlear duct of a fetal cat
905 Cranial surface of cartilage of right auricula
906 The muscles of the auricula
907 External and middle ear, opened from the front. Right side
908 Horizontal section through left ear; upper half of section.
909 Right tympanic membrane
911 View of the inner wall of the tympanum
912 The right membrana tympani with the hammer and the chorda tympani, viewed from within, from behind, and from above.
913 Coronal section of right temporal bone
914 Right Tympanic Cavity Walls
919 Chain of ossicles and their ligaments
920 Right osseous labyrinth
921 Right osseous labyrinth, Interior.
922 Position of the right bony labyrinth in the skull
923 Inner Ear - Cochlea and Vestibule
924 Inner Ear - The Membranous Labyrinth
925 Right Human Membranous Labyrinth
926 Right Human Membranous Labyrinth
927 Human Semicircular Canal and Duct
928 Cross-section of Cochlea
929 Floor of Ductus Cochlearis
930 Limbus laminæ spiralis and membrana basilaris
931 Section through the spiral organ of Corti
932 The lamina reticularis and subjacent structures
933 Cochlear Division of the Acoustic Nerve
Somatosensory
937 Nerve ending of Ruffini
Integumentary
940 A diagrammatic sectional view of the skin
942 The distribution of the bloodvessels in the skin of the sole of the foot
943 Longitudinal section through nail and its nail groove
Respiratory
947 The head and neck human embryo thirty-two days seen from the ventral surface.
948 Lung buds from a human embryo of about four weeks, showing commencing lobulations.
949 Lungs of a human embryo more advanced in development than week 4.
950 Cartilages of the larynx
951 Ligaments of the larynx (anterior view)
952 Ligaments of the larynx (posterior view)
953 Larynx and upper part of the trachea
961 Cartilages of larynx, trachea, and bronchi (front view)
962 Bronchi and bronchioles
966 Lateral view of thorax, showing the relations of the pleuræ and lungs to the chest wall. Pleura in blue; lungs in purple.
967 Transverse section through the upper margin of the second thoracic vertebra.
970 Front view of heart and lungs
974 Lung secondary lobule
Gastrointestinal
1015 Circumvallate papilla
1018 Mucous membrane of the tongue
1019 Extrinsic muscles of the tongue
1020 Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
1022 Right parotid gland (posterior and deep aspects)
1023 Right parotid gland (anterior and deep aspects)
1024 Dissection showing salivary glands of right side
1027 Section through one of the crypts of the tonsil
1028 Dissection of the Muscles of the Palate from behind
1029 Front of nasa part of pharynx
1030 Muscles of the Pharynx and Cheek
1033 Section of the Human Esophagus
1050 Interior of the stomach
1095 Gall bladder and bile ducts laid open
1096 Gall bladder transverse section
Urogenital
1108 Broad ligament of adult showing Epoöphoron
1109 Urogenital Sinus of Female Human Embryo of 8.5 to 9 weeks old
1111 Transverse section of Human Embryo 8.5 to 9 Weeks Old
1112 Longitudinal Section of Ovary of Cat Embryo of 9.4 cm long
1113 Section of the Ovary of a Newly Born Child
1114 Human Embryo (3.5 cm long) Testis Section of a Genital Cord
1115 Tail end of Human Embryo 25 to 29 Days Old
1116 Tail end of Human Embryo 32 to 33 Days Old
1117 Tail end of human embryo eight and a half to nine weeks old
1118 Primitive Kidney and Bladder
1119 Stages in the development of the external sexual organs in the male and female
1121 Posterior abdominal wall
1126 Retroperitoneal structures
1126 Retroperitoneal structures
1152 Fundus of the bladder with the vesiculæ seminales
1153 Prostate and seminal vesicles
1161 Uterus and right broad ligament
Endocrine
The Ductless Glands
1174 The thyroid gland and its relations.
1181 Pituitary - Median sagittal hypophysis adult monkey
1182 Vertical sections of the heads of early embryos of the rabbit
1185 Section of a part of a suprarenal gland
Surface Anatomy
Surface Anatomy and Surface Markings
Abdomen Surface Markings for Liver, Stomach, and Great Intestine
Front of right upper extremity, showing surface markings for bones and nerves.
Back of right upper extremity, showing surface markings for bones and nerves.
Left Hand Palm, position of skin creases and bones, and surface markings for the volar arches
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 16) Embryology Anatomy of the Human Body by Henry Gray. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Anatomy_of_the_Human_Body_by_Henry_Gray
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