Anatomy of the Human Body by Henry Gray: Difference between revisions

From Embryology
mNo edit summary
mNo edit summary
 
(15 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Header}}
{{Header}}
{{Ref-Gray1918}}
{{Historic Disclaimer}}
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
[[File:Gray_1918.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Gray_1918.jpg|thumb]]
Line 6: Line 9:
Classic anatomy textbook widely reproduced online, particularly the anatomical illustrations, due to the fact that the 1918 edition is out of copyright. W.H. Lewis edited the 20th edition published in September 1918, the current 40th edition was published in 2008. The majority of images were anatomical drawings with some cartoon simplifications. The text also includes earlier historic drawings, particularly in the embryology section that commences the text.
Classic anatomy textbook widely reproduced online, particularly the anatomical illustrations, due to the fact that the 1918 edition is out of copyright. W.H. Lewis edited the 20th edition published in September 1918, the current 40th edition was published in 2008. The majority of images were anatomical drawings with some cartoon simplifications. The text also includes earlier historic drawings, particularly in the embryology section that commences the text.


'''Reference:''' Gray, Henry. Anatomy of the Human Body. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918.


Clicking the [[:Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy|Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy]] should display a list of the images available on this current website. Note that over time the image naming has varied and requires better standardisation. Images used here may be altered and edited from those appearing in the original textbook.
Clicking the [[:Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy|Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy]] should display a list of the images available on this current website. Note that over time the image naming has varied and requires better standardisation. Images used here may be altered and edited from those appearing in the original textbook.
Line 36: Line 38:


The various systems of which the human body is composed are grouped under the following headings:  
The various systems of which the human body is composed are grouped under the following headings:  
1. Osteology — the bony system or skeleton.
# Osteology — the bony system or skeleton.
 
# Syndesmology — the articulations or joints.
2. Syndesmology — the articulations or joints.
# Myology — the muscles. With the description of the muscles it is convenient to include that of the fasciae which are so intimately connected with them.
 
# Angiology — the vascular system, comprising the heart, bloodvessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands.
3. Myology — the muscles. With the description of the muscles it is convenient to include that of the fasciae which are so intimately connected with them.
# Neurology — the nervous system. The organs of sense may be included in this system.
 
# Splanchnology — the visceral system. Topographically the viscera form two groups, viz., the thoracic viscera and the abdomino-pelvic viscera. The heart, a thoracic viscus, is best considered with the vascular system. The rest of the viscera may be grouped according to their functions: (a) the respiratory apparatus; (6) the digestive apparatus; and (c) the urogenital apparatus. Strictly speaking, the third subgroup should include only such components of the urogenital apparatus as are included within the abdomino-pelvic cavity, but it is convenient to study under this heading certain parts which lie in relation to the surface of the body, e. g., the testes and the external organs of generation.
4. Angiology — the vascular system, comprising the heart, bloodvessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands.
 
5. Neurology — the nervous system. The organs of sense may be included in this system.


6. Splanchnology — the visceral system. Topographically the viscera form two groups, viz., the thoracic viscera and the abdomino-pelvic viscera. The heart, a thoracic viscus, is best considered with the vascular system. The rest of the viscera may be grouped according to their functions: (a) the respiratory apparatus; (6) the digestive apparatus; and (c) the urogenital apparatus. Strictly speaking, the third subgroup should include only such components of the urogenital apparatus as are included within the abdomino-pelvic cavity, but it is convenient to study under this heading certain parts which lie in relation to the surface of the body, e. g., the testes and the external organs of generation.


For descriptive purposes. the body is supposed to be in the erect posture, with the arms hanging by the sides and the palms of the hands directed forward. The median plane is a vertical antero-posterior plane, passing through the center of the trunk. This plane will pass approximately through the sagittal suture of the skull, and hence any plane parallel to it is termed a sagittal plane. A vertical plane at right angles to the median plane passes, roughly speaking, through the central part of the coronal suture or through a line parallel to it; such a plane is known as a frontal plane or sometimes as a coronal plane. A plane at right angles to both the median and frontal planes is termed a transverse plane.
For descriptive purposes. the body is supposed to be in the erect posture, with the arms hanging by the sides and the palms of the hands directed forward. The median plane is a vertical antero-posterior plane, passing through the center of the trunk. This plane will pass approximately through the sagittal suture of the skull, and hence any plane parallel to it is termed a sagittal plane. A vertical plane at right angles to the median plane passes, roughly speaking, through the central part of the coronal suture or through a line parallel to it; such a plane is known as a frontal plane or sometimes as a coronal plane. A plane at right angles to both the median and frontal planes is termed a transverse plane.
Line 56: Line 54:
===Embryology===
===Embryology===


THE term Embryology, in its widest sense, is applied to the various changes ^^ which take place during the growth of an animal from the egg to the adult condition: it is, however, usually restricted to the phenomena which occur before ^" birth. Embryology may be studied from two aspects: (1) that of ontogeny, which deals only with the development of the individual; and (2) that of phylogeny, which concerns itself with the evolutionary history of the animal kingdom.
THE term Embryology, in its widest sense, is applied to the various changes which take place during the growth of an animal from the egg to the adult condition: it is, however, usually restricted to the phenomena which occur before birth. Embryology may be studied from two aspects:
# that of ontogeny, which deals only with the development of the individual;
# that of phylogeny, which concerns itself with the evolutionary history of the animal kingdom.
 


In vertebrate animals the development of a new being can only take place when a female germ cell or ovum has been fertilized by a male germ cell or spermatozoon. The ovum is a nucleated cell, and all the complicated changes by which the various tissues and organs of the body are formed from it, after it has been fertilized, are the result of two general processes, viz., segmentation and differentiation of cells. Thus, the fertilized ovum undergoes repeated segmentation into a number of cells which at first closely resemble one another, but are, sooner or later, differentiated into two groups: (1) somatic cells, the function of which is to build up the various tissues of the body; and (2) germinal cells, which become imbedded in the sexual glands — the ovaries in the female and the testes in the male — and are destined for the perpetuation of the species.
In vertebrate animals the development of a new being can only take place when a female germ cell or ovum has been fertilized by a male germ cell or spermatozoon. The ovum is a nucleated cell, and all the complicated changes by which the various tissues and organs of the body are formed from it, after it has been fertilized, are the result of two general processes, viz., segmentation and differentiation of cells. Thus, the fertilized ovum undergoes repeated segmentation into a number of cells which at first closely resemble one another, but are, sooner or later, differentiated into two groups: (1) somatic cells, the function of which is to build up the various tissues of the body; and (2) germinal cells, which become imbedded in the sexual glands — the ovaries in the female and the testes in the male — and are destined for the perpetuation of the species.


Having regard to the main purpose of this work, it is impossible, in the space available in this section, to describe fully, or illustrate adequately, all the phenomena which occur in the different stages of the development of the human body. Only the principal facts are given, and the student is referred for further detaUs to one or other of the text-books^ on human embryology.
Having regard to the main purpose of this work, it is impossible, in the space available in this section, to describe fully, or illustrate adequately, all the phenomena which occur in the different stages of the development of the human body. Only the principal facts are given, and the student is referred for further detaUs to one or other of the text-books^ on human embryology.




Line 69: Line 70:
==Development==
==Development==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0015.jpg|15 Neural Groove- series of sections dog embryo
File:Gray0015.jpg|15 Neural Groove- series of sections {{dog}} embryo
File:Gray0020.jpg|20 Dorsal human embryo 2.11 mm
File:Gray0020.jpg|20 Dorsal human embryo 2.11 mm
File:Gray0024.jpg|24 Diagram showing earliest observed stage of human ovum
File:Gray0024.jpg|24 Diagram showing earliest observed stage of human ovum
Line 80: Line 81:
File:Gray0031.jpg|31 Model of human embryo 1.3 mm
File:Gray0031.jpg|31 Model of human embryo 1.3 mm
File:Gray0032.jpg|32 Human Embryo Day 8 to 9 (week 3)
File:Gray0032.jpg|32 Human Embryo Day 8 to 9 (week 3)
File:Gray0033.jpg|33
File:Gray0033.jpg|33 Non-pregnant and pregnant uterus
File:Gray0034.jpg|34 Uterus in the third and fourth month
File:Gray0034.jpg|34 Uterus in the third and fourth month
File:Gray0035.jpg|35 Transverse section of a chorionic villus
File:Gray0035.jpg|35 Transverse section of a chorionic villus
Line 112: Line 113:
File:Gray0118.jpg|118
File:Gray0118.jpg|118
File:Gray0119.jpg|119
File:Gray0119.jpg|119
File:Gray0130.jpg|130 Human occipital bone, inner surface.
File:Gray0176.jpg|176 Human adult mandible
File:Gray0176.jpg|176 Human adult mandible
File:Gray0178.jpg|178 Human embryo CRL 24 mm outer aspect
File:Gray0178.jpg|178 Human embryo CRL 24 mm outer aspect
Line 121: Line 123:
File:Gray0184.jpg|184 Mandible adult
File:Gray0184.jpg|184 Mandible adult
File:Gray0185.jpg|185 Mandible at old age  
File:Gray0185.jpg|185 Mandible at old age  
File:Gray0193.jpg|193 Base of the skull
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 126: Line 129:
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0301.jpg|301
File:Gray0301.jpg|301
File:Gray0321.jpg|321
File:Gray0321.jpg|321 Symphysis pubis exposed by a coronal section
File:Gray0379.jpg|379 Left orbicularis oculi (seen from behind)
File:Gray0379.jpg|379 Left orbicularis oculi (seen from behind)
File:Gray0391.jpg|391 Adult human diaphragm (viewed from beneath)
File:Gray0391.jpg|391 Adult human diaphragm (viewed from beneath)
Line 232: Line 235:
File:Gray0720.jpg|720 Median sagittal section of brain
File:Gray0720.jpg|720 Median sagittal section of brain
File:Gray0732.jpg|732
File:Gray0732.jpg|732
File:Gray0769.jpg|769 Section across the top of the skull
File:Gray0770.jpg|770 Transverse section of medulla spinalis and its membranes
File:Gray0778.jpg|778 Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion
File:Gray0778.jpg|778 Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion
File:Gray0781.jpg|781 Mandibular division of the Trigeminal Nerve
File:Gray0781.jpg|781 Mandibular division of the Trigeminal Nerve
Line 238: Line 243:
File:Gray0788.jpg|788 Plan of the Facial and Intermediate Nerves and their Communication with Other Nerves
File:Gray0788.jpg|788 Plan of the Facial and Intermediate Nerves and their Communication with Other Nerves
File:Gray0790.jpg|790 The nerves of the scalp face and side of neck
File:Gray0790.jpg|790 The nerves of the scalp face and side of neck
 
File:Gray0804.jpg|804 Cervical Plexus
File:Gray0806.jpg|806
File:Gray0806.jpg|806
File:Gray0807.gif
File:Gray0807.jpg|807 Branchial Plexus
File:Gray0822.jpg|822 Lumbar Plexus
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 258: Line 264:
File:Gray0862.jpg|
File:Gray0862.jpg|
</gallery>
</gallery>
===863 Vision===
==Vision==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0863.jpg|863 Chicken Optic Placode and Vesicle
File:Gray0863.jpg|863 Chicken Optic Placode and Vesicle
Line 494: Line 500:
File:Gray1160.jpg|1160 Prostate Gland
File:Gray1160.jpg|1160 Prostate Gland
File:Gray1161.jpg|1161 Uterus and right broad ligament
File:Gray1161.jpg|1161 Uterus and right broad ligament
File:Gray1163.jpg|1163 section of the ovary
File:Gray1166.jpg|1166
File:Gray1166.jpg|1166
File:Gray1170.jpg|1170
File:Gray1170.jpg|1170
Line 531: Line 538:
{{Footer}}
{{Footer}}


[[Category:Historic Embryology]] [[Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy]]
[[Category:Historic Embryology]] [[Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy]][[Category:1910's]]

Latest revision as of 14:29, 1 April 2019

Embryology - 29 Mar 2024    Facebook link Pinterest link Twitter link  Expand to Translate  
Google Translate - select your language from the list shown below (this will open a new external page)

العربية | català | 中文 | 中國傳統的 | français | Deutsche | עִברִית | हिंदी | bahasa Indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | မြန်မာ | Pilipino | Polskie | português | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ | Română | русский | Español | Swahili | Svensk | ไทย | Türkçe | اردو | ייִדיש | Tiếng Việt    These external translations are automated and may not be accurate. (More? About Translations)

Gray H. Anatomy of the human body. (1918) Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.

Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
Mark Hill.jpg
Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

Introduction

Gray 1918.jpg
Graysmobileicon.png

Classic anatomy textbook widely reproduced online, particularly the anatomical illustrations, due to the fact that the 1918 edition is out of copyright. W.H. Lewis edited the 20th edition published in September 1918, the current 40th edition was published in 2008. The majority of images were anatomical drawings with some cartoon simplifications. The text also includes earlier historic drawings, particularly in the embryology section that commences the text.


Clicking the Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy should display a list of the images available on this current website. Note that over time the image naming has varied and requires better standardisation. Images used here may be altered and edited from those appearing in the original textbook.

Links: Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy | Gray's Anatomy for the iPhone


IBooks icon.jpg iBooks

Gray's Anatomy Embryology


iBook - Gray's Embryology  
Grays Anatomy Embryology cover.jpg

ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY


Textbook Introduction

THE term human anatomy comprises a consideration of the various structures which make up the human organism. In a restricted sense it deals merely with the parts which form the fully developed individual and which can be rendered evident to the naked eye by various methods of dissection. Regarded from such a standpoint it may be studied by two methods: (1) the various structures may be separately considered— systematic anatomy; or (2) the organs and tissues may be studied in relation to one another — topographical or regional anatomy.

It is, however, of much advantage to add to the facts ascertained by nakedeye dissection those obtained by the use of the microscope. This introduces two fields of investigation, viz., the study of the minute structure of the various component parts of the body — histology — and the study of the human organism in its immature condition, i. e., the various stages of its intrauterine development from the fertilized ovum up to the period when it assumes an independent existence — embryology. Owing to the difficulty of obtaining material illustrating all the stages of this early development, gaps must be filled up by observations on the development of lower forms — comparative embryology, or by a consideration of adult forms in the line of human ancestry — comparative anatomy. The direct application of the facts of human anatomy to the various pathological conditions which may occur constitutes the subject of applied anatomy. Finally, the appreciation of structures on or immediately underlying the surface of the body is frequently made the subject of special study — smiace anatomy.

Systematic Anatomy

The various systems of which the human body is composed are grouped under the following headings:

  1. Osteology — the bony system or skeleton.
  2. Syndesmology — the articulations or joints.
  3. Myology — the muscles. With the description of the muscles it is convenient to include that of the fasciae which are so intimately connected with them.
  4. Angiology — the vascular system, comprising the heart, bloodvessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands.
  5. Neurology — the nervous system. The organs of sense may be included in this system.
  6. Splanchnology — the visceral system. Topographically the viscera form two groups, viz., the thoracic viscera and the abdomino-pelvic viscera. The heart, a thoracic viscus, is best considered with the vascular system. The rest of the viscera may be grouped according to their functions: (a) the respiratory apparatus; (6) the digestive apparatus; and (c) the urogenital apparatus. Strictly speaking, the third subgroup should include only such components of the urogenital apparatus as are included within the abdomino-pelvic cavity, but it is convenient to study under this heading certain parts which lie in relation to the surface of the body, e. g., the testes and the external organs of generation.


For descriptive purposes. the body is supposed to be in the erect posture, with the arms hanging by the sides and the palms of the hands directed forward. The median plane is a vertical antero-posterior plane, passing through the center of the trunk. This plane will pass approximately through the sagittal suture of the skull, and hence any plane parallel to it is termed a sagittal plane. A vertical plane at right angles to the median plane passes, roughly speaking, through the central part of the coronal suture or through a line parallel to it; such a plane is known as a frontal plane or sometimes as a coronal plane. A plane at right angles to both the median and frontal planes is termed a transverse plane.

The terms anterior or ventral, and posterior or dorsal, are employed to indicate the relation of parts to the front or back of the body or limbs, and the terms superior or cephalic, and inferior or caudal, to indicate the relative levels of different structures; structures nearer to or farther from the median plane are referred to as medial or lateral respectively.

The terms superficial and deep are strictly confined to descriptions of the relative depth from the surface of the various structures; external and internal are reserved almost entirely for describing the walls of cavities or of hollow viscera. In the case of the limbs the words proximal and distal refer to the relative distance from the attached end of the limb.

Embryology

THE term Embryology, in its widest sense, is applied to the various changes which take place during the growth of an animal from the egg to the adult condition: it is, however, usually restricted to the phenomena which occur before birth. Embryology may be studied from two aspects:

  1. that of ontogeny, which deals only with the development of the individual;
  2. that of phylogeny, which concerns itself with the evolutionary history of the animal kingdom.


In vertebrate animals the development of a new being can only take place when a female germ cell or ovum has been fertilized by a male germ cell or spermatozoon. The ovum is a nucleated cell, and all the complicated changes by which the various tissues and organs of the body are formed from it, after it has been fertilized, are the result of two general processes, viz., segmentation and differentiation of cells. Thus, the fertilized ovum undergoes repeated segmentation into a number of cells which at first closely resemble one another, but are, sooner or later, differentiated into two groups: (1) somatic cells, the function of which is to build up the various tissues of the body; and (2) germinal cells, which become imbedded in the sexual glands — the ovaries in the female and the testes in the male — and are destined for the perpetuation of the species.


Having regard to the main purpose of this work, it is impossible, in the space available in this section, to describe fully, or illustrate adequately, all the phenomena which occur in the different stages of the development of the human body. Only the principal facts are given, and the student is referred for further detaUs to one or other of the text-books^ on human embryology.


Not all site images are included below. There may be several image versions (sizes, labeling, and formats gif, jpg, png).

Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
Mark Hill.jpg
Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

Development

301-400

Cardiovascular

401-500

Lymphatic

592 Immune System Development

Neural

623

Smell

852

Vision

Hearing

Somatosensory

Integumentary

Respiratory

Gastrointestinal

Urogenital

Endocrine

The Ductless Glands

Surface Anatomy

Surface Anatomy and Surface Markings



Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link



Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 29) Embryology Anatomy of the Human Body by Henry Gray. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Anatomy_of_the_Human_Body_by_Henry_Gray

What Links Here?
© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G