Anatomy of the Human Body by Henry Gray: Difference between revisions

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{{Header}}
{{Ref-Gray1918}}
{{Historic Disclaimer}}
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
[[File:Gray_1918.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Gray_1918.jpg|thumb]]
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Classic anatomy textbook widely reproduced online, particularly the anatomical illustrations, due to the fact that the 1918 edition is out of copyright. W.H. Lewis edited the 20th edition published in September 1918, the current 40th edition was published in 2008. The majority of images were anatomical drawings with some cartoon simplifications. The text also includes earlier historic drawings, particularly in the embryology section that commences the text.
Classic anatomy textbook widely reproduced online, particularly the anatomical illustrations, due to the fact that the 1918 edition is out of copyright. W.H. Lewis edited the 20th edition published in September 1918, the current 40th edition was published in 2008. The majority of images were anatomical drawings with some cartoon simplifications. The text also includes earlier historic drawings, particularly in the embryology section that commences the text.


'''Reference:''' Gray, Henry. Anatomy of the Human Body. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918.


Clicking the [[:Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy|Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy]] should display a list of the images available on this current website. Note that over time the image naming has varied and requires better standardisation. Images used here may be altered and edited from those appearing in the original textbook.
Clicking the [[:Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy|Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy]] should display a list of the images available on this current website. Note that over time the image naming has varied and requires better standardisation. Images used here may be altered and edited from those appearing in the original textbook.
Line 13: Line 16:


{|
{|
| [[File:IBooks-icon.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:IBooks_icon.jpg|100px]]
| '''iBooks'''
| '''iBooks'''


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==Anatomy of the Human Body on the Web for iPhone/iPad==
{|


| As an additional online educational project, I have also prepared 3 complete sets of images formatted specifically for the iPhone, and can be also used on the iPad, in different organisational layouts. Note the linked content below will look different when opened on other devices.
{{Grays Embryo iBook table}}
 
ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY
 
 
==Textbook Introduction==
 
 
THE term human anatomy comprises a consideration of the various structures which make up the human organism. In a restricted sense it deals merely with the parts which form the fully developed individual and which can be rendered evident to the naked eye by various methods of dissection. Regarded from such a standpoint it may be studied by two methods: (1) the various structures may be separately considered— systematic anatomy; or (2) the organs and tissues may be studied in relation to one another — topographical or regional anatomy.
 
It is, however, of much advantage to add to the facts ascertained by nakedeye dissection those obtained by the use of the microscope. This introduces two fields of investigation, viz., the study of the minute structure of the various component parts of the body — histology — and the study of the human organism in its immature condition, i. e., the various stages of its intrauterine development from the fertilized ovum up to the period when it assumes an independent existence — embryology. Owing to the difficulty of obtaining material illustrating all the stages of this early development, gaps must be filled up by observations on the development of lower forms — comparative embryology, or by a consideration of adult forms in the line of human ancestry — comparative anatomy. The direct application of the facts of human anatomy to the various pathological conditions which may occur constitutes the subject of applied anatomy. Finally, the appreciation of structures on or immediately underlying the surface of the body is frequently made the subject of special study — smiace anatomy.
 
===Systematic Anatomy===
 
The various systems of which the human body is composed are grouped under the following headings:
# Osteology — the bony system or skeleton.
# Syndesmology — the articulations or joints.
# Myology — the muscles. With the description of the muscles it is convenient to include that of the fasciae which are so intimately connected with them.
# Angiology — the vascular system, comprising the heart, bloodvessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands.
# Neurology — the nervous system. The organs of sense may be included in this system.
# Splanchnology — the visceral system. Topographically the viscera form two groups, viz., the thoracic viscera and the abdomino-pelvic viscera. The heart, a thoracic viscus, is best considered with the vascular system. The rest of the viscera may be grouped according to their functions: (a) the respiratory apparatus; (6) the digestive apparatus; and (c) the urogenital apparatus. Strictly speaking, the third subgroup should include only such components of the urogenital apparatus as are included within the abdomino-pelvic cavity, but it is convenient to study under this heading certain parts which lie in relation to the surface of the body, e. g., the testes and the external organs of generation.
 
 
For descriptive purposes. the body is supposed to be in the erect posture, with the arms hanging by the sides and the palms of the hands directed forward. The median plane is a vertical antero-posterior plane, passing through the center of the trunk. This plane will pass approximately through the sagittal suture of the skull, and hence any plane parallel to it is termed a sagittal plane. A vertical plane at right angles to the median plane passes, roughly speaking, through the central part of the coronal suture or through a line parallel to it; such a plane is known as a frontal plane or sometimes as a coronal plane. A plane at right angles to both the median and frontal planes is termed a transverse plane.
 
The terms anterior or ventral, and posterior or dorsal, are employed to indicate the relation of parts to the front or back of the body or limbs, and the terms superior or cephalic, and inferior or caudal, to indicate the relative levels of different structures; structures nearer to or farther from the median plane are referred to as medial or lateral respectively.
 
The terms superficial and deep are strictly confined to descriptions of the relative depth from the surface of the various structures; external and internal are reserved almost entirely for describing the walls of cavities or of hollow viscera. In the case of the limbs the words proximal and distal refer to the relative distance from the attached end of the limb.
 
===Embryology===


THE term Embryology, in its widest sense, is applied to the various changes which take place during the growth of an animal from the egg to the adult condition: it is, however, usually restricted to the phenomena which occur before birth. Embryology may be studied from two aspects:
# that of ontogeny, which deals only with the development of the individual;
# that of phylogeny, which concerns itself with the evolutionary history of the animal kingdom.




[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/mobile/GraysImage/index.html Gray's Anatomy for the iPhone]
In vertebrate animals the development of a new being can only take place when a female germ cell or ovum has been fertilized by a male germ cell or spermatozoon. The ovum is a nucleated cell, and all the complicated changes by which the various tissues and organs of the body are formed from it, after it has been fertilized, are the result of two general processes, viz., segmentation and differentiation of cells. Thus, the fertilized ovum undergoes repeated segmentation into a number of cells which at first closely resemble one another, but are, sooner or later, differentiated into two groups: (1) somatic cells, the function of which is to build up the various tissues of the body; and (2) germinal cells, which become imbedded in the sexual glands — the ovaries in the female and the testes in the male — and are destined for the perpetuation of the species.


* [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/mobile/GraysImage/index1.html 52 Pages of 24 Images]
* [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/mobile/GraysImage/3column1.html 3 Columns 300 Images/page]
* [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/mobile/GraysImage/3rows1.html 3 Rows 300 Images/page]
| [[File:IPad-Phone.jpg|200px]]
|}


Having regard to the main purpose of this work, it is impossible, in the space available in this section, to describe fully, or illustrate adequately, all the phenomena which occur in the different stages of the development of the human body. Only the principal facts are given, and the student is referred for further detaUs to one or other of the text-books^ on human embryology.


{{Grays Embryo iBook table}}


==Images==
Not all site images are included below. There may be several image versions (sizes, labeling, and formats gif, jpg, png).
Not all site images are included below. There may be several image versions (sizes, labeling, and formats gif, jpg, png).


{{Historic Disclaimer}}
{{Historic Disclaimer}}
===1 Development===
==Development==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0015.jpg|15 Neural Groove- series of sections dog embryo
File:Gray0015.jpg|15 Neural Groove- series of sections {{dog}} embryo
File:Gray0020.jpg|20 Dorsal human embryo 2.11 mm
File:Gray0020.jpg|20 Dorsal human embryo 2.11 mm
File:Gray0024.jpg|24 Diagram showing earliest observed stage of human ovum
File:Gray0024.jpg|24 Diagram showing earliest observed stage of human ovum
Line 54: Line 81:
File:Gray0031.jpg|31 Model of human embryo 1.3 mm
File:Gray0031.jpg|31 Model of human embryo 1.3 mm
File:Gray0032.jpg|32 Human Embryo Day 8 to 9 (week 3)
File:Gray0032.jpg|32 Human Embryo Day 8 to 9 (week 3)
File:Gray0033.jpg|33
File:Gray0033.jpg|33 Non-pregnant and pregnant uterus
File:Gray0034.jpg|34 Uterus in the third and fourth month
File:Gray0034.jpg|34 Uterus in the third and fourth month
File:Gray0035.jpg|35 Transverse section of a chorionic villus
File:Gray0035.jpg|35 Transverse section of a chorionic villus
Line 86: Line 113:
File:Gray0118.jpg|118
File:Gray0118.jpg|118
File:Gray0119.jpg|119
File:Gray0119.jpg|119
File:Gray0130.jpg|130 Human occipital bone, inner surface.
File:Gray0176.jpg|176 Human adult mandible
File:Gray0176.jpg|176 Human adult mandible
File:Gray0178.jpg|178 Human embryo CRL 24 mm outer aspect
File:Gray0178.jpg|178 Human embryo CRL 24 mm outer aspect
Line 95: Line 123:
File:Gray0184.jpg|184 Mandible adult
File:Gray0184.jpg|184 Mandible adult
File:Gray0185.jpg|185 Mandible at old age  
File:Gray0185.jpg|185 Mandible at old age  
File:Gray0193.jpg|193 Base of the skull
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 100: Line 129:
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0301.jpg|301
File:Gray0301.jpg|301
File:Gray0321.jpg|321
File:Gray0321.jpg|321 Symphysis pubis exposed by a coronal section
File:Gray0379.jpg|379 Left orbicularis oculi (seen from behind)
File:Gray0391.jpg|391 Adult human diaphragm (viewed from beneath)
File:Gray0391.jpg|391 Adult human diaphragm (viewed from beneath)
</gallery>
</gallery>


===401-500 Cardiovascular===
==Cardiovascular==
401-500  
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0448.jpg|448 Artery and vein
File:Gray0448.jpg|448 Artery and vein
File:Gray0458.gif
File:Gray0458.jpg|458 Diagram of the vascular channels in a human embryo of the second week
File:Gray0462.gif|
File:Gray0459.jpg|459 Human embryo of about fourteen days, with yolk-sac
File:Gray0464.gif|
File:Gray0460.jpg|460 Head of chick embryo of about thirty-eight hours' incubation
File:Gray0461.jpg|461 Diagram to illustrate the simple tubular condition of the heart
File:Gray0462.jpg|462 Heart of human embryo of about fourteen days
File:Gray0463.jpg|463 Heart of human embryo of about fifteen days
File:Gray0464.jpg|464 Dorsal surface of heart of human embryo of thirty-five days
File:Gray0465.jpg|465 Interior of dorsal half of heart from a human embryo of about thirty days
File:Gray0467.jpg|467  
File:Gray0467.jpg|467  
File:Gray0468.jpg|468
File:Gray0468.jpg|468
File:Gray0470.jpg|470
File:Gray0470.jpg|470
File:Gray0472.jpg|472
File:Gray0472.jpg|472
File:Gray0473.gif|
File:Gray0473.jpg|473
File:Gray0474.jpg|474
File:Gray0474.jpg|474
File:Gray0475.jpg|475
File:Gray0475.jpg|475
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File:Gray0532.jpg|532 The celiac artery and its branches.
File:Gray0532.jpg|532 The celiac artery and its branches.
File:Gray0533.jpg|533 The celiac artery and its branches.
File:Gray0533.jpg|533 The celiac artery and its branches.
File:Gray0540.jpg|540
File:Gray0556.jpg|556
File:Gray0556.jpg|556
File:Gray0589.jpg|589 Vessels of the uterus and its appendages.
</gallery>
</gallery>
===592 Lymphatic===
==Lymphatic==
592
[[Immune System Development]]
[[Immune System Development]]


Line 167: Line 206:
</gallery>
</gallery>


===623 Neural===
==Neural==
623
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0623.jpg|623 Neuroglia cells of brain.
File:Gray0623.jpg|623 Neuroglia cells of brain.
Line 194: Line 234:
File:Gray0715.jpg|715
File:Gray0715.jpg|715
File:Gray0720.jpg|720 Median sagittal section of brain
File:Gray0720.jpg|720 Median sagittal section of brain
File:Gray0732.jpg|732  
File:Gray0732.jpg|732
File:Gray0769.jpg|769 Section across the top of the skull
File:Gray0770.jpg|770 Transverse section of medulla spinalis and its membranes
File:Gray0778.jpg|778 Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion
File:Gray0781.jpg|781 Mandibular division of the Trigeminal Nerve
File:Gray0784.jpg|784 Sensory areas of the head
File:Gray0786.jpg|786 Oblique section through the right cavernous sinus
File:Gray0788.jpg|788 Plan of the Facial and Intermediate Nerves and their Communication with Other Nerves
File:Gray0790.jpg|790 The nerves of the scalp face and side of neck
File:Gray0804.jpg|804 Cervical Plexus
File:Gray0806.jpg|806
File:Gray0806.jpg|806
File:Gray0807.gif
File:Gray0807.jpg|807 Branchial Plexus
File:Gray0822.jpg|822 Lumbar Plexus
</gallery>
</gallery>


===852 Smell===
==Smell==
852
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0852.jpg|852 Cartilages of the nose Side view
File:Gray0852.jpg|852 Cartilages of the nose Side view
Line 205: Line 256:
File:Gray0854.jpg|854 Bones and cartilages of septum of nose Right side
File:Gray0854.jpg|854 Bones and cartilages of septum of nose Right side
File:Gray0855.jpg|855 Lateral wall of nasal cavity
File:Gray0855.jpg|855 Lateral wall of nasal cavity
File:Gray0856.jpg|
File:Gray0856.jpg|856
File:Gray0857.jpg|
File:Gray0857.jpg|857
File:Gray0858.jpg|
File:Gray0858.jpg|858
File:Gray0859.jpg|859 Coronal section of nasal cavities
File:Gray0859.jpg|859 Coronal section of nasal cavities
File:Gray0860.jpg|
File:Gray0861.jpg|
File:Gray0862.jpg|
</gallery>
</gallery>
===863 Vision===
==Vision==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0863.jpg|863 Chicken Optic Placode and Vesicle
File:Gray0863.jpg|863 Chicken Optic Placode and Vesicle
Line 249: Line 303:
</gallery>
</gallery>


===898 Hearing===
==Hearing==


<gallery>
<gallery>
Line 290: Line 344:
</gallery>
</gallery>


===934 Somatosensory===
==Somatosensory==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0934.jpg|934 End-bulb of Krause
File:Gray0934.jpg|934 End-bulb of Krause
Line 300: Line 354:
</gallery>
</gallery>


===940 Integumentary===
==Integumentary==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0940.jpg|940 A diagrammatic sectional view of the skin  
File:Gray0940.jpg|940 A diagrammatic sectional view of the skin  
Line 311: Line 365:
</gallery>
</gallery>


===947 Respiratory===
==Respiratory==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0947.jpg|947 The head and neck human embryo thirty-two days seen from the ventral surface.  
File:Gray0947.jpg|947 The head and neck human embryo thirty-two days seen from the ventral surface.  
Line 349: Line 403:
</gallery>
</gallery>


===977 Gastrointestinal===
==Gastrointestinal==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0977.jpg|977
File:Gray0977.jpg|977
Line 387: Line 441:
File:Gray1009.jpg|1009
File:Gray1009.jpg|1009
File:Gray1010.jpg|1010
File:Gray1010.jpg|1010
File:Gray1013.jpg|1013 The mouth cavity
File:Gray1014.jpg|1014 The mouth cavity
File:Gray1015.jpg|1015 Circumvallate papilla
File:Gray1016.jpg|1016 Filiform papilla
File:Gray1017.jpg|1017 Fungiform papilla
File:Gray1018.jpg|1018 Mucous membrane of the tongue
File:Gray1019.jpg|1019 Extrinsic muscles of the tongue
File:Gray1020.jpg|1020 Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
File:Gray1022.jpg|1022 Right parotid gland (posterior and deep aspects)
File:Gray1023.jpg|1023  Right parotid gland (anterior and deep aspects)
File:Gray1024.jpg|1024 Dissection showing salivary glands of right side
File:Gray1027.jpg|1027 Section through one of the crypts of the tonsil
File:Gray1027.jpg|1027 Section through one of the crypts of the tonsil
File:Gray1028.jpg|1028 Dissection of the Muscles of the Palate from behind
File:Gray1029.jpg|1029 Front of nasa part of pharynx
File:Gray1029.jpg|1029 Front of nasa part of pharynx
File:Gray1030.jpg|1030 Muscles of the Pharynx and Cheek
File:Gray1033.jpg|1033 Section of the Human Esophagus
File:Gray1039.jpg|1039
File:Gray1039.jpg|1039
File:Gray1050.jpg|1050 Interior of the stomach
File:Gray1095.jpg|1095 Gall bladder and bile ducts laid open
File:Gray1095.jpg|1095 Gall bladder and bile ducts laid open
File:Gray1096.jpg|1096 Gall bladder transverse section
File:Gray1096.jpg|1096 Gall bladder transverse section
</gallery>
</gallery>


===1108 Urogenital===
==Urogenital==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray1108.jpg|1108 Broad ligament of adult showing Epoöphoron
File:Gray1108.jpg|1108 Broad ligament of adult showing Epoöphoron
Line 430: Line 499:
File:Gray1153.jpg|1153 Prostate and seminal vesicles
File:Gray1153.jpg|1153 Prostate and seminal vesicles
File:Gray1160.jpg|1160 Prostate Gland
File:Gray1160.jpg|1160 Prostate Gland
File:Gray1161.jpg|1161 Uterus and right broad ligament
File:Gray1163.jpg|1163 section of the ovary
File:Gray1166.jpg|1166
File:Gray1170.jpg|1170
File:Gray1173.jpg|1173
File:Gray1173.jpg|1173
</gallery>
</gallery>
===1174 Endocrine===
==Endocrine==
The Ductless Glands
The Ductless Glands
<gallery>
<gallery>
Line 438: Line 511:
File:Gray1175.jpg|1175
File:Gray1175.jpg|1175
File:Gray1181.jpg|1181 Pituitary - Median sagittal hypophysis adult monkey
File:Gray1181.jpg|1181 Pituitary - Median sagittal hypophysis adult monkey
File:Gray1182.jpg|1182 Vertical sections of the heads of early embryos of the rabbit
File:Gray1183.jpg|1183
File:Gray1184.jpg|1184
File:Gray1185.jpg|1185 Section of a part of a suprarenal gland
File:Gray1192.jpg|1192
File:Gray1192.jpg|1192
</gallery>
</gallery>


===1193 Surface Anatomy===
==Surface Anatomy==
Surface Anatomy and Surface Markings
Surface Anatomy and Surface Markings
<gallery>
<gallery>
Line 455: Line 532:




{{Template:Glossary}}
{{Glossary}}
{{Template:Footer}}
 
 
 
{{Footer}}


[[Category:Historic Embryology]] [[Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy]]
[[Category:Historic Embryology]] [[Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy]][[Category:1910's]]

Latest revision as of 14:29, 1 April 2019

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العربية | català | 中文 | 中國傳統的 | français | Deutsche | עִברִית | हिंदी | bahasa Indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | မြန်မာ | Pilipino | Polskie | português | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ | Română | русский | Español | Swahili | Svensk | ไทย | Türkçe | اردو | ייִדיש | Tiếng Việt    These external translations are automated and may not be accurate. (More? About Translations)

Gray H. Anatomy of the human body. (1918) Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.

Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
Mark Hill.jpg
Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

Introduction

Gray 1918.jpg
Graysmobileicon.png

Classic anatomy textbook widely reproduced online, particularly the anatomical illustrations, due to the fact that the 1918 edition is out of copyright. W.H. Lewis edited the 20th edition published in September 1918, the current 40th edition was published in 2008. The majority of images were anatomical drawings with some cartoon simplifications. The text also includes earlier historic drawings, particularly in the embryology section that commences the text.


Clicking the Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy should display a list of the images available on this current website. Note that over time the image naming has varied and requires better standardisation. Images used here may be altered and edited from those appearing in the original textbook.

Links: Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy | Gray's Anatomy for the iPhone


IBooks icon.jpg iBooks

Gray's Anatomy Embryology


iBook - Gray's Embryology  
Grays Anatomy Embryology cover.jpg

ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY


Textbook Introduction

THE term human anatomy comprises a consideration of the various structures which make up the human organism. In a restricted sense it deals merely with the parts which form the fully developed individual and which can be rendered evident to the naked eye by various methods of dissection. Regarded from such a standpoint it may be studied by two methods: (1) the various structures may be separately considered— systematic anatomy; or (2) the organs and tissues may be studied in relation to one another — topographical or regional anatomy.

It is, however, of much advantage to add to the facts ascertained by nakedeye dissection those obtained by the use of the microscope. This introduces two fields of investigation, viz., the study of the minute structure of the various component parts of the body — histology — and the study of the human organism in its immature condition, i. e., the various stages of its intrauterine development from the fertilized ovum up to the period when it assumes an independent existence — embryology. Owing to the difficulty of obtaining material illustrating all the stages of this early development, gaps must be filled up by observations on the development of lower forms — comparative embryology, or by a consideration of adult forms in the line of human ancestry — comparative anatomy. The direct application of the facts of human anatomy to the various pathological conditions which may occur constitutes the subject of applied anatomy. Finally, the appreciation of structures on or immediately underlying the surface of the body is frequently made the subject of special study — smiace anatomy.

Systematic Anatomy

The various systems of which the human body is composed are grouped under the following headings:

  1. Osteology — the bony system or skeleton.
  2. Syndesmology — the articulations or joints.
  3. Myology — the muscles. With the description of the muscles it is convenient to include that of the fasciae which are so intimately connected with them.
  4. Angiology — the vascular system, comprising the heart, bloodvessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands.
  5. Neurology — the nervous system. The organs of sense may be included in this system.
  6. Splanchnology — the visceral system. Topographically the viscera form two groups, viz., the thoracic viscera and the abdomino-pelvic viscera. The heart, a thoracic viscus, is best considered with the vascular system. The rest of the viscera may be grouped according to their functions: (a) the respiratory apparatus; (6) the digestive apparatus; and (c) the urogenital apparatus. Strictly speaking, the third subgroup should include only such components of the urogenital apparatus as are included within the abdomino-pelvic cavity, but it is convenient to study under this heading certain parts which lie in relation to the surface of the body, e. g., the testes and the external organs of generation.


For descriptive purposes. the body is supposed to be in the erect posture, with the arms hanging by the sides and the palms of the hands directed forward. The median plane is a vertical antero-posterior plane, passing through the center of the trunk. This plane will pass approximately through the sagittal suture of the skull, and hence any plane parallel to it is termed a sagittal plane. A vertical plane at right angles to the median plane passes, roughly speaking, through the central part of the coronal suture or through a line parallel to it; such a plane is known as a frontal plane or sometimes as a coronal plane. A plane at right angles to both the median and frontal planes is termed a transverse plane.

The terms anterior or ventral, and posterior or dorsal, are employed to indicate the relation of parts to the front or back of the body or limbs, and the terms superior or cephalic, and inferior or caudal, to indicate the relative levels of different structures; structures nearer to or farther from the median plane are referred to as medial or lateral respectively.

The terms superficial and deep are strictly confined to descriptions of the relative depth from the surface of the various structures; external and internal are reserved almost entirely for describing the walls of cavities or of hollow viscera. In the case of the limbs the words proximal and distal refer to the relative distance from the attached end of the limb.

Embryology

THE term Embryology, in its widest sense, is applied to the various changes which take place during the growth of an animal from the egg to the adult condition: it is, however, usually restricted to the phenomena which occur before birth. Embryology may be studied from two aspects:

  1. that of ontogeny, which deals only with the development of the individual;
  2. that of phylogeny, which concerns itself with the evolutionary history of the animal kingdom.


In vertebrate animals the development of a new being can only take place when a female germ cell or ovum has been fertilized by a male germ cell or spermatozoon. The ovum is a nucleated cell, and all the complicated changes by which the various tissues and organs of the body are formed from it, after it has been fertilized, are the result of two general processes, viz., segmentation and differentiation of cells. Thus, the fertilized ovum undergoes repeated segmentation into a number of cells which at first closely resemble one another, but are, sooner or later, differentiated into two groups: (1) somatic cells, the function of which is to build up the various tissues of the body; and (2) germinal cells, which become imbedded in the sexual glands — the ovaries in the female and the testes in the male — and are destined for the perpetuation of the species.


Having regard to the main purpose of this work, it is impossible, in the space available in this section, to describe fully, or illustrate adequately, all the phenomena which occur in the different stages of the development of the human body. Only the principal facts are given, and the student is referred for further detaUs to one or other of the text-books^ on human embryology.


Not all site images are included below. There may be several image versions (sizes, labeling, and formats gif, jpg, png).

Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
Mark Hill.jpg
Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

Development

301-400

Cardiovascular

401-500

Lymphatic

592 Immune System Development

Neural

623

Smell

852

Vision

Hearing

Somatosensory

Integumentary

Respiratory

Gastrointestinal

Urogenital

Endocrine

The Ductless Glands

Surface Anatomy

Surface Anatomy and Surface Markings



Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link



Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 29) Embryology Anatomy of the Human Body by Henry Gray. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Anatomy_of_the_Human_Body_by_Henry_Gray

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G