Abnormal Development - Polio Virus

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Introduction

WHO - Polio Eradication Initiative

Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious viral disease, affecting only humans of any age, but mainly children under the age of 3 (> 50% cases). There are three types (type 1, type 2, and type 3) of wild poliovirus which can invade the nervous system and can cause total paralysis in several hours. In areas with either poor hygiene or sanitation, infants are infected early in life, acquiring active immunity while still protected by maternal antibodies. Other infants who miss early contact with the virus become susceptible to infection as maternal antibodies fall.


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Historic Embryology - Viral 
1941 Rubella Cataracts | 1944 Rubella Defects

Some Recent Findings

  • Confirmed international spread of wild poliovirus from Pakistan. "Wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) genetically linked to virus currently circulating in Pakistan has been isolated in China. Pakistan is affected by nationwide transmission of WPV1, and is the location of the only wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3) case in Asia in 2011 (a strain on the verge of elimination on the continent). As at 13 September 2011, Pakistan had reported 84 cases, compared to 48 cases for the same period in 2010." WHO - Global Alert and Response
  • American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases - Poliovirus[1] "Despite marked progress in global polio eradication, the threat of polio importation into the United States remains; therefore, all children should be protected against the disease." (More? Recommendations)
  • A statistical model of the international spread of wild poliovirus in Africa used to predict and prevent outbreaks.[2] "Outbreaks of poliomyelitis resulted primarily from continued transmission in Nigeria and the poor immunisation status of populations in neighbouring countries. From 1 January 2010 to 30 June 2011, reduced transmission in Nigeria and increased incidence in reinfected countries in west and central Africa have changed the geographical risk of polio outbreaks, and will require careful immunisation planning to limit onward spread."

Polio Infection

"Iron Lung" used by polio patients unable to breathe.

This enterovirus enters the body through the mouth and multiplies in the intestine. Initial symptoms are fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck and pain in the limbs.

Irreversible paralysis (mainly legs) occurs in 1 in 200 infections. Amongst those paralysed, 5%-10% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized. Although polio paralysis is the most visible sign of polio infection, fewer than 1% of polio infections ever result in paralysis. Poliovirus can spread widely before cases of paralysis are seen. As most people infected with poliovirus have no signs of illness, they are never aware they have been infected. After initial infection with poliovirus, the virus is shed intermittently in faeces (excrement) for several weeks. During that time, polio can spread rapidly through the community.

(text modified from - Polio Eradication Organization)

History

  • 1916 An epidemic of polio in New York heightens concern on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean and accelerates research into how the disease is spread.
  • 1931 Sir Macfarlane Burnet and Dame Jean MacNamara identify several types of poliovirus, known as Types 1, 2, and 3.
  • 1955 Dr. Jonas Salk develops the first vaccine against polio, an inactivated and injectable polio vaccine.
  • 1961 Dr. Albert Sabin develops a "live" oral vaccine against polio.
Links: Polio Eradication Organization - History

Vaccine

Two types of polio vaccine:

  1. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) - given as an injection (polio virus used in vaccine is killed).
  2. Live oral polio vaccine (OPV) - a liquid that is swallowed (virus used in vaccine is attenuated or weakened).

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases

Poliovirus Recommendations[1]

"Despite marked progress in global polio eradication, the threat of polio importation into the United States remains; therefore, all children should be protected against the disease."
  • standard schedule for poliovirus immunization remains 4 doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine at 2, 4, and 6 through 18 months and 4 through 6 years of age.
  • minimum interval between doses 1 and 2 and between doses 2 and 3 is 4 weeks
  • minimum interval between doses 3 and 4 is 6 months.
  • minimum age for dose 1 is 6 weeks.
    • Minimal age and intervals should be used when there is imminent threat of exposure, such as travel to an area in which polio is endemic or epidemic.
  • final dose in the inactivated poliovirus vaccine series should be administered at 4 through 6 years of age, regardless of the previous number of doses administered before the fourth birthday, and at least 6 months since the last dose was received.

Polio Reports

September 2011

Confirmed international spread of wild poliovirus from Pakistan.

"Wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) genetically linked to virus currently circulating in Pakistan has been isolated in China. Pakistan is affected by nationwide transmission of WPV1, and is the location of the only wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3) case in Asia in 2011 (a strain on the verge of elimination on the continent). As at 13 September 2011, Pakistan had reported 84 cases, compared to 48 cases for the same period in 2010."


Links: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2011_09_20/en/index.html

June 2006

Report of polio outbreak in Namibia national health authorities are preparing a response to an outbreak of wild poliovirus in Namibia, polio-free since 1996.

May 2005

Report of polio outbreak in Indonesia Indonesia has not had a wild poliovirus case since 1995, which suggests recent introduction of a wild poliovirus form an overseas source. Global polio cases 1267 for 2004 (as of week 26 April 2005): Nigeria (792) India (136) Pakistan (53) Niger (25) Afghanistan (4) Egypt (1) (Polio Eradication Org 04 May 2005) (More? Polio Eradication Initiative)

Countries

  • Endemic countries - have never stopped transmission of wild poliovirus. (Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, Pakistan)
  • Countries with re-established transmission - have active and persistent poliovirus transmission of more than 12 months following an importation. (Angola, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo)
  • Countries with imported poliovirus - are experiencing ongoing outbreaks following an importation.(China, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Nepal, Niger)


Links: polio eradication org - Infected countries

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 <pubmed>21949143</pubmed>| Pediatrics
  2. <pubmed>22028632</pubmed>

Reviews

<pubmed>21604984</pubmed> <pubmed>21311582</pubmed> <pubmed>20602069</pubmed> <pubmed>20531338</pubmed> <pubmed>20519938</pubmed> <pubmed>19545205</pubmed> <pubmed>19579713</pubmed> <pubmed>10761505</pubmed>

Articles

<pubmed>22003403</pubmed><pubmed>21994791</pubmed><pubmed>21904594</pubmed><pubmed>21832977</pubmed><pubmed>21779168</pubmed><pubmed>21716199</pubmed>

Search Pubmed

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  • Global Polio Eradication Initiative "The goal of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative is to ensure that no child will ever again know the crippling effects of polio. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative is the largest public health initiative the world has ever known."
  • UNICEF - Polio Info


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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Abnormal Development - Polio Virus. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Abnormal_Development_-_Polio_Virus

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