Abnormal Development - Polio Virus: Difference between revisions
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* '''1961''' Dr. Albert Sabin develops a "live" oral vaccine against polio. | * '''1961''' Dr. Albert Sabin develops a "live" oral vaccine against polio. | ||
:'''Links:''' [http://www.polioeradication.org/history.asp Polio Eradication Organization - History] | :'''Links:''' [http://www.polioeradication.org/history.asp Polio Eradication Organization - History] | ||
==Vaccine==Two types of polio vaccine: # Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) - given as an injection (polio virus used in vaccine is killed). # Live oral polio vaccine (OPV) - a liquid that is swallowed (virus used in vaccine is attenuated or weakened). | ==Vaccine== | ||
Two types of polio vaccine: | |||
# Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) - given as an injection (polio virus used in vaccine is killed). | |||
# Live oral polio vaccine (OPV) - a liquid that is swallowed (virus used in vaccine is attenuated or weakened). | |||
==Polio Reports== | ==Polio Reports== | ||
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Report of polio outbreak in Indonesia Indonesia has not had a wild poliovirus case since 1995, which suggests recent introduction of a wild poliovirus form an overseas source. Global polio cases 1267 for 2004 (as of week 26 April 2005): Nigeria (792) India (136) Pakistan (53) Niger (25) Afghanistan (4) Egypt (1) (Polio Eradication Org 04 May 2005) (More? Polio Eradication Initiative) | Report of polio outbreak in Indonesia Indonesia has not had a wild poliovirus case since 1995, which suggests recent introduction of a wild poliovirus form an overseas source. Global polio cases 1267 for 2004 (as of week 26 April 2005): Nigeria (792) India (136) Pakistan (53) Niger (25) Afghanistan (4) Egypt (1) (Polio Eradication Org 04 May 2005) (More? Polio Eradication Initiative) | ||
=== | ===Countries=== | ||
* '''Endemic countries''' - have never stopped transmission of wild poliovirus. (Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, Pakistan) | |||
* '''Countries with re-established transmission''' - have active and persistent poliovirus transmission of more than 12 months following an importation. (Angola, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo) | |||
* '''Countries with imported poliovirus''' - are experiencing ongoing outbreaks following an importation.(China, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Nepal, Niger) | |||
:Links: [http://www.polioeradication.org/Infectedcountries.aspx polio eradication org - Infected countries] | :Links: [http://www.polioeradication.org/Infectedcountries.aspx polio eradication org - Infected countries] | ||
Revision as of 11:29, 1 November 2011
Introduction
Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious viral disease, affecting only humans of any age, but mainly children under the age of 3 (> 50% cases). There are three types (type 1, type 2, and type 3) of wild poliovirus which can invade the nervous system and can cause total paralysis in several hours. In areas with either poor hygiene or sanitation, infants are infected early in life, acquiring active immunity while still protected by maternal antibodies. Other infants who miss early contact with the virus become susceptible to infection as maternal antibodies fall.
Some Recent Findings
Polio Infection
This enterovirus enters the body through the mouth and multiplies in the intestine. Initial symptoms are fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck and pain in the limbs.
Irreversible paralysis (mainly legs) occurs in 1 in 200 infections. Amongst those paralysed, 5%-10% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized. Although polio paralysis is the most visible sign of polio infection, fewer than 1% of polio infections ever result in paralysis. Poliovirus can spread widely before cases of paralysis are seen. As most people infected with poliovirus have no signs of illness, they are never aware they have been infected. After initial infection with poliovirus, the virus is shed intermittently in faeces (excrement) for several weeks. During that time, polio can spread rapidly through the community.
(text modified from - Polio Eradication Organization)
==History==* 1916 An epidemic of polio in New York heightens concern on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean and accelerates research into how the disease is spread.
- 1931 Sir Macfarlane Burnet and Dame Jean MacNamara identify several types of poliovirus, known as Types 1, 2, and 3.
- 1955 Dr. Jonas Salk develops the first vaccine against polio, an inactivated and injectable polio vaccine.
- 1961 Dr. Albert Sabin develops a "live" oral vaccine against polio.
Vaccine
Two types of polio vaccine:
- Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) - given as an injection (polio virus used in vaccine is killed).
- Live oral polio vaccine (OPV) - a liquid that is swallowed (virus used in vaccine is attenuated or weakened).
Polio Reports
June 2006
Report of polio outbreak in Namibia national health authorities are preparing a response to an outbreak of wild poliovirus in Namibia, polio-free since 1996.
May 2005
Report of polio outbreak in Indonesia Indonesia has not had a wild poliovirus case since 1995, which suggests recent introduction of a wild poliovirus form an overseas source. Global polio cases 1267 for 2004 (as of week 26 April 2005): Nigeria (792) India (136) Pakistan (53) Niger (25) Afghanistan (4) Egypt (1) (Polio Eradication Org 04 May 2005) (More? Polio Eradication Initiative)
Countries
- Endemic countries - have never stopped transmission of wild poliovirus. (Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, Pakistan)
- Countries with re-established transmission - have active and persistent poliovirus transmission of more than 12 months following an importation. (Angola, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo)
- Countries with imported poliovirus - are experiencing ongoing outbreaks following an importation.(China, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Nepal, Niger)
References
Reviews
Articles
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- Global Polio Eradication Initiative "The goal of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative is to ensure that no child will ever again know the crippling effects of polio. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative is the largest public health initiative the world has ever known."
- UNICEF - Polio Info
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Abnormal Development - Polio Virus. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Abnormal_Development_-_Polio_Virus
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G