Abnormal Development - Malaria: Difference between revisions

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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
[[File:Malaria_plasmodium_falciparum.jpg‎|thumb|Malaria (''plasmodium falciparum'')]]
[[File:Malaria_plasmodium_falciparum.jpg‎|thumb|Malaria (''plasmodium falciparum'')]]
About 10,000 women and 200,000 babies die annually because of malaria in pregnancy, which can cause miscarriages, preterm births, and low-birth-weight births.<ref><pubmed>20126256</pubmed></ref> There are four types of malaria caused by the protozoan parasite ''Plasmodium falciparum'' (main), ''Plasmodium vivax'', ''Plasmodium ovale'', ''Plasmodium malariae''. Placental infection is common in regions where malaria is endemic with women carrying their first pregnancy (primigravida).
About 10,000 women and 200,000 babies die annually because of malaria in pregnancy, which can cause miscarriages, preterm births, and low-birth-weight births.<ref><pubmed>20126256</pubmed></ref> There are about 156 species of Plasmodium which infect different vertebrate species. In humans there are four types of malaria caused by the protozoan parasite ''Plasmodium falciparum'' (main), ''Plasmodium vivax'', ''Plasmodium ovale'', ''Plasmodium malariae''.  
 
Placental infection is common in regions where malaria is endemic with women carrying their first pregnancy (primigravida).
 
 
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| [[File:Malaria global limits 2007.jpg|600px|]]
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Revision as of 23:32, 7 June 2012

Introduction

Malaria (plasmodium falciparum)

About 10,000 women and 200,000 babies die annually because of malaria in pregnancy, which can cause miscarriages, preterm births, and low-birth-weight births.[1] There are about 156 species of Plasmodium which infect different vertebrate species. In humans there are four types of malaria caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum (main), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae.

Placental infection is common in regions where malaria is endemic with women carrying their first pregnancy (primigravida).


Malaria global limits 2007.jpg
Global limits and endemicity of P. falciparum in 2007
Environmental Links: Introduction | low folic acid | iodine deficiency | Nutrition | Drugs | Australian Drug Categories | USA Drug Categories | thalidomide | herbal drugs | Illegal Drugs | smoking | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | TORCH | viral infection | bacterial infection | fungal infection | zoonotic infection | toxoplasmosis | Malaria | maternal diabetes | maternal hypertension | maternal hyperthermia | Maternal Inflammation | Maternal Obesity | hypoxia | biological toxins | chemicals | heavy metals | air pollution | radiation | Prenatal Diagnosis | Neonatal Diagnosis | International Classification of Diseases | Fetal Origins Hypothesis

| Placenta - Abnormalities

Some Recent Findings

  • Plasmodium vivax malaria[2] "Up to 40% of the world's population is at risk for Plasmodium vivax malaria, a disease that imposes a major public health and economic burden on endemic countries. Because P. vivax produces latent liver forms, eradication of P. vivax malaria is more challenging than it is for P. falciparum."

Placental Malaria

Pregnant women have an increased susceptibility to malaria infection. Malarial infection of the placenta by sequestration of the infected red blood cells leading to low birth weight and other effects.

Placental volume - second trimester[3]
  • Several infective agents may cross into the placenta from the maternal circulation, as well as enter the embryo/fetal circulation. \
  • Pregnant women have an increased susceptibility to malaria infection.
  • Malarial infection of the placenta by sequestration of the infected red blood cells leading to low birth weight and other effects.

References: Beeson JG, Duffy PE. The immunology and pathogenesis of malaria during pregnancy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2005;297:187-227. | Brabin BJ, Romagosa C, Abdelgalil S, Menendez C, Verhoeff FH, McGready R, Fletcher KA, Owens S, D'Alessandro U, Nosten F, Fischer PR, Ordi J. The sick placenta-the role of malaria. Placenta. 2004 May;25(5):359-78.

Links: Brown University - Maternal Malaria | CDC - Malaria

References

  1. ↑ <pubmed>20126256</pubmed>
  2. ↑ <pubmed>20386602</pubmed>
  3. ↑ <pubmed>22222152</pubmed>| Malar J.


Bookshelf

Bioinformatics in Tropical Disease Research: A Practical and Case-Study Approach Gruber, Arthur; Durham, Alan M.; Huynh, Chuong; del Portillo, Hernando A., editors Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), NCBI; 2008 Control of Gene Expression in Plasmodium

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  • CDC Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria Malaria

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 16) Embryology Abnormal Development - Malaria. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Abnormal_Development_-_Malaria

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