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* '''Experimental Malaria in Pregnancy Induces Neurocognitive Injury in Uninfected Offspring via a C5a-C5a Receptor Dependent Pathway'''{{#pmid:26402732|PMID26402732}} "The in utero environment profoundly impacts childhood neurodevelopment and behaviour. A substantial proportion of pregnancies in Africa are at risk of malaria in pregnancy (MIP) however the impact of in utero exposure to MIP on fetal neurodevelopment is unknown. Complement activation, in particular C5a, may contribute to neuropathology and adverse outcomes during MIP. We used an experimental model of MIP and standardized neurocognitive testing, MRI, micro-CT and HPLC analysis of neurotransmitter levels, to test the hypothesis that in utero exposure to malaria alters neurodevelopment through a C5a-C5aR dependent pathway. We show that malaria-exposed offspring have persistent neurocognitive deficits in memory and affective-like behaviour compared to unexposed controls. These deficits were associated with reduced regional brain levels of major biogenic amines and BDNF that were rescued by disruption of C5a-C5aR signaling using genetic and functional approaches. Our results demonstrate that experimental MIP induces neurocognitive deficits in offspring and suggest novel targets for intervention." | * '''Experimental Malaria in Pregnancy Induces Neurocognitive Injury in Uninfected Offspring via a C5a-C5a Receptor Dependent Pathway'''{{#pmid:26402732|PMID26402732}} "The in utero environment profoundly impacts childhood neurodevelopment and behaviour. A substantial proportion of pregnancies in Africa are at risk of malaria in pregnancy (MIP) however the impact of in utero exposure to MIP on fetal neurodevelopment is unknown. Complement activation, in particular C5a, may contribute to neuropathology and adverse outcomes during MIP. We used an experimental model of MIP and standardized neurocognitive testing, MRI, micro-CT and HPLC analysis of neurotransmitter levels, to test the hypothesis that in utero exposure to malaria alters neurodevelopment through a C5a-C5aR dependent pathway. We show that malaria-exposed offspring have persistent neurocognitive deficits in memory and affective-like behaviour compared to unexposed controls. These deficits were associated with reduced regional brain levels of major biogenic amines and BDNF that were rescued by disruption of C5a-C5aR signaling using genetic and functional approaches. Our results demonstrate that experimental MIP induces neurocognitive deficits in offspring and suggest novel targets for intervention." | ||
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Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Maternal+Malaria ''Maternal Malaria''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Placental+Malaria ''Placental Malaria''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fetal+Malaria ''Fetal Malaria''] | |||
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* '''Does malaria affect placental development? Evidence from in vitro models'''{{#pmid:23383132|PMID23383132}} "Malaria in early pregnancy is difficult to study but has recently been associated with fetal growth restriction (FGR). ...We demonstrate that in vitro models of placental development can be adapted to indirectly study the impact of malaria in early pregnancy. These infections could result in impaired trophoblast invasion with reduced transformation of maternal spiral arteries due to maternal hormonal and inflammatory disturbances, which may contribute to FGR by limiting the delivery of maternal blood to the placenta. Future prevention strategies for malaria in pregnancy should include protection in the first half of pregnancy." | |||
* '''Ultrasound evidence of early fetal growth restriction after maternal malaria infection'''{{#pmid:22347473|PMID22347473}} "Despite early treatment in all positive women, one or more (a)symptomatic P.falciparum or P.vivax malaria infections in the first half of pregnancy result in a smaller than expected mid-trimester fetal head diameter. Strategies to prevent malaria in pregnancy should include early pregnancy." | |||
* '''Plasmodium vivax malaria'''{{#pmid:20386602|PMID20386602}} "Up to 40% of the world's population is at risk for Plasmodium vivax malaria, a disease that imposes a major public health and economic burden on endemic countries. Because P. vivax produces latent liver forms, eradication of P. vivax malaria is more challenging than it is for P. falciparum." | |||
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==Mosquito Lifecycle== | ==Mosquito Lifecycle== |
Revision as of 22:02, 1 June 2019
Embryology - 25 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
About 10,000 women and 200,000 babies die annually because of malaria in pregnancy, which can cause miscarriages, preterm births, and low-birth-weight births.[1] There are about 156 species of Plasmodium which infect different vertebrate species. In humans there are four types of malaria caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum (main), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae.
These malarial parasites are carried by the female mosquito (anopheles species) and about 100 different species can transmit human malaria. When an infected mosquito bites a human, the parasites can enter the bloodstream and travel for about an hour before entering the liver and then multiplying. Between 6 to 16 days (depending on the species), the parasites reenter the bloodstream to invade and multiply inside red blood cells (RBCs). These infected RBCs rupture and released more parasites that infect and destroy further RBCs.
Placental infection is common in regions where malaria is endemic with women carrying their first pregnancy (primigravida). (More? Placenta - Abnormalities)
Global limits and endemicity of P. falciparum in 2007 |
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Maternal Malaria | Placental Malaria | Fetal Malaria |
Older papers |
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These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.
See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.
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Mosquito Lifecycle
Placental Malaria
Pregnant women have an increased susceptibility to malaria infection. Malarial infection of the placenta by sequestration of the infected red blood cells leading to low birth weight and other effects.
- Several infective agents may cross into the placenta from the maternal circulation, as well as enter the embryo/fetal circulation.
- Pregnant women have an increased susceptibility to malaria infection.
- Malarial infection of the placenta by sequestration of the infected red blood cells leading to low birth weight and other effects.
Mouse Model
Mouse E18 neurovasculature MicroCT[2]
References
- ↑ Dellicour S, Tatem AJ, Guerra CA, Snow RW & ter Kuile FO. (2010). Quantifying the number of pregnancies at risk of malaria in 2007: a demographic study. PLoS Med. , 7, e1000221. PMID: 20126256 DOI.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 McDonald CR, Cahill LS, Ho KT, Yang J, Kim H, Silver KL, Ward PA, Mount HT, Liles WC, Sled JG & Kain KC. (2015). Experimental Malaria in Pregnancy Induces Neurocognitive Injury in Uninfected Offspring via a C5a-C5a Receptor Dependent Pathway. PLoS Pathog. , 11, e1005140. PMID: 26402732 DOI.
- ↑ Umbers AJ, Stanisic DI, Ome M, Wangnapi R, Hanieh S, Unger HW, Robinson LJ, Lufele E, Baiwog F, Siba PM, King CL, Beeson JG, Mueller I, Aplin JD, Glazier JD & Rogerson SJ. (2013). Does malaria affect placental development? Evidence from in vitro models. PLoS ONE , 8, e55269. PMID: 23383132 DOI.
- ↑ Rijken MJ, Papageorghiou AT, Thiptharakun S, Kiricharoen S, Dwell SL, Wiladphaingern J, Pimanpanarak M, Kennedy SH, Nosten F & McGready R. (2012). Ultrasound evidence of early fetal growth restriction after maternal malaria infection. PLoS ONE , 7, e31411. PMID: 22347473 DOI.
- ↑ Westenberger SJ, McClean CM, Chattopadhyay R, Dharia NV, Carlton JM, Barnwell JW, Collins WE, Hoffman SL, Zhou Y, Vinetz JM & Winzeler EA. (2010). A systems-based analysis of Plasmodium vivax lifecycle transcription from human to mosquito. PLoS Negl Trop Dis , 4, e653. PMID: 20386602 DOI.
- ↑ Rijken MJ, Moroski WE, Kiricharoen S, Karunkonkowit N, Stevenson G, Ohuma EO, Noble JA, Kennedy SH, McGready R, Papageorghiou AT & Nosten FH. (2012). Effect of malaria on placental volume measured using three-dimensional ultrasound: a pilot study. Malar. J. , 11, 5. PMID: 22222152 DOI.
Books
- Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. 3rd edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK294440/
- Bioinformatics in Tropical Disease Research: A Practical and Case-Study Approach Gruber, Arthur; Durham, Alan M.; Huynh, Chuong; del Portillo, Hernando A., editors Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), NCBI; 2008 Control of Gene Expression in Plasmodium
Reviews
Ataíde R, Mayor A & Rogerson SJ. (2014). Malaria, primigravidae, and antibodies: knowledge gained and future perspectives. Trends Parasitol. , 30, 85-94. PMID: 24388420 DOI.
Rogerson SJ, Mwapasa V & Meshnick SR. (2007). Malaria in pregnancy: linking immunity and pathogenesis to prevention. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , 77, 14-22. PMID: 18165470
Rogerson SJ, Hviid L, Duffy PE, Leke RF & Taylor DW. (2007). Malaria in pregnancy: pathogenesis and immunity. Lancet Infect Dis , 7, 105-17. PMID: 17251081 DOI.
Beeson JG & Duffy PE. (2005). The immunology and pathogenesis of malaria during pregnancy. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. , 297, 187-227. PMID: 16265906
Articles
Search PubMed
Search Pubmed: Placental Malaria
External Links
External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.
- CDC Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria Malaria
- Toronto General Hospital/Research Institute Kevin Kain
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 25) Embryology Abnormal Development - Malaria. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Abnormal_Development_-_Malaria
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G