Abnormal Development - Iodine Deficiency: Difference between revisions
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* [http://www.healthyeating.org/ Healthy Eating, Healthy Living] | * [http://www.healthyeating.org/ Healthy Eating, Healthy Living] | ||
* [http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/nutrition/Index.htm AIS Sport Nutrition] - information from the Australian Institute of Sport. Supplies nutrition research, a question-and-answer section, publications, and other resources. | * [http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/nutrition/Index.htm AIS Sport Nutrition] - information from the Australian Institute of Sport. Supplies nutrition research, a question-and-answer section, publications, and other resources. | ||
* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/AIB750 America's Eating Habits] - a report from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's economic research service. Covers dietary recommendations, health claims in food advertising, reality about cholesterol, and various other topics. | * [http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/AIB750 America's Eating Habits] - a report from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's economic research service. Covers dietary recommendations, health claims in food advertising, reality about cholesterol, and various other topics. | ||
* [http://www.nutrition.org.uk/ British Nutrition Foundation] - an organization that works with academic, private, and public groups on nutrition. Includes nutrition education, facts, news, and publications. | * [http://www.nutrition.org.uk/ British Nutrition Foundation] - an organization that works with academic, private, and public groups on nutrition. Includes nutrition education, facts, news, and publications. | ||
* [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/ Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition] - a repository of links relevant to all manner of food issues, including food safety. Emphasizes FDA regulations and related research programs. | * [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/ Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition] - a repository of links relevant to all manner of food issues, including food safety. Emphasizes FDA regulations and related research programs. | ||
* USA Office of Dietary Supplements [http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional Iodine] | |||
* [http://www.nutrition.gov/ Nutrition.gov] - a collection of information and links to other sites on food safety, food programs, and federally funded research centers. | * [http://www.nutrition.gov/ Nutrition.gov] - a collection of information and links to other sites on food safety, food programs, and federally funded research centers. | ||
* [http://www.nutrition.org/ Nutrition.org] - site of the American Society for Nutritional Sciences. Features an encyclopedia that summarizes food sources, diet recommendations, and deficiencies for a number of macro- and micronutrients. | * [http://www.nutrition.org/ Nutrition.org] - site of the American Society for Nutritional Sciences. Features an encyclopedia that summarizes food sources, diet recommendations, and deficiencies for a number of macro- and micronutrients. | ||
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* [http://www.nationaldairycouncil.org/ National Dairy Council] | * [http://www.nationaldairycouncil.org/ National Dairy Council] | ||
* [http://www.nutritionexplorations.org/ Nutrition Explorations] | * [http://www.nutritionexplorations.org/ Nutrition Explorations] | ||
** [http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/food/food-pyramid/main.htm The Food Guide Pyramid] | ** [http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/food/food-pyramid/main.htm The Food Guide Pyramid] | ||
==Terms== | ==Terms== |
Revision as of 16:07, 1 July 2011
Introduction
Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) is the single most common cause of preventable mental retardation and brain damage in the world. Iodine (Greek, ioeides = violet) is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone, a key regulator of neurological development. IDD causes goiters and decreases the production of hormones vital to growth and development.
- 1.6 billion people are at risk
- IDD affects 50 million children
- 100,000 cretins are born every year
Children with IDD can grow up stunted, apathetic, mentally retarded and incapable of normal movement, speech or hearing. IDD in pregnant women cause miscarriage, stillbirth and mentally retarded children. A teaspoon of iodine is all a person requires in a lifetime, but because iodine cannot be stored for long periods by the body, tiny amounts are needed regularly. In areas of endemic iodine deficiency, where soil and therefore crops and grazing animals do not provide sufficient dietary iodine to the populace, food fortification and supplementation have proven highly successful and sustainable interventions. Iodized salt programs and iodized oil supplements are the most common tools in the fight against IDD.
In Australia, salt (where identified) and most breads (except organic varieties) are fortified with iodine.
- Iodine Links: Endocrine - Thyroid Development | Neural System Development | Neural System - Abnormalities
Some Recent Findings
|
Iodine and Thyroid Hormone
Iodine incorporated into thyroid horomone, Thyroxine (T4)
Salt
Where salt iodization has been in place for over five years, improvement in iodine status has been overwhelming.Over the last decade, the number of countries with salt iodization programmes doubled, rising from 46 to 93. As a result, today 68% of the 5 billion people living in countries with IDD have access to iodized salt and the global rates of goitre, mental retardation and cretinism are falling fast.
(some text information from WHO page)
Iodine Requirements
The current WHO recommended daily iodine intakes are:
- 50 micrograms for infants (first 12 months of age)
- 90 micrograms for children (2-6 years of age)
- 120 micrograms for school children (7-12 years of age)
- 150 micrograms for adults (beyond 12 years of age)
- 200 micrograms for pregnant and lactating women
- Links: WHO - Micronutrient deficiencies Eliminating iodine deficiency disorders | WHO - Iodine data by country
I - Iodine
This information is about Iodine the element, dietry intake is in the form of iodine as a salt. The solid halogen was discovered in 1811 by Bernard Courtois (1777-1838) in seaweed. Iodine (Greek, ioeides = violet) was named for the color of its vapour.
- Atomic number 53
- Density g/mL 4.92
- Atomic weight u 126.9045
- Melting point K 386.7
- Bonding radius A 1.33
- Boiling point K 458.4
- Atomic radius A 1.32
- Heat of vaporization kJ/mol 20.752
- Ionization Potential V 10.451
- Heat of fusion kJ/mol 7.824
- Electronegativity - 2.66
- Specific heat J/gK 0.214
- The oxide is a strong acid.
- Crystal are orthorhombic.
- Iodine has been used for its antibacterial qualities.
Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH)
This condition is not caused by iodine defficiency. Defined as thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth and occurs in approximately 1:2,000 to 1:4,000 newborns.[3] The condition is classified into permanent and transient forms that can be divided into primary, secondary, or peripheral etiologies.
- thyroid dysgenesis accounts for 85% of permanent primary
- inborn errors of thyroid hormone biosynthesis (dyshormonogeneses) account for 10-15% of cases
Australian Data
(from IDD Prevalence and Control Program Data)
(For other countries see also IDD Regional Data Page)
IDD Prevalence and Control Program Data
Last Modified: 6/98
Australia
I. IDD Prevalence
Goitre:
No national IDD data. Goiter historically limited to mountains of east and Tasmania. Before prophylaxis was introduced in 1950, IDD was greater than 50%. Presently, IDD not likely.
Cretinism:
Not present
TSH:
Neonatal TSH in screening shows levels compatible with iodine sufficiency, including Tasmania.
Urinary Iodine:
Current values: Tasmania 229-356 mcg/L, Sydney 180 mcg/L.
II. Salt Legislation
- Legislation:
- Legislation for Animals: No legislation, but widely used.
- Level Salt Iodization Required (ppm): 50
- Compound: KI
- Year Enacted: NA
- Latest Revision: NA
III. IDD Coordination
IDD Responsible Parties:
No national surveillance program
IV. Salt Supply
- Is Iodized Salt Available: Yes
- Percent Iodized Salt Available: No Data Available
- Percent of Salt Which is Imported:Australia is salt exporter
- Salt Imported from: NA
- Salt Production:
Iodized table salt has been available for over 50 years. However, noniodized salt is preferred and data indicate that less than a third of the consumed salt is iodized.
- Iodine (ppm): 50
- Compound: KI
- Method of Iodization: No Data Available
- Package Method: No Data Available
- Estimated daily per capita salt consumption: No Data Available
- Estimated % of all salt consumed by people which is adequately iodized (household level): No Data Available
- Cost of Iodized Salt (kg): No Data Available
- Cost of Uniodized Salt (kg): No Data Available
- Year: No Data Available
- Price differential between city and rural areas: No Data Available
- Estimated difference (urban/rural, %): No Data Available
- Time between production and consumption of iodized salt in remote areas (weeks): No Data Available
V. Supplementation:
- Total Number Supplemented:None
- % administered orally: NA
- % administered by injection: None
- Target Population: None.
- Other Supplementation Activities:
Iodized bread was introduced in 1963 in Canberra and in 1966 in Tasmania. It continues to be a source of iodine.
VI. Monitoring Activities
The following indicators are available to monitor IDD:
- Goitre:
- Urinary Iodine:
- Salt:
VII. Comments
Dietary diversification and use of iodine in farm animals has contributed to iodine sufficiency, and iodine deficiency does not appear a current problem. However, no national surveillance system exists. Recent informal reports raise questions of return of iodine deficiency to Tasmania and assessment is underway (1998).
VIII. Sources
IDD NL 9(1):11, 1993
- Links: Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code STANDARD 2.10.2 SALT AND SALT PRODUCTS
References
Reviews
<pubmed>20172478</pubmed> <pubmed>20172476</pubmed> <pubmed>20172475</pubmed>
Articles
<pubmed>20810570</pubmed> <pubmed>20709857</pubmed>
Search Pubmed
December 2010 "Iodine Deficiency" All (4245) Review (662) Free Full Text (735)
Search Pubmed: Iodine Deficiency | Iodine Deficiency Disorder
External Links
External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.
- World Health Organization - Micronutrient deficiencies Eliminating iodine deficiency disorders
- World Health Organization - Iodine data by country
- Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach. Nussey, S.S. and Whitehead, S.A. Oxford, UK: BIOS Scientific Publishers, Ltd; 2001.Iodine intake
- Australian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics
- Australian Nutrition Foundation
- CSIRO Human Nutrition
- Food, Nutrition & Health Information - Centre for Advanced Food Research
- Foodwatch
- Healthy Eating, Healthy Living
- AIS Sport Nutrition - information from the Australian Institute of Sport. Supplies nutrition research, a question-and-answer section, publications, and other resources.
- America's Eating Habits - a report from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's economic research service. Covers dietary recommendations, health claims in food advertising, reality about cholesterol, and various other topics.
- British Nutrition Foundation - an organization that works with academic, private, and public groups on nutrition. Includes nutrition education, facts, news, and publications.
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition - a repository of links relevant to all manner of food issues, including food safety. Emphasizes FDA regulations and related research programs.
- USA Office of Dietary Supplements Iodine
- Nutrition.gov - a collection of information and links to other sites on food safety, food programs, and federally funded research centers.
- Nutrition.org - site of the American Society for Nutritional Sciences. Features an encyclopedia that summarizes food sources, diet recommendations, and deficiencies for a number of macro- and micronutrients.
- Nutrition Navigator - a guide to nutrition websites reviewed and rated by Tufts University nutritionists. Supplies news and sections arranged by topic.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Children's Nutrition Research Center
- Facts about the DASH Diet
- Healthfinder Kids
- Interactive Healthy Eating Index
- National Dairy Council
- Nutrition Explorations
Terms
- IDD - Iodine deficiency disorder
- WHO - World Health Organization
Glossary Links
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 18) Embryology Abnormal Development - Iodine Deficiency. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Abnormal_Development_-_Iodine_Deficiency
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G