Abnormal Development - Gonorrhea: Difference between revisions

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{{External Links}}
{{External Links}}
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004526/ PubMed Health - Gonorrhea]
* '''CDC (USA)'''  
* '''CDC (USA)'''  
** [http://www.cdc.gov/std/STDFact-STDs&Pregnancy.htm CDC Fact Sheet - STD and Pregnancy]
** [http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis.htm CDC Fact Sheet - Syphilis]
** [http://www.cdc.gov/std/Program/ConSyphInstr11-2003.pdf Congenital Syphilis Case Investigation and Reporting Form Instructions PDF]
** Public Health Training Network [http://www.phppo.cdc.gov/phtn/webcast/epv06/default.asp Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases] (viewable Webcasts requires Media Player) | [http://www.cdc.gov/nip/recs/provisional_recs/default.htm Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Recommendations]  
** Public Health Training Network [http://www.phppo.cdc.gov/phtn/webcast/epv06/default.asp Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases] (viewable Webcasts requires Media Player) | [http://www.cdc.gov/nip/recs/provisional_recs/default.htm Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Recommendations]  
* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/syphilis.html Medline Plus]
* Office on Women's Health (USA)  
* Office on Women's Health (USA) [http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/syphilis.cfm Fact Sheet - Syphilis]
* '''Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (UK)''' [http://www.rcog.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=307 Infection and Pregnancy - study group recommendations (Jun 2001)]
* '''Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (UK)''' [http://www.rcog.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=307 Infection and Pregnancy - study group recommendations (Jun 2001)]



Revision as of 15:07, 14 September 2011

Notice - Mark Hill
Currently this page is only a template and will be updated (this notice removed when completed).

Introduction

The spirochete bacteria treponema pallidum, the cause of syphillis.

The variety of bacterial infections that can occur during pregnancy is as variable as the potential developmental effects, from virtually insignificant to major developmental, abortive or fatal in outcome. Some bacteria are common and are part of the normal genital tract flora (Lactobacillus sp), while other bacterial infections are less common or even rare and initially infect/transmit by air or fluids through the different epithelia (genital tract, lungs, gastrointestinal tract). The genitally transmitted common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are the bacterial infections described as syphilis and gonorrhoea. (STDs)

Bacterial Links: bacterial infection | syphilis | gonorrhea | tuberculosis | listeria | salmonella | TORCH | Environmental | Category:Bacteria
Environmental Links: Introduction | low folic acid | iodine deficiency | Nutrition | Drugs | Australian Drug Categories | USA Drug Categories | thalidomide | herbal drugs | Illegal Drugs | smoking | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | TORCH | viral infection | bacterial infection | fungal infection | zoonotic infection | toxoplasmosis | Malaria | maternal diabetes | maternal hypertension | maternal hyperthermia | Maternal Inflammation | Maternal Obesity | hypoxia | biological toxins | chemicals | heavy metals | air pollution | radiation | Prenatal Diagnosis | Neonatal Diagnosis | International Classification of Diseases | Fetal Origins Hypothesis

Some Recent Findings

Neisseria Gonorrhea

Neisseria-gonorrhoeae.jpg
Neisseria Gonorrhea, arrowed within a cell (diplococci) and extracellular (pleomorphic) (Image CDC)
The gram-negative bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the disease Gonorrhea which is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Maternal infection increases the risk of premature birth and ophthalmia neonatorum (infantile purulent conjunctivitis).

Nowicki S, Selvarangan R, Anderson G. Experimental transmission of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from pregnant rat to fetus. Infect Immun. 1999 Sep;67(9):4974-6. "...This study provides the first experimental model that may mimic the transmission of gonococcal infection from mother to the fetus during pregnancy."

Links: CDC (USA) Fact Sheet - Gonorrhea | NCBI Bookshelf Medical Microbiology - Neisseria gonorrhoeae |


Lineage

Gram Stain

Bacterial staining procedure named after Hans Christian Gram (1853 - 1938). Generally divides bacteria into either:

  • Gram-positive bacteria purple crystal violet stain is trapped by layer of peptidoglycan (forms outer layer of the cell).
  • Gram-negative bacteria outer membrane prevents stain from reaching peptidoglycan layer in the periplasm, outer membrane then permeabilized and pink safranin counterstain is trapped by peptidoglycan layer.


Links: Medical Microbiology | American Society for Microbiology

Australian NHMRC Recommendations

The Australian NHMRC (1988) recommends neonates be assessed for follow-up care under the following conditions.

  • Birthweight less than 1500g or gestational age less than 32 weeks
  • Small-for-gestational-age neonates
  • Perinatal asphyxia
  • Apgar score less than 3 at 5 minutes
  • clinical evidence of neurological dysfunction
  • delay in onset of spontaneous respiration for more than 5 minutes and requiring mechanical ventilation
  • Clinical evidence of central nervous system abnormalities ie., seizures, hypotonia
  • Hyperbilirubinaemia of greater than 350umol/l in full term neonates
  • Genetic, dysmorphic or metabolic disorders or a family history of serious genetic disorder
  • Perinatal or serious neonatal infection including children of mothers who are HIV positive
  • Psychosocial problems eg., infants of drug-addicted or alcoholic mothers.


Links: NHMRC WWW Page

References

  1. <pubmed>21501460</pubmed>

Reviews

<pubmed>15356936</pubmed> <pubmed>12844452</pubmed> <pubmed>10816189</pubmed> <pubmed>6293753</pubmed>

Articles

<pubmed>16458647</pubmed> <pubmed>10456962</pubmed>

Search Pubmed

Search NCBI Bookshelf: Medical Microbiology - Syphilis Search

Search PubMed: Abnormal Embryology Syphilis | Abnormal Development Syphilis

External Links

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Abnormal Development - Gonorrhea. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Abnormal_Development_-_Gonorrhea

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G