Abnormal Development - Gonorrhea: Difference between revisions

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<div style="background:#F5FFFA; border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 1em; margin: auto; width: 95%; float:left;"><div style="margin:0;background-color:#cef2e0;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Notice - Mark Hill</div>Currently this page is only a template and will be updated (this notice removed when completed).</div>
{{Header}}
 
{{Educational Warning}}
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
[[Image:Treponema-pallidum.jpg|thumb|The spirochete bacteria ''treponema pallidum'', the cause of syphillis.]]  
[[File:Neisseria-gonorrhoeae.jpg|thumb|The bacteria ''neisseria gonorrhea'', the cause of gonorrhea.]]  
The variety of bacterial infections that can occur during pregnancy is as variable as the potential developmental effects, from virtually insignificant to major developmental, abortive or fatal in outcome. Some bacteria are common and are part of the normal genital tract flora (Lactobacillus sp), while other bacterial infections are less common or even rare and initially infect/transmit by air or fluids through the different epithelia (genital tract, lungs, gastrointestinal tract). The genitally transmitted common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are the bacterial infections described as syphilis and gonorrhoea.
The variety of bacterial infections that can occur during pregnancy is as variable as the potential developmental effects, from virtually insignificant to major developmental, abortive or fatal in outcome. Some bacteria are common and are part of the normal genital tract flora (Lactobacillus sp), while other bacterial infections are less common or even rare and initially infect/transmit by air or fluids through the different epithelia (genital tract, lungs, gastrointestinal tract). The genitally transmitted common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are the bacterial infections described as syphilis and gonorrhoea.
(STDs)  
(STDs)  


:{{Bacterial Links}}
Infection in women can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and salpingitis, scarring of the uterine tubes, that in turn can lead to fertility issues or ectopic pregnancy. Pregnant women with severe gonorrhea can transmit the disease to their developing fetus or during delivery.
 
 
 
{{Bacterial Links}}
 


:{{Template:Environmental}}
{{Environmental}}


==Some Recent Findings==
==Some Recent Findings==
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|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"  
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"  
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|
* <ref><pubmed>21501460</pubmed></ref>
* '''Preventing ophthalmia neonatorum'''<ref name=PMID25838784><pubmed>25838784</pubmed></ref> "The use of silver nitrate as prophylaxis for neonatal ophthalmia was instituted in the late 1800s to prevent the devastating effects of neonatal ocular infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. At that time - during the preantibiotic era - many countries made such prophylaxis mandatory by law. Today, neonatal gonococcal ophthalmia is rare in Canada, but ocular prophylaxis for this condition remains mandatory in some provinces/ territories. Silver nitrate drops are no longer available and erythromycin, the only ophthalmic antibiotic eye ointment currently available for use in newborns, is of questionable efficacy. Ocular prophylaxis is not effective in preventing chlamydial conjunctivitis. Applying medication to the eyes of newborns may result in mild eye irritation and has been perceived by some parents as interfering with mother-infant bonding. Physicians caring for newborns should advocate for rescinding mandatory ocular prophylaxis laws. More effective means of preventing ophthalmia neonatorum include screening all pregnant women for gonorrhea and chlamydia infection, and treatment and follow-up of those found to be infected. Mothers who were not screened should be tested at delivery. Infants of mothers with untreated gonococcal infection at delivery should receive ceftriaxone. Infants exposed to chlamydia at delivery should be followed closely for signs of infection."
*''' Experimental transmission of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from pregnant rat to fetus.'''<ref><pubmed>10456962</pubmed></ref> "...This study provides the first experimental model that may mimic the transmission of gonococcal infection from mother to the fetus during pregnancy."
* '''Maternal self-reported genital tract infections during pregnancy and the risk of selected birth defects'''<ref><pubmed>21319278</pubmed></ref> "We conducted a case-control study of 5913 children identified as controls and 12,158 cases with birth defects from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (1997-2004). Maternal interviews provided data on genital tract infections that occurred from one month before pregnancy through the end of the first trimester. Infections were either grouped together as a single overall exposure or were considered as a subgroup that included chlamydia/gonorrhea/pelvic inflammatory disease. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression with adjustment for potential confounders. Genital tract infections were associated with bilateral renal agenesis/hypoplasia (OR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.11-7.50), cleft lip with or without cleft palate (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.03-2.06), and transverse limb deficiency (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.04-3.26). Chlamydia/gonorrhea/pelvic inflammatory disease was associated with cleft lip only (OR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.39-5.69). These findings were not statistically significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Caution is needed in interpreting these findings due to the possible misclassification of infection, the limited sample size that constrained consideration of the effects of treatment, and the possibility of chance associations. Although these data do not provide strong evidence for an association between genital tract infections and birth defects, additional research on the possible effects of these relatively common infections is needed."
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! More recent papers
|-
| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}
Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pregnancy+Neisseria+Gonorrhea ''Pregnancy Neisseria Gonorrhea'']


<pubmed limit=5>Pregnancy Neisseria Gonorrhea</pubmed>
|}
== Neisseria Gonorrhea ==
== Neisseria Gonorrhea ==


{| class="prettytable"
{| class="prettytable"
| <center>[[Image:Neisseria-gonorrhoeae.jpg]] </center>
| <center>[[File:Neisseria-gonorrhoeae.jpg]] </center>


<center>Neisseria Gonorrhea, arrowed within a cell (diplococci) and extracellular (pleomorphic) (Image CDC) </center>
<center>Neisseria Gonorrhea, arrowed within a cell (diplococci) and extracellular (pleomorphic) (Image CDC) </center>
| The gram-negative bacterium ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'' causes the disease Gonorrhea which is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Maternal infection increases the risk of premature birth and ophthalmia neonatorum (infantile purulent conjunctivitis).  
|  
 
* gram-negative bacterium ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae''  
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10456962 Nowicki S, Selvarangan R, Anderson G.] Experimental transmission of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from pregnant rat to fetus. Infect Immun. 1999 Sep;67(9):4974-6. "...This study provides the first experimental model that may mimic the transmission of gonococcal infection from mother to the fetus during pregnancy."
* causes the disease Gonorrhea  
* a sexually transmitted disease (STD)
* Maternal infection increases the risk of premature birth and ophthalmia neonatorum (infantile purulent conjunctivitis).  
* Genes: 2735; Protein coding: 2668; Length: 2,232,025 nt


:'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome?Db=genome&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=22684 Genome]
|}
|}
'''Links: '''[http://www.cdc.gov/std/Gonorrhea/STDFact-gonorrhea.htm CDC (USA) Fact Sheet - Gonorrhea] | NCBI Bookshelf [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.chapter.870 Medical Microbiology - Neisseria gonorrhoeae] |






===Lineage===
===Lineage===
* Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Neisseriales; Neisseriaceae; Neisseria; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Neisseria gonorrhoeae NCCP11945


== Gram Stain ==
== Gram Stain ==
Bacterial staining procedure named after Hans Christian Gram (1853 - 1938). Generally divides bacteria into either:  
Bacterial staining procedure named after Hans Christian Gram (1853 - 1938).  
 
Generally divides bacteria into either:  


* '''Gram-positive bacteria''' purple crystal violet stain is trapped by layer of peptidoglycan (forms outer layer of the cell).  
* '''Gram-positive bacteria''' purple crystal violet stain is trapped by layer of peptidoglycan (forms outer layer of the cell).  
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:'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mmed.figgrp.296 Medical Microbiology] | [http://www.microbelibrary.org/asmonly/details.asp?id=1988 American Society for Microbiology]
:'''Links:''' [[Histology Stains#Gram Stain|Histology Stains]] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mmed.figgrp.296 Medical Microbiology - Gram stain procedure]


== Australian NHMRC Recommendations ==
==Infection Effects Movie==
'''The Australian NHMRC '''(1988) recommends neonates be assessed for follow-up care under the following conditions.
{|
| <html5media height="620" width="620">File:Cell apoptosis 02.mp4</html5media>
| valign=top|This movie from an experimental ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'' infection of Hela cells ''in vitro''<ref name=PMID19300516><pubmed>19300516</pubmed>[http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1000348 PLoS Pathog.]</ref> shows the cells dying by apoptosis in response to the bacterial infection.  


* Birthweight less than 1500g or gestational age less than 32 weeks
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs normally in many developmental and adult tissues, but can also occur in response to pathogenic infections.
* Small-for-gestational-age neonates
* Perinatal asphyxia
* Apgar score less than 3 at 5 minutes
* clinical evidence of neurological dysfunction
* delay in onset of spontaneous respiration for more than 5 minutes and requiring mechanical ventilation
* Clinical evidence of central nervous system abnormalities ie., seizures, hypotonia
* Hyperbilirubinaemia of greater than 350umol/l in full term neonates
* Genetic, dysmorphic or metabolic disorders or a family history of serious genetic disorder
* Perinatal or serious neonatal infection including children of mothers who are HIV positive
* Psychosocial problems eg., infants of drug-addicted or alcoholic mothers.


Hela cells were cultured in glass-bottom dishes and placed under an Olympus spinning disc microscope and phase contrast pictures of the cells were taken every 10 min upon infection.
{{Hela apoptosis links}}
<br><br>
{{Hela apoptosis movie}}
|}


:'''Links:''' [http://www.health.gov.au/nhmrc/publicat/statemnt/ch32stat.htm NHMRC WWW Page]


==References==
==References==
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=== Reviews ===
=== Reviews ===
   
   
<pubmed>15356936</pubmed>
<pubmed>11249292</pubmed>
<pubmed>12844452</pubmed>
<pubmed>10816189</pubmed>
<pubmed>10816189</pubmed>
<pubmed>8912216</pubmed>
<pubmed>6293753</pubmed>
<pubmed>6293753</pubmed>


=== Articles ===
=== Articles ===


<pubmed>16458647</pubmed>
<pubmed>16901533</pubmed>
<pubmed>16582117</pubmed>
<pubmed>10660818</pubmed>
<pubmed>10456962</pubmed>
<pubmed>10456962</pubmed>


===Search Pubmed===
===Search Pubmed===
'''Search NCBI Bookshelf:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=TOCView&term=Syphilis+AND+mmed%5Bbook%5D Medical Microbiology - Syphilis Search]
'''Search NCBI Bookshelf:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=TOCView&term=Gonorrhea+AND+mmed%5Bbook%5D Medical Microbiology - Gonorrhea Search]


'''Search PubMed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Abnormal%20Embryology%20Syphilis Abnormal Embryology Syphilis] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Abnormal%20Development%20Syphilis Abnormal Development Syphilis]
'''Search PubMed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Congenital%20Gonorrhea Congenital Gonorrhea] |  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Abnormal%20Embryology%20Gonorrhea Abnormal Embryology Gonorrhea] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Abnormal%20Development%20Gonorrhea Abnormal Development Gonorrhea] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Gonorrhea Gonorrhea]


== External Links ==
== External Links ==
{{External Links}}


{{External Links}}
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004526 PubMed Health - Gonorrhea]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004526/ PubMed Health - Gonorrhea]
* '''CDC (USA)'''  
* '''CDC (USA)'''  
** [http://www.cdc.gov/std/Gonorrhea/STDFact-gonorrhea.htm CDC (USA) Fact Sheet - Gonorrhea]
** Public Health Training Network [http://www.phppo.cdc.gov/phtn/webcast/epv06/default.asp Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases] (viewable Webcasts requires Media Player) | [http://www.cdc.gov/nip/recs/provisional_recs/default.htm Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Recommendations]  
** Public Health Training Network [http://www.phppo.cdc.gov/phtn/webcast/epv06/default.asp Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases] (viewable Webcasts requires Media Player) | [http://www.cdc.gov/nip/recs/provisional_recs/default.htm Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Recommendations]  
* Office on Women's Health (USA)  
* Office on Women's Health (USA)  
* '''Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (UK)''' [http://www.rcog.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=307 Infection and Pregnancy - study group recommendations (Jun 2001)]
* '''Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (UK)''' [http://www.rcog.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=307 Infection and Pregnancy - study group recommendations (Jun 2001)]


{{Template:Glossary}}
 
{{Template:Footer}}
 
{{Glossary}}
 
 
{{Footer}}


[[Category:Abnormal Development]] [[Category:Bacteria]] [[Category:Environmental Abnormalities]]
[[Category:Abnormal Development]] [[Category:Bacteria]] [[Category:Environmental Abnormalities]]

Revision as of 12:22, 15 May 2015

Embryology - 29 Mar 2024    Facebook link Pinterest link Twitter link  Expand to Translate  
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Educational Use Only - Embryology is an educational resource for learning concepts in embryological development, no clinical information is provided and content should not be used for any other purpose.

Introduction

The bacteria neisseria gonorrhea, the cause of gonorrhea.

The variety of bacterial infections that can occur during pregnancy is as variable as the potential developmental effects, from virtually insignificant to major developmental, abortive or fatal in outcome. Some bacteria are common and are part of the normal genital tract flora (Lactobacillus sp), while other bacterial infections are less common or even rare and initially infect/transmit by air or fluids through the different epithelia (genital tract, lungs, gastrointestinal tract). The genitally transmitted common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are the bacterial infections described as syphilis and gonorrhoea. (STDs)

Infection in women can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and salpingitis, scarring of the uterine tubes, that in turn can lead to fertility issues or ectopic pregnancy. Pregnant women with severe gonorrhea can transmit the disease to their developing fetus or during delivery.


Bacterial Links: bacterial infection | syphilis | gonorrhea | tuberculosis | listeria | salmonella | TORCH | Environmental | Category:Bacteria


Environmental Links: Introduction | low folic acid | iodine deficiency | Nutrition | Drugs | Australian Drug Categories | USA Drug Categories | thalidomide | herbal drugs | Illegal Drugs | smoking | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | TORCH | viral infection | bacterial infection | fungal infection | zoonotic infection | toxoplasmosis | Malaria | maternal diabetes | maternal hypertension | maternal hyperthermia | Maternal Inflammation | Maternal Obesity | hypoxia | biological toxins | chemicals | heavy metals | air pollution | radiation | Prenatal Diagnosis | Neonatal Diagnosis | International Classification of Diseases | Fetal Origins Hypothesis

Some Recent Findings

  • Preventing ophthalmia neonatorum[1] "The use of silver nitrate as prophylaxis for neonatal ophthalmia was instituted in the late 1800s to prevent the devastating effects of neonatal ocular infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. At that time - during the preantibiotic era - many countries made such prophylaxis mandatory by law. Today, neonatal gonococcal ophthalmia is rare in Canada, but ocular prophylaxis for this condition remains mandatory in some provinces/ territories. Silver nitrate drops are no longer available and erythromycin, the only ophthalmic antibiotic eye ointment currently available for use in newborns, is of questionable efficacy. Ocular prophylaxis is not effective in preventing chlamydial conjunctivitis. Applying medication to the eyes of newborns may result in mild eye irritation and has been perceived by some parents as interfering with mother-infant bonding. Physicians caring for newborns should advocate for rescinding mandatory ocular prophylaxis laws. More effective means of preventing ophthalmia neonatorum include screening all pregnant women for gonorrhea and chlamydia infection, and treatment and follow-up of those found to be infected. Mothers who were not screened should be tested at delivery. Infants of mothers with untreated gonococcal infection at delivery should receive ceftriaxone. Infants exposed to chlamydia at delivery should be followed closely for signs of infection."
  • Experimental transmission of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from pregnant rat to fetus.[2] "...This study provides the first experimental model that may mimic the transmission of gonococcal infection from mother to the fetus during pregnancy."
  • Maternal self-reported genital tract infections during pregnancy and the risk of selected birth defects[3] "We conducted a case-control study of 5913 children identified as controls and 12,158 cases with birth defects from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (1997-2004). Maternal interviews provided data on genital tract infections that occurred from one month before pregnancy through the end of the first trimester. Infections were either grouped together as a single overall exposure or were considered as a subgroup that included chlamydia/gonorrhea/pelvic inflammatory disease. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression with adjustment for potential confounders. Genital tract infections were associated with bilateral renal agenesis/hypoplasia (OR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.11-7.50), cleft lip with or without cleft palate (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.03-2.06), and transverse limb deficiency (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.04-3.26). Chlamydia/gonorrhea/pelvic inflammatory disease was associated with cleft lip only (OR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.39-5.69). These findings were not statistically significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Caution is needed in interpreting these findings due to the possible misclassification of infection, the limited sample size that constrained consideration of the effects of treatment, and the possibility of chance associations. Although these data do not provide strong evidence for an association between genital tract infections and birth defects, additional research on the possible effects of these relatively common infections is needed."
More recent papers
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Search term: Pregnancy Neisseria Gonorrhea

<pubmed limit=5>Pregnancy Neisseria Gonorrhea</pubmed>

Neisseria Gonorrhea

Neisseria-gonorrhoeae.jpg
Neisseria Gonorrhea, arrowed within a cell (diplococci) and extracellular (pleomorphic) (Image CDC)
  • gram-negative bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • causes the disease Gonorrhea
  • a sexually transmitted disease (STD)
  • Maternal infection increases the risk of premature birth and ophthalmia neonatorum (infantile purulent conjunctivitis).
  • Genes: 2735; Protein coding: 2668; Length: 2,232,025 nt
Links: Genome


Lineage

  • Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Neisseriales; Neisseriaceae; Neisseria; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Neisseria gonorrhoeae NCCP11945

Gram Stain

Bacterial staining procedure named after Hans Christian Gram (1853 - 1938).

Generally divides bacteria into either:

  • Gram-positive bacteria purple crystal violet stain is trapped by layer of peptidoglycan (forms outer layer of the cell).
  • Gram-negative bacteria outer membrane prevents stain from reaching peptidoglycan layer in the periplasm, outer membrane then permeabilized and pink safranin counterstain is trapped by peptidoglycan layer.


Links: Histology Stains | Medical Microbiology - Gram stain procedure

Infection Effects Movie

<html5media height="620" width="620">File:Cell apoptosis 02.mp4</html5media> This movie from an experimental Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection of Hela cells in vitro[4] shows the cells dying by apoptosis in response to the bacterial infection.

Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs normally in many developmental and adult tissues, but can also occur in response to pathogenic infections.

Hela cells were cultured in glass-bottom dishes and placed under an Olympus spinning disc microscope and phase contrast pictures of the cells were taken every 10 min upon infection.

Apoptosis Links: Hela Apoptosis Movie | MP4 labeled | MP4 unlabeled | Gonorrhea | Bacterial Infection | Apoptosis | Movies



Cell apoptosis icon.jpg
 ‎‎Hela Apoptosis
Page | Play


References

  1. <pubmed>25838784</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>10456962</pubmed>
  3. <pubmed>21319278</pubmed>
  4. <pubmed>19300516</pubmed>PLoS Pathog.

Reviews

<pubmed>11249292</pubmed> <pubmed>10816189</pubmed> <pubmed>8912216</pubmed> <pubmed>6293753</pubmed>

Articles

<pubmed>16901533</pubmed> <pubmed>16582117</pubmed> <pubmed>10660818</pubmed> <pubmed>10456962</pubmed>

Search Pubmed

Search NCBI Bookshelf: Medical Microbiology - Gonorrhea Search

Search PubMed: Congenital Gonorrhea | Abnormal Embryology Gonorrhea | Abnormal Development Gonorrhea | Gonorrhea

External Links

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 29) Embryology Abnormal Development - Gonorrhea. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Abnormal_Development_-_Gonorrhea

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G