AACP Meeting 2013 - Face Embryology

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Face Embryology

Dr Mark Hill

2013 Australian Chapter, American Academy of Craniofacial Pain (AACP) Meeting [18 May 2013]

Gray0784.jpg


Draft Page - notice removed when complete.

Introduction

This page will be updated and contain the final conference presentation.

<mediaplayer width='420' height='500' image="http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/3/33/Face_001_icon.jpg">file:Face_001.mp4</mediaplayer>

Development of the Face

This animation shows a ventral view of development of the human face from approximately week 5 through to neonate.

The separate embryonic components that contribute to the face have been colour coded.

  • Frontonasal Prominence central portion (white)
  • Frontonasal Prominence - Lateral nasal (purple)
  • Frontonasal Prominence - Medial nasal (green)
  • Pharyngeal Arch 1 - Maxillary prominence (yellow)
  • Pharyngeal Arch 1 - Mandibular prominence (orange)
  • Stomodeum (black)

The stomodeum is the primordial mouth region and a surface central depression lying between the forebrain bulge and the heart bulge. At the floor of the stomodeum indentation is the buccopharyngeal membrane (oral membrane).

Note the complex origin of the maxillary region (upper jaw) requiring the fusion of several embryonic elements, abnormalities of this process lead to cleft lip and cleft palate.


Key Concepts

Buccopharyngeal Membrane

These images of the Stage 11 embryo show the breakdown of the buccopharyngeal membrane.

The Pharynx

Head arches cartoon.jpg Stage13 B2 excerpt.gif Pharynx cartoon.jpg

The cavity within the pharyngeal arches forms the pharynx.

  • begins at the buccopharyngeal membrane (oral membrane), apposition of ectoderm with endoderm (no mesoderm between)
  • expands behind pharyngeal arches
  • narrows at glottis and bifurcation of gastrointestinal (oesophagus) and respiratory (trachea) systems
  • regions on roof, walls and floor have important contributions to endocrine in oral and neck regions
  • also contributes to tongue development

Pharyngeal Arches

Human Embryo Pharyngeal arches (week 50

Pharyngeal arch structure cartoon.gif

Major features to identify for each: arch, pouch, groove and membrane. Contribute to the formation of head and neck and in the human appear at the 4th week. The first arch contributes the majority of upper and lower jaw structures.

  • branchial arch (Greek. branchia = gill)
  • arch consists of all 3 trilaminar embryo layers
  • ectoderm- outside and neural crest
  • mesoderm - core of mesenchyme
  • endoderm - inside

Neural Crest

neural crest migration
  • Mesenchyme invaded by neural crest generating connective tissue components
  • cartilage, bone, ligaments
  • arises from midbrain and hindbrain region
Chicken-neural-crest-migration-01.jpg
 ‎‎Neural Crest 1
Page | Play
Mouse cranial neural crest migration 01.jpg
 ‎‎Cranial Neural Crest
Page | Play

Arch Cartilages

Pharyngeal arch cartilages.jpg Meckel.jpg

Meckel's cartilage - located within the first pharyngeal arch mandibular prominence, forms a cartilage "template" besides which the mandible develops by the process of intramembranous ossification. It is important to note that this cartilage template does not ossify (endochondral ossification) but provides a transient structure where the mandible will form, and later degenerates.


Week 3

Gestational Age (GA week 5)

These images of the Stage 11 embryo show the breakdown of the buccopharyngeal membrane.

Week 4 to 5

Gestational Age (GA week 6 to 7)

Stage 14 (week 5)

Begins week 4 centered around stomodeum, external depression at oral membrane

5 initial primordia from neural crest mesenchyme (week 4)

  • single frontonasal prominence (FNP) - forms forehead, nose dorsum and apex
    • nasal placodes develop later bilateral, pushed medially
  • paired maxillary prominences - form upper cheek and upper lip
  • paired mandibular prominences - lower cheek, chin and lower lip

Stage14 bf1.jpgStage14 sem1.jpg

Week 6 to 7

Gestational Age (GA week 8 to 9)

<mediaplayer width='320' height='420' image="http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/9/9c/Stage16-18_face_02.jpg">File:Stage16to18 face 01.mp4</mediaplayer>
Stage16-18 face 02.jpg

Movie shows a quick animation of the ventral views of the human embryo face, between Carnegie stage 16 to stage 18 (Week 6 to Week 7). Animation based on Kyoto embryos.


Note the initial prominence of the pharyngeal arches and nasal region. Then the development of the midline frontonasal region and the relative shifting of the nasal region from lateral to anterior location on to the developing face.


Links: MP4 version | Quicktime version | Lecture - Head Development | Movies

Week 5 to 8

Gestational Age (GA week 7 to 10)

<mediaplayer width='380' height='400' image="http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/9/92/Stage15to22_head_icon.jpg">File:Stage15to22 head 01.mp4</mediaplayer>
Stage15to22 head icon.jpg

Movie shows a quick animation of the lateral view of the human embryo head, between Carnegie stage 15 to stage 22 (Week 5 to Week 8). Note that these stage images are not to scale.


Links: MP4 version | Face Development Movie | Lecture - Head Development | Movies

Week 9

Gestational Age (GA week 11)

Secondary Palate Development

<mediaplayer width='350' height='350' image="http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/4/4f/Palate_001_icon.jpg">File:Palate_001.mp4</mediaplayer>
Palate 001 icon.jpg

Animation shows an inferior view of the developmental sequence of secondary palate formation. The lower jaw has been removed and the view shows the roof of the oral cavity and the maxilla (upper jaw) and lip.

  • Animation shows the left and right maxillary processes of the first pharyngeal arch.
  • Primary palate formation is the fusion of these maxillary processes with the frontonasal prominence (FNP) in the midline.
    • Frontonasal prominence (FNP) contributing midline component of the upper jaw as well as the the philtrum of the upper lip.
  • Secondary palate formation is the growth of the palatal shelves towards the midline.
<mediaplayer width='350' height='350' image="http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/a/a3/Palate_002_icon.jpg">File:Palate_002.mp4</mediaplayer>
Palate 002 icon.jpg

Animation shows an anterior view of the developmental sequence of secondary palate formation. The frontal region of the head has been removed to show the changes within the oral cavity.

Secondary palate formation is the growth of the palatal shelves towards the midline, from top to bottom:

  • frontonasal prominence - (FNP) midline forming nasal septum separating nasal cavities.
  • left and right nasal cavities - showing developing conchae and cartilage.
  • first pharyngeal arch maxillary processes - (palatal shelves) left and right growing towards midline and elevating above the tongue.
  • oral cavity - developing from the pharynx.
  • tongue - developing from the pharyngeal arches.


Palate Links: Palate - inferior view | MP4 movie | Palate - anterior view | MP4 movie | Palate Development | Lecture - Head Development | Lecture - GIT Development | Ultrasound | Category:Palate | Movies

Week 10

Gestational Age (GA week 12)

Fetal week 10 hard palate 07.jpg

hard palate

Fetal week 10 soft palate 03.jpg

soft palate


Fetal Palate Links: Hard and soft palate | Detail - hard and soft palate junction | Detail - hard palate seam | hard palate | hard palate labeled | soft palate | soft palate labeled | Fetal palate movie | MP4 version | GIF version | Palate Development



Image Source: Prof Virginia Diewert

Week 12

Gestational Age (GA week 14)

Fetal head section 01.jpg


12 Week Images: Sagittal unlabeled | Sagittal labeled | Sagittal medial view | Sagittal lateral view | Pituitary unlabeled | Pituitary labeled | Tongue | Skull Development | Head Development

Week 14

Gestational Age (GA week 16)

Fetal week 14 head bone lateral 01.jpg

Growth of Head Structures

Maxilla

  • First pharyngeal arch - upper maxillary (pair) and lower mandibular prominences
  • Late embryonic period - maxillary prominences fuse with frontonasal prominence forming upper jaw (maxilla and upper lip)
EM Links: Image - stage 16 | Image - stage 17 | Image - stage 18 | Image - stage 19 | Palate Development


Temporal Bone and Mandible

Image shows growth of both bones from the end of the embryonic period (week 8) through the fetal period of development (to 9 months).

Human fetal temporal bone and mandible 01.jpg

Inner Ear

Adult hearing embryonic origins
Week 5 Week 8
Stage13 otocyst.jpg Stage22 ear.jpg
Stage 13 embryo (week 5) showing otocyst that will form the inner ear. Stage 22 embryo (week 8) showing the embryo near the end of the embryonic period.

External Ear

Images of the lateral view of the human embryonic head from week 5 (stage 14) through to week 8 (stage 23) showing development of the auricular hillocks that will form the external ear.

The adult ear is also shown indicating the part of the ear that each hillock contributes.

Images are not to scale.

External ear stages-14-23-adult.jpg

Fetal Head Growth

Fetal head growth circumference graph01.jpg

Neonatal Skull

These computed tomography (CT) scans of the normal neonatal skull are shown as as 3D surface-rendered reconstructions. Skull CT normal sutures.jpg


Abnormalities

Skull

Abnormal Neonatal Skull (CT)
Skull CT abnormal 01.jpg

Dolichocephaly and Scaphocephaly

Skull CT abnormal 02.jpg

Coronal Synostosis

Skull CT abnormal 03.jpg

Anterior Plagiocephaly

Skull CT abnormal 04.jpg

Turricephaly

300px

Posterior Plagiocephaly

Skull CT abnormal 06.jpg

Deformational Plagiocepahly

Skull CT abnormal 07.jpg

Trigonocephaly

Skull CT abnormal 08.jpg

Oxycephaly

Skull CT Images: Normal overview | Normal vertex and lateral | Normal endocranial and vertex | Normal Vertex - Fontanels | Dolichocephaly and Scaphocephaly | Coronal Synostosis | Anterior Plagiocephaly | Turricephaly | Posterior Plagiocephaly | Deformational Plagiocepahly | Trigonocephaly | Oxycephaly | Computed Tomography



Movies

Face 001 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Face Development
Page | Play
Palate 001 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Palate (oral view)
Page | Play
Palate 002 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Palate (front view)
Page | Play
Tongue 001 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Tongue
Page | Play
Postnatal human mandible growth icon.jpg
 ‎‎Mandible Growth
Page | Play

Histology

Fetal head medial.jpg Fetal head lateral.jpg
Medial view Lateral view

Fetal head section 01.jpg

Related Pages

Head Links: Introduction | Medicine Lecture | Medicine Lab | Science Lecture | Lecture Movie | Science Lab | pharyngeal arch | Craniofacial Seminar | mouth | palate | tongue | placode | skull | neural crest | Head and Face Movies | head abnormalities | Category:Head
Historic Head Embryology  
1910 Skull | 1910 Skull Images | 1912 Nasolacrimal Duct | 1921 Human Brain Vascular | 1923 Head Subcutaneous Plexus | 1919 21mm Embryo Skull | 1920 Human Embryo Head Size | 1921 43 mm Fetal Skull | Historic Disclaimer

Historic

1910 Manual of Human Embryology

Franz Keibel, Franklin P. Mall. (1910) - The The Skull, Hyoid Bone, and Larynx


1920 Contributions to Embryology Carnegie Institution No.39

Warren H. Lewis (1920) The Cartilaginous Skull Of A Human Embryo Twenty-One Millimeters In Length

1921 Contributions to Embryology Carnegie Institution No.48

Charles C. Macklin (1921) The skull of a human fetus of 43 millimeters greatest length


Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 29) Embryology AACP Meeting 2013 - Face Embryology. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/AACP_Meeting_2013_-_Face_Embryology

What Links Here?
© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G