https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=2017_Group_Project_6&feed=atom&action=history
2017 Group Project 6 - Revision history
2024-03-28T22:54:05Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=2017_Group_Project_6&diff=346496&oldid=prev
Z8600021 at 04:30, 16 July 2018
2018-07-16T04:30:24Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Cerebellar Nuclei table}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Cerebellar Nuclei table}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{| border="0"</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|-bgcolor="CEDFF2" </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| width="400" |<center>'''Cerebellar Nuclei'''</center></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| width="1100" |<center>'''Description''' </center></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|-</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| width="40" |<center>'''Fastigial Nucleus'''</center></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| width="65" | Most medially located of the cerebellar nuclei. Receives input from the vermis and cerebellar afferents that carry vestibular, proximal somatosensory, auditory and visual information. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|-bgcolor="F5FAFF" </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| width="40" |<center>'''Interposed Nuclei'''</center></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| width="65" |Consists of emboliform nucleus and globose nucleus. Interposed nuclei are situated laterally with respect to the fastigial nucleus. Receives input from intermediate zone and cerebellar afferents that carry spinal, proximal somatosensory, auditory and visual information. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|-</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| width="40" |<center>'''Dentate Nucleus'''</center></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| width="65" |Largest of the cerebellar nuclei. Lateral to interposed nuclei. Receives input from lateral hemisphere and cerebellar afferents that carry information from cerebral cortex. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|-bgcolor="F5FAFF" </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| width="40" |<center>'''Vestibular Nuclei'''</center></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| width="65" |Located outside cerebellum in the medulla. Considered to be cerebellar nuclei as their connectivity patterns are identical to those of cerebellar nuclei. Receive input from flocculonodular lobe and from the vestibular labyrinth.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|}</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Knierim, J. (n.d.). Chapter 5: Cerebellum. Retrieved 10 3, 2017, from Neuroscience: http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter05.html</ref>.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Bergmann Glia===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Bergmann Glia===</div></td></tr>
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Z8600021
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=2017_Group_Project_6&diff=346476&oldid=prev
Z8600021 at 04:19, 16 July 2018
2018-07-16T04:19:23Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Cerebellar Nuclei===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Cerebellar Nuclei===</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Cerebellar Nuclei table}}</ins></div></td></tr>
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Z8600021
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=2017_Group_Project_6&diff=346472&oldid=prev
Z8600021 at 04:17, 16 July 2018
2018-07-16T04:17:22Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Overview of Cerebellar Cell Development==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Overview of Cerebellar Cell Development==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cerebellum is connected to the brain stem via three pairs of peduncles and this allows the afferent and efferent pathways to enter and exit the cerebellum. Cerebellum afferent fibers can be grouped into two major types: mossy fibers and climbing fibres. Mossy fibres contribute to most of the afferent fibres in the cerebellum and they communicate with the cerebellar nuclei neurons and with Purkinje cells through granule cells embryonically, however postnatally they displace from Purkinje cells and synapse with their adult targets, the granule cell dendrites. Whilst mossy fibres originate from numerous sites in the nervous system, climbing fibers originate exclusively from the inferior olivary nucleus. Climbing fibers directly synapse with the cerebellar nuclei and Purkinje cells, relaying information to the cerebellum from several regions. The direction of these afferent fibres to their target neurons early in development are controlled by genes and molecules{{#pmid:4552263<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><</del>|PMID4552263}}.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cerebellum is connected to the brain stem via three pairs of peduncles and this allows the afferent and efferent pathways to enter and exit the cerebellum. Cerebellum afferent fibers can be grouped into two major types: mossy fibers and climbing fibres. Mossy fibres contribute to most of the afferent fibres in the cerebellum and they communicate with the cerebellar nuclei neurons and with Purkinje cells through granule cells embryonically, however postnatally they displace from Purkinje cells and synapse with their adult targets, the granule cell dendrites. Whilst mossy fibres originate from numerous sites in the nervous system, climbing fibers originate exclusively from the inferior olivary nucleus. Climbing fibers directly synapse with the cerebellar nuclei and Purkinje cells, relaying information to the cerebellum from several regions. The direction of these afferent fibres to their target neurons early in development are controlled by genes and molecules{{#pmid:4552263|PMID4552263}}.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cerebellum has a very basic structure consisting 2 principal classes of neurons and 3 layers; layers are shown in Figure 15. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cerebellum has a very basic structure consisting 2 principal classes of neurons and 3 layers; layers are shown in Figure 15. </div></td></tr>
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Z8600021
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=2017_Group_Project_6&diff=341134&oldid=prev
Z8600021 at 04:28, 25 May 2018
2018-05-25T04:28:55Z
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Z8600021
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=2017_Group_Project_6&diff=341090&oldid=prev
Z8600021 at 03:37, 25 May 2018
2018-05-25T03:37:19Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Neural Development==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Neural Development==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth due to its highly complex structure. The first step in neural development occurs at the end of week 3 and involves the neural groove fusing to form the neural tube, which then folds to form the cranial and caudal region of the embryo, and ultimately form the cerebellum. There is a high chance of neural dysfunction and defects during the fetal neural development particularly due to the long development time frame and the need of certain nutrients such as folic acid to successfully close the tube. Neural tube defects (NTDs) such as [[spina bifida]] and [[anencephaly]] can arise if the tube does not close effectively.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth due to its highly complex structure. The first step in neural development occurs at the end of week 3 and involves the neural groove fusing to form the neural tube, which then folds to form the cranial and caudal region of the embryo, and ultimately form the cerebellum. There is a high chance of neural dysfunction and defects during the fetal neural development particularly due to the long development time frame and the need of certain nutrients such as folic acid to successfully close the tube. Neural tube defects (NTDs) such as [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Talk:Spina_bifida|</ins>spina bifida]] and [[anencephaly]] can arise if the tube does not close effectively.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Early Brain Vesicles==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Early Brain Vesicles==</div></td></tr>
</table>
Z8600021
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=2017_Group_Project_6&diff=317190&oldid=prev
Z8600021: Protected "2017 Group Project 6" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))
2017-10-26T22:16:45Z
<p>Protected "<a href="/embryology/index.php?title=2017_Group_Project_6" title="2017 Group Project 6">2017 Group Project 6</a>" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))</p>
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<td colspan="1" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:16, 27 October 2017</td>
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Z8600021
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=2017_Group_Project_6&diff=317164&oldid=prev
Z5018156 at 10:20, 26 October 2017
2017-10-26T10:20:10Z
<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Abnormalities=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Abnormalities=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Abnormalities found within the posterior fossa of the cranium may affect the functioning and development of the cerebellum. The abnormalities affecting the cerebellum include Dandy-Walker-Malformation, Joubert Syndrome, Tecto-Cerebllar Dysraphism and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rhombencephalosynapsis (RS) </del>which will be explained in the table below.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Abnormalities found within the posterior fossa of the cranium may affect the functioning and development of the cerebellum. The abnormalities affecting the cerebellum include Dandy-Walker-Malformation, Joubert Syndrome, Tecto-Cerebllar Dysraphism<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, Rhombencephalosynapsis </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Medulloblastoma </ins>which will be explained in the table below.</div></td></tr>
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Z5018156
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=2017_Group_Project_6&diff=317156&oldid=prev
Z5018156 at 10:03, 26 October 2017
2017-10-26T10:03:29Z
<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:03, 26 October 2017</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cerebellum is connected to the brain stem via three pairs of peduncles and this allows the afferent and efferent pathways to enter and exit the cerebellum. Cerebellum afferent fibers can be grouped into two major types: mossy fibers and climbing fibres. Mossy fibres contribute to most of the afferent fibres in the cerebellum and they communicate with the cerebellar nuclei neurons and with Purkinje cells through granule cells embryonically, however postnatally they displace from Purkinje cells and synapse with their adult targets, the granule cell dendrites. Whilst mossy fibres originate from numerous sites in the nervous system, climbing fibers originate exclusively from the inferior olivary nucleus. Climbing fibers directly synapse with the cerebellar nuclei and Purkinje cells, relaying information to the cerebellum from several regions. The direction of these afferent fibres to their target neurons early in development are controlled by genes and molecules <ref name="PMID4552263"><pubmed>4552263</pubmed></ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cerebellum is connected to the brain stem via three pairs of peduncles and this allows the afferent and efferent pathways to enter and exit the cerebellum. Cerebellum afferent fibers can be grouped into two major types: mossy fibers and climbing fibres. Mossy fibres contribute to most of the afferent fibres in the cerebellum and they communicate with the cerebellar nuclei neurons and with Purkinje cells through granule cells embryonically, however postnatally they displace from Purkinje cells and synapse with their adult targets, the granule cell dendrites. Whilst mossy fibres originate from numerous sites in the nervous system, climbing fibers originate exclusively from the inferior olivary nucleus. Climbing fibers directly synapse with the cerebellar nuclei and Purkinje cells, relaying information to the cerebellum from several regions. The direction of these afferent fibres to their target neurons early in development are controlled by genes and molecules <ref name="PMID4552263"><pubmed>4552263</pubmed></ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cerebellum has a very basic structure consisting 2 principal classes of neurons and 3 layers; layers are shown in Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">16</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cerebellum has a very basic structure consisting 2 principal classes of neurons and 3 layers; layers are shown in Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">15</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Molecular Layer: consists of excitatory granular cell axons, purkinje cell dendritic fibres. stellate and basket cells.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Molecular Layer: consists of excitatory granular cell axons, purkinje cell dendritic fibres. stellate and basket cells.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Purkinje Cell Layer: consists of a single layer of inhibitory Purkinje cells. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Purkinje Cell Layer: consists of a single layer of inhibitory Purkinje cells. </div></td></tr>
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Z5018156
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=2017_Group_Project_6&diff=317150&oldid=prev
Z5018156 at 09:48, 26 October 2017
2017-10-26T09:48:24Z
<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:48, 26 October 2017</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are 3 germ layers present in the early embryo; ectoderm (most distal layer), mesoderm (middle layer) and endoderm (most proximal layer). The ectoderm differentiates into the nervous system, forming the spine, peripheral nerves, cerebrum and cerebellum. It also differentiates to form tooth enamel, epidermis, and the linings of the mouth, anus, sweat glands and nostrils<ref name=”PMID14550785”><pubmed> 14550785</pubmed></ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are 3 germ layers present in the early embryo; ectoderm (most distal layer), mesoderm (middle layer) and endoderm (most proximal layer). The ectoderm differentiates into the nervous system, forming the spine, peripheral nerves, cerebrum and cerebellum. It also differentiates to form tooth enamel, epidermis, and the linings of the mouth, anus, sweat glands and nostrils<ref name=”PMID14550785”><pubmed> 14550785</pubmed></ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:2 day old embryo diagram.jpeg|200px|thumb|'''Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">14</del>:''' Diagram of a 2 Day Old </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:2 day old embryo diagram.jpeg|200px|thumb|'''Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5</ins>:''' Diagram of a 2 Day Old </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Embryo Illustrating the Beginnings of Neural Development <ref>Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Neural Development.</ref>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Embryo Illustrating the Beginnings of Neural Development <ref>Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Neural Development.</ref>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Primary Brain.png|500px]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Primary Brain.png|500px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5</del>:''' (Week 4) 3 primary brain vesicles are formed; forebrain (prosencephalon) midbrain (mesencephalon), and hindbrain (rhombencephalon) <ref><pubmed>22237006</pubmed></ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6</ins>:''' (Week 4) 3 primary brain vesicles are formed; forebrain (prosencephalon) midbrain (mesencephalon), and hindbrain (rhombencephalon) <ref><pubmed>22237006</pubmed></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Secondary===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Secondary===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Secondary brain vesicle.jpeg|700px]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Secondary brain vesicle.jpeg|700px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6</del>:''' (Week 5) 3 primary vesicles develop into 5 secondary vesicles <ref><pubmed>19335795</pubmed></ref>;</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7</ins>:''' (Week 5) 3 primary vesicles develop into 5 secondary vesicles <ref><pubmed>19335795</pubmed></ref>;</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Prosencephalon develops into telencephalon (which includes the endbrain and cerebral hemispheres) and diencephalon (located between the brain and forms an optic outgrowth)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Prosencephalon develops into telencephalon (which includes the endbrain and cerebral hemispheres) and diencephalon (located between the brain and forms an optic outgrowth)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l121">Line 121:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 121:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center>'''Week 3'''</center></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center>'''Week 3'''</center></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center> ''Neurulation'': Notochord and somites are formed under the ectoderm. The ectoderm then forms the neural plate which then forms the neural tube and then the brain and spinal chord. </center></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center> ''Neurulation'': Notochord and somites are formed under the ectoderm. The ectoderm then forms the neural plate which then forms the neural tube and then the brain and spinal chord. </center></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| [[File:Stage9 dorsal.jpg|200px|thumb|'''Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7</del>:''' Early stage of neurulation<ref>2017. '''Embryology''' ''Stage9 dorsal.jpg''. Retrieved October 15, 2017, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Stage9_dorsal.jpg</ref>]] [[File:Stage10 bf5.jpg|200px|thumb|'''Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</del>: '''Late stages of neurulation<ref>2017. '''Embryology''' ''Stage10 bf5.jpg''. Retrieved October 15, 2017, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Stage10_bf5.jpg</ref> ]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| [[File:Stage9 dorsal.jpg|200px|thumb|'''Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</ins>:''' Early stage of neurulation<ref>2017. '''Embryology''' ''Stage9 dorsal.jpg''. Retrieved October 15, 2017, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Stage9_dorsal.jpg</ref>]] [[File:Stage10 bf5.jpg|200px|thumb|'''Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</ins>: '''Late stages of neurulation<ref>2017. '''Embryology''' ''Stage10 bf5.jpg''. Retrieved October 15, 2017, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Stage10_bf5.jpg</ref> ]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-bgcolor="F5FAFF" </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-bgcolor="F5FAFF" </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center>'''Week 4'''</center></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center>'''Week 4'''</center></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center> Prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon is developed.</center></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center> Prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon is developed.</center></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| [[File:Human Stage13 sagittal upper half01.jpg|200px|thumb|'''Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</del>:''' Sagittal view of superior end of embryo <ref> Hill, M.A. 2017 Embryology Human Stage13 sagittal upper half01.jpg. Retrieved October 4, 2017, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Human_Stage13_sagittal_upper_half01.jpg</ref>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| [[File:Human Stage13 sagittal upper half01.jpg|200px|thumb|'''Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</ins>:''' Sagittal view of superior end of embryo <ref> Hill, M.A. 2017 Embryology Human Stage13 sagittal upper half01.jpg. Retrieved October 4, 2017, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Human_Stage13_sagittal_upper_half01.jpg</ref>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center>'''Week 5'''</center></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center>'''Week 5'''</center></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center> Prosencephalon develops into telencephalon and diencephalon. The rhombencephalon differentiates into metencephalon and myelencephalon. The metencephalon will later develop the pons and cerebellum. </center></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center> Prosencephalon develops into telencephalon and diencephalon. The rhombencephalon differentiates into metencephalon and myelencephalon. The metencephalon will later develop the pons and cerebellum. </center></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center> [[File:Human Stage14 neural01.jpg|200px|thumb|'''Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</del>:''' Lateral view of embryo central nervous system at 5 weeks <ref>M.A. 2017 Embryology Human Stage14 neural01.jpg. Retrieved October 4, 2017, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Human_Stage14_neural01.jpg</ref>]] </center></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center> [[File:Human Stage14 neural01.jpg|200px|thumb|'''Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">11</ins>:''' Lateral view of embryo central nervous system at 5 weeks <ref>M.A. 2017 Embryology Human Stage14 neural01.jpg. Retrieved October 4, 2017, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Human_Stage14_neural01.jpg</ref>]] </center></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-bgcolor="F5FAFF" </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-bgcolor="F5FAFF" </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l141">Line 141:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 141:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center>'''Weeks 7-9'''</center></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center>'''Weeks 7-9'''</center></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center> The rhombic lip is fused medially to the midbrain. The primitive choroid plexus is fused with the cerebellar hemisphere to form the centrally located eosinophilic matrix. During this process, the inferior olive develops into a thick medulla forming a 'bulbo-pontine extension' <ref><pubmed>21380713</pubmed></ref>. Development of cerebellum cell layer (future Purkinje cells) and choroid plexuses of the fourth and lateral ventricles <ref><pubmed> 2252222</pubmed></ref>. </center></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center> The rhombic lip is fused medially to the midbrain. The primitive choroid plexus is fused with the cerebellar hemisphere to form the centrally located eosinophilic matrix. During this process, the inferior olive develops into a thick medulla forming a 'bulbo-pontine extension' <ref><pubmed>21380713</pubmed></ref>. Development of cerebellum cell layer (future Purkinje cells) and choroid plexuses of the fourth and lateral ventricles <ref><pubmed> 2252222</pubmed></ref>. </center></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center> [[File:Human Stage21 neural01.jpg|200px|thumb|'''Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">11</del>:''' Left lateral view of embryonic CNS<ref>Hill, M.A. 2017 Embryology Human Stage21 neural01.jpg. Retrieved October 4, 2017, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Human_Stage21_neural01.jpg</ref>]] [[File:Human Stage21 neural02.jpg|200px|thumb|'''Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">12</del>:''' Left medial view of lateral embryonic CNS <ref>Hill, M.A. 2017 Embryology Human Stage21 neural02.jpg. Retrieved October 4, 2017, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Human_Stage21_neural02.jpg</ref>]] </center></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <center> [[File:Human Stage21 neural01.jpg|200px|thumb|'''Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">12</ins>:''' Left lateral view of embryonic CNS<ref>Hill, M.A. 2017 Embryology Human Stage21 neural01.jpg. Retrieved October 4, 2017, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Human_Stage21_neural01.jpg</ref>]] [[File:Human Stage21 neural02.jpg|200px|thumb|'''Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">13</ins>:''' Left medial view of lateral embryonic CNS <ref>Hill, M.A. 2017 Embryology Human Stage21 neural02.jpg. Retrieved October 4, 2017, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Human_Stage21_neural02.jpg</ref>]] </center></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Second Trimester===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Second Trimester===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Second Trimester Cerebellum.jpeg|200px|thumb|'''Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">13</del>:''' Inferior image of a fetal cerebellum at second trimester<ref>Nuchal Fold Edema. Retrieved October 15, 2017, from http://www.fetalultrasound.com/online/text/2-006.HTM</ref>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Second Trimester Cerebellum.jpeg|200px|thumb|'''Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">14</ins>:''' Inferior image of a fetal cerebellum at second trimester<ref>Nuchal Fold Edema. Retrieved October 15, 2017, from http://www.fetalultrasound.com/online/text/2-006.HTM</ref>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cerebellum is connected to the brain stem via three pairs of peduncles and this allows the afferent and efferent pathways to enter and exit the cerebellum. Cerebellum afferent fibers can be grouped into two major types: mossy fibers and climbing fibres. Mossy fibres contribute to most of the afferent fibres in the cerebellum and they communicate with the cerebellar nuclei neurons and with Purkinje cells through granule cells embryonically, however postnatally they displace from Purkinje cells and synapse with their adult targets, the granule cell dendrites. Whilst mossy fibres originate from numerous sites in the nervous system, climbing fibers originate exclusively from the inferior olivary nucleus. Climbing fibers directly synapse with the cerebellar nuclei and Purkinje cells, relaying information to the cerebellum from several regions. The direction of these afferent fibres to their target neurons early in development are controlled by genes and molecules <ref name="PMID4552263"><pubmed>4552263</pubmed></ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cerebellum is connected to the brain stem via three pairs of peduncles and this allows the afferent and efferent pathways to enter and exit the cerebellum. Cerebellum afferent fibers can be grouped into two major types: mossy fibers and climbing fibres. Mossy fibres contribute to most of the afferent fibres in the cerebellum and they communicate with the cerebellar nuclei neurons and with Purkinje cells through granule cells embryonically, however postnatally they displace from Purkinje cells and synapse with their adult targets, the granule cell dendrites. Whilst mossy fibres originate from numerous sites in the nervous system, climbing fibers originate exclusively from the inferior olivary nucleus. Climbing fibers directly synapse with the cerebellar nuclei and Purkinje cells, relaying information to the cerebellum from several regions. The direction of these afferent fibres to their target neurons early in development are controlled by genes and molecules <ref name="PMID4552263"><pubmed>4552263</pubmed></ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cerebellum has a very basic structure consisting 2 principal classes of neurons and 3 layers; layers are shown in Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">15</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cerebellum has a very basic structure consisting 2 principal classes of neurons and 3 layers; layers are shown in Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">16</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Molecular Layer: consists of excitatory granular cell axons, purkinje cell dendritic fibres. stellate and basket cells.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Molecular Layer: consists of excitatory granular cell axons, purkinje cell dendritic fibres. stellate and basket cells.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Purkinje Cell Layer: consists of a single layer of inhibitory Purkinje cells. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Purkinje Cell Layer: consists of a single layer of inhibitory Purkinje cells. </div></td></tr>
</table>
Z5018156
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=2017_Group_Project_6&diff=317142&oldid=prev
Z5113034 at 07:50, 26 October 2017
2017-10-26T07:50:41Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:50, 26 October 2017</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| width="80" | [[File:Purkinje Cell Arrangement.png|220px|thumb|right|'''Figure 22:''' Modular organisation of the cerebellum purkinje fibers by Janos Szentágothai<ref><pubmed>23335884 </pubmed></ref>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| width="80" | [[File:Purkinje Cell Arrangement.png|220px|thumb|right|'''Figure 22:''' Modular organisation of the cerebellum purkinje fibers by Janos Szentágothai<ref><pubmed>23335884 </pubmed></ref>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Pieced together the first complete map of the functional anatomy of the cerebellum and define the excitatory and inhibitory nature of each cell type provided by Cajal. Further discoveries into the relationships between cell synapses, cell natures, and the minutiae of their structures by Jan Voogd, Olov Oscarsson and David Armstrong around the 1970's defined the organisation of Purkinje cells into "a series of longitudinal parasagittal bands", the specificity of which explains the solely Purkinje-axon-output of the cerebellar cortex.<ref name=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"PMID19272426 </del>The current focus in research now leans towards connecting cerebellar function with learning, emotion and perception of time.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Pieced together the first complete map of the functional anatomy of the cerebellum and define the excitatory and inhibitory nature of each cell type provided by Cajal. Further discoveries into the relationships between cell synapses, cell natures, and the minutiae of their structures by Jan Voogd, Olov Oscarsson and David Armstrong around the 1970's defined the organisation of Purkinje cells into "a series of longitudinal parasagittal bands", the specificity of which explains the solely Purkinje-axon-output of the cerebellar cortex.<ref name=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">”PMID19272426”><pubmed>19272426</pubmed></ref> </ins>The current focus in research now leans towards connecting cerebellar function with learning, emotion and perception of time.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mouse model is a primary model organism in the study of cerebellum development, but organisms such as Drosophila (fruit fly), C. elegans (roundworm), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast), cats, dogs, and cattle are also used in some types of diseases.<ref><pubmed>19669387</pubmed></ref> Looking at a variety of different of organisms' cerebellar development can elucidate the evolution of the cerebellum and further understanding of cerebellar constituents.<ref name="PMID25336734"/></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mouse model is a primary model organism in the study of cerebellum development, but organisms such as Drosophila (fruit fly), C. elegans (roundworm), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast), cats, dogs, and cattle are also used in some types of diseases.<ref><pubmed>19669387</pubmed></ref> Looking at a variety of different of organisms' cerebellar development can elucidate the evolution of the cerebellum and further understanding of cerebellar constituents.<ref name="PMID25336734"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Isthmic Organiser.png|310px|thumb|'''Figure 23:''' The Isthmic Organizer (IsO; shown in yellow) forms at the boundary of the posterior midbrain and anterior hindbrain: the IsO secretes Fgf8 and other growth factors, and is essential for defining the regions of the neural plate that will become the posterior midbrain (shown in blue) and the cerebellum (CB; green). <ref name="PMID3870571"><pubmed>3870571</pubmed></ref>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Isthmic Organiser.png|310px|thumb|'''Figure 23:''' The Isthmic Organizer (IsO; shown in yellow) forms at the boundary of the posterior midbrain and anterior hindbrain: the IsO secretes Fgf8 and other growth factors, and is essential for defining the regions of the neural plate that will become the posterior midbrain (shown in blue) and the cerebellum (CB; green). <ref name="PMID3870571"><pubmed>3870571</pubmed></ref>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Isthmic Organiser==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Isthmic Organiser==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Throughout history there have been many investigations on the cerebellum and how it has developed through research involving chicken embryos and mice. As previously mentioned the neural plate closes to form the neural tubes which have anterior-posterior (AP) and dorsal-ventral (DV) axes. Earlier experiments involving chick-quail chimera suggested that the cerebellum was derived from both midbrain and hindbrain. However, through successive gene expression and fate mapping studies, it was discovered that the anterior-most rhombomere of the hindbrain is where the cerebellum is formed from <ref name=”PMID14567957”><pubmed> 14567957</pubmed></ref>. Once the axes are formed the isthmic organiser (IsO) is formed which plays a vital role in establishing the anterior limit of the cerebellar territory. The IsO in other words is the mid-hindbrain boundary <ref name=”PMID21309081”><pubmed>21309081</pubmed></ref>. However, the IsO does not position itself without the help of transcription factors. Studies of mouse and chicken embryos have shown that two homeo domain-containing transcription factors Otx2 and Gbx2 have an important role in positioning the isthmic organiser <ref name=”PMID21309081”/>. Surgical movement of the isthmic tissue to more anterior or posterior regions of the neural tube of 10-somite stage chick embryos led to ectopic midbrain and cerebellar structures<ref name=”PMID14567957”><pubmed> 14567957</pubmed></ref>, indicating that where the IsO is placed is an important factor in establishing where the cerebellum positions.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Throughout history there have been many investigations on the cerebellum and how it has developed through research involving chicken embryos and mice. As previously mentioned the neural plate closes to form the neural tubes which have anterior-posterior (AP) and dorsal-ventral (DV) axes. Earlier experiments involving chick-quail chimera suggested that the cerebellum was derived from both midbrain and hindbrain. However, through successive gene expression and fate mapping studies, it was discovered that the anterior-most rhombomere of the hindbrain is where the cerebellum is formed from <ref name=”PMID14567957”><pubmed> 14567957</pubmed></ref>. Once the axes are formed the isthmic organiser (IsO) is formed which plays a vital role in establishing the anterior limit of the cerebellar territory. The IsO in other words is the mid-hindbrain boundary <ref name=”PMID21309081”><pubmed>21309081</pubmed></ref>. However, the IsO does not position itself without the help of transcription factors. Studies of mouse and chicken embryos have shown that two homeo domain-containing transcription factors Otx2 and Gbx2 have an important role in positioning the isthmic organiser <ref name=”PMID21309081”/>. Surgical movement of the isthmic tissue to more anterior or posterior regions of the neural tube of 10-somite stage chick embryos led to ectopic midbrain and cerebellar structures<ref name=”PMID14567957”><pubmed> 14567957</pubmed></ref>, indicating that where the IsO is placed is an important factor in establishing where the cerebellum positions.</div></td></tr>
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