2017 Group Project 2
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Kidney
Mark Hill (talk) 10:15, 14 August 2017 (AEST) OK Group 2 below are some starting places.
PubMed Searches: Renal Development | Kidney Development
BMC Dev Biol Search: Renal Development
Recent papers
<pubmed limit=5>Renal+Development</pubmed>
Introduction
(z5017644)
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that play an important role in the renal system (also known as the urinary system). They are vital for the everyday functions of the human body as they are the unit responsible for the filtration of blood and subsequent reabsorption of water and other nutrients, according to what the body needs. The by-product of this process is urine, and it is excreted from the kidneys into the ureters which then deliver the urine to the urinary bladder.
Filtration is carried out in what is called the "nephron". In humans, the number of nephrons in each kidney can range from 200,000 to 2.5 million however the typical kidney usually has approximately 900,000 to 1 million. Nephron development ceases around week 36 of pregnancy, meaning the body can not create new nephrons beyond that point.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21604189
Stages in kidney development
Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros
(Jia Min, z5178407)
Structures & Functions of Kidneys
(Jia Min, z5178407)
Diseases associated with Kidneys
(Jia Min, z5178407)
The Cellular Basis of Kidney Development
Mammalian kidney development has helped elucidate the general concepts of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions, inductive signaling, epithelial cell polarization, and branching morphogenesis. Through the use of genetically engineered mouse models, the manipulation of Xenopus and chick embryos, and the identification of human renal disease genes, the molecular bases for many of the early events in the developing kidney are becoming increasingly clear. Early patterning of the kidney region depends on interactions between Pax/Eya/Six genes, with essential roles for lim1 and Odd1. Ureteric bud outgrowth and branching morphogenesis are controlled by the Ret/Gdnf pathway, which is subject to positive and negative regulation by a variety of factors. A clear role for Wnt proteins in induction of the kidney mesenchyme is now well established and complements the classic literature nicely. Patterning along the proximal distal axis as the nephron develops is now being investigated and must involve aspects of Notch signaling. The development of a glomerulus requires interactions between epithelial cells and infiltrating endothelial cells to generate a unique basement membrane. The integrity of the glomerular filter depends in large part on the proteins of the nephrin complex, localized to the slit diaphragm. Despite the kidney's architectural complexity, with the advent of genomics and expression arrays, it is becoming one of the best-characterized organ systems in developmental biology.
WT-1 is Required For Early Kidney Development In humans, germline mutations of the WT-1 tumor suppressor gene are associated with both Wilms' tumors and urogenital malformations. To develop a model system for the molecular analysis of urogenital development, we introduced a mutation into the murine WT-1 tumor suppressor gene by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. The mutation resulted in embryonic lethality in homozygotes, and examination of mutant embryos revealed a failure of kidney and gonad development. Specifically, at day 11 of gestation, the cells of the metanephric blastema underwent apoptosis, the ureteric bud failed to grow out from the Wolffian duct, and the inductive events that lead to formation of the metanephric kidney did not occur. In addition, the mutation caused abnormal development of the mesothelium, heart, and lungs. Our results establish a crucial role for WT-1 in early urogenital development.
Devina Lorenzia - User:Z5015446
