2016 Group Project 6: Difference between revisions
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===Process of TGF-beta=== | ===Process of TGF-beta=== | ||
1. TGF beta superfamily ligands bind to a type II receptor | 1. TGF beta superfamily ligands bind to a type II receptor | ||
2. This type II receptor recruits and phosphorylates a type II receptor | 2. This type II receptor recruits and phosphorylates a type II receptor | ||
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Type I cytokine receptors are also transmembrane receptors expressed on the surface of cells. They recognize and respond to cytokines with four alpha helical strands. | Type I cytokine receptors are also transmembrane receptors expressed on the surface of cells. They recognize and respond to cytokines with four alpha helical strands. | ||
The difference? Type II receptors do not possess the signature sequence WSXWS (which is a characteristic of Type I receptors). | The difference? Type II receptors do not possess the signature sequence WSXWS (which is a characteristic of Type I receptors). | ||
===Regulation of the pathway and factors affecting it=== | ===Regulation of the pathway and factors affecting it=== |
Revision as of 08:01, 23 September 2016
2016 Student Projects | ||||
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Signalling: 1 Wnt | 2 Notch | 3 FGF Receptor | 4 Hedgehog | 5 T-box | 6 TGF-Beta | ||||
2016 Group Project Topic - Signaling in Development
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This page is an undergraduate science embryology student project and may contain inaccuracies in either descriptions or acknowledgements. |
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TGF beta Signaling Pathway
Introduction
TGF-beta
Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) beta is a multifunctional peptide/cytokine that controls proliferation, cellular differentiation and other functions in various cell types. TGF-beta plays a dominant part in the development of the embryo and adult organism, as well as cell growth, immune function and hormone secretion.
TGF-beta superfamily
TGF-beta belongs to the Transforming Growth Factor superfamily, a large group of structurally connected cell regulatory proteins. It consists of TGF-beta 1, 2 and 3, Activins, Inhibins, Lefty, Nodal, Growth Differentiation Factors (GDFs), Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), Glial-derived Neurotrophic Factors (GDNFs) and Mullierian Inhibiting Substance (MIS). This site will focus on the TGF-beta family. TGF betas are involved in embryogenesis. During development of the embryo, members of the TGF-beta family are essential for bone and cartilage formation, mesoderm induction and patterning and dorso-ventral patterning.
TGF-beta signalling pathway
The Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) beta signalling pathway is required for a large number of cellular processes such as cell differentiation and apoptosis.
http://wormbook.org/chapters/www_tgfbsignal/tgfbsignal.html
* REVIEW ARTICLE
diagram of the signalling pathway, tabulate how it is involved in the various processes of embryology
History (discoveries, findings) in a timeline
http://www.cgfr.co.uk/article/S1359-6101(05)00116-4/fulltext?mobileUi=0
Process of TGF-beta
1. TGF beta superfamily ligands bind to a type II receptor 2. This type II receptor recruits and phosphorylates a type II receptor 3. The type I receptor then phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMADs which can now bind the coSMAD SMAD4 4. R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they act as transcription factors and participate in the regulation of target gene expression
Note: Type II cytokine receptors are transmembrane proteins that are expressed on the surface of certain cells Type I cytokine receptors are also transmembrane receptors expressed on the surface of cells. They recognize and respond to cytokines with four alpha helical strands. The difference? Type II receptors do not possess the signature sequence WSXWS (which is a characteristic of Type I receptors).
Regulation of the pathway and factors affecting it
Current Research
Limitations
Further Reading
Glossary
Apoptosis - Cytokine - a broad and loose category of small proteins that are important in cell signalling Ligands - a molecule that binds to a larger molecule