2016 Group Project 6: Difference between revisions

From Embryology
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===Brief introduction of topic===
===Brief introduction of topic===
Transforming growth factor beta is a multifunctional cytokine, belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily.
Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) beta signalling pathway regulates and is required for a large number of cellular processes in the developing embryo such as cell growth, cell differentiation and apoptosis.
A cytokine is a broad and loose category of small proteins that are important in cell signalling
TGF beta is a multifunctional cytokine, belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily. The TGF beta superfamily includes TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2 and TGF beta 3. TGF betas are involved in embryogenesis and cell differentiation.
The process of the TGF beta signalling is simple - TGFB superfamily ligands (a molecule that binds to a larger molecule) binds to a type II receptor, which recruits and phosphorylates a type I receptor.
In this signalling pathway, the TGF beta superfamily ligands binds to a type II receptor, which recruits and phosphorylates a type I receptor. (More of this in detail under the 'Process' tab)
Type II cytokine receptors are transmembrane proteins that are expressed on the surface of certain cells
Type I cytokine receptors are also transmembrane receptors expressed on the surface of cells. They recognize and respond to cytokines with four alpha helical strands.
The difference? Type II receptors do not possess the signature sequence WSXWS (which is a characteristic of Type I receptors). NOT FINISHED


http://wormbook.org/chapters/www_tgfbsignal/tgfbsignal.html
http://wormbook.org/chapters/www_tgfbsignal/tgfbsignal.html
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===Process of the signalling pathway and background information on everything apart of it===
===Process of the signalling pathway and background information on everything apart of it===
The process of the TGF beta signalling pathway is not as complicated as it sounds.
1. TGF beta superfamily ligands bind to a type II receptor
2. This type II receptor recruits and phosphorylates a type II receptor
3. The type I receptor then phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMADs which can now bind the coSMAD SMAD4
4. R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they act as transcription factors and participate in the regulation of target gene expression
Note: Type II cytokine receptors are transmembrane proteins that are expressed on the surface of certain cells
Type I cytokine receptors are also transmembrane receptors expressed on the surface of cells. They recognize and respond to cytokines with four alpha helical strands.
The difference? Type II receptors do not possess the signature sequence WSXWS (which is a characteristic of Type I receptors).


===Regulation of the pathway and factors affecting it===
===Regulation of the pathway and factors affecting it===
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===Glossary===
===Glossary===
Apoptosis -
Cytokine - a broad and loose category of small proteins that are important in cell signalling
Ligands - a molecule that binds to a larger molecule


===References===
===References===

Revision as of 16:14, 8 September 2016

2016 Student Projects 
Signalling: 1 Wnt | 2 Notch | 3 FGF Receptor | 4 Hedgehog | 5 T-box | 6 TGF-Beta
2016 Group Project Topic - Signaling in Development

OK you are now in a group, add a topic with your student signature to the group page.

This page is an undergraduate science embryology student project and may contain inaccuracies in either descriptions or acknowledgements.
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Mark Hill.jpg Science Student Projects
  1. The key points relating to the topic that your group allocated are clearly described.
  2. The choice of content, headings and sub-headings, diagrams, tables, graphs show a good understanding of the topic area.
  3. Content is correctly cited and referenced.
  4. The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level using the student's own innovative diagrams, tables or figures and/or using interesting examples or explanations.
  5. Evidence of significant research relating to basic and applied sciences that goes beyond the formal teaching activities.
  6. Relates the topic and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of embryology.
  7. Clearly reflects on editing/feedback from group peers and articulates how the Wiki could be improved (or not) based on peer comments/feedback. Demonstrates an ability to review own work when criticised in an open edited wiki format. Reflects on what was learned from the process of editing a peer's wiki.
  8. Evaluates own performance and that of group peers to give a rounded summary of this wiki process in terms of group effort and achievement.
  9. The content of the wiki should demonstrate to the reader that your group has researched adequately on this topic and covered the key areas necessary to inform your peers in their learning.
  10. Develops and edits the wiki entries in accordance with the above guidelines.
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TGF beta Signaling Pathway

Brief introduction of topic

Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) beta signalling pathway regulates and is required for a large number of cellular processes in the developing embryo such as cell growth, cell differentiation and apoptosis. TGF beta is a multifunctional cytokine, belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily. The TGF beta superfamily includes TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2 and TGF beta 3. TGF betas are involved in embryogenesis and cell differentiation. In this signalling pathway, the TGF beta superfamily ligands binds to a type II receptor, which recruits and phosphorylates a type I receptor. (More of this in detail under the 'Process' tab)

http://wormbook.org/chapters/www_tgfbsignal/tgfbsignal.html

 * REVIEW ARTICLE

diagram of the signalling pathway, tabulate how it is involved in the various processes of embryology

History (discoveries, findings) in a timeline

http://www.cgfr.co.uk/article/S1359-6101(05)00116-4/fulltext?mobileUi=0

Process of the signalling pathway and background information on everything apart of it

The process of the TGF beta signalling pathway is not as complicated as it sounds. 1. TGF beta superfamily ligands bind to a type II receptor 2. This type II receptor recruits and phosphorylates a type II receptor 3. The type I receptor then phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMADs which can now bind the coSMAD SMAD4 4. R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they act as transcription factors and participate in the regulation of target gene expression

Note: Type II cytokine receptors are transmembrane proteins that are expressed on the surface of certain cells Type I cytokine receptors are also transmembrane receptors expressed on the surface of cells. They recognize and respond to cytokines with four alpha helical strands. The difference? Type II receptors do not possess the signature sequence WSXWS (which is a characteristic of Type I receptors).

Regulation of the pathway and factors affecting it

Current Research

Limitations

Further Reading

Glossary

Apoptosis - Cytokine - a broad and loose category of small proteins that are important in cell signalling Ligands - a molecule that binds to a larger molecule

References