2016 Group Project 6: Difference between revisions
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===Brief introduction of topic=== | ===Brief introduction of topic=== | ||
Transforming growth | Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) beta signalling pathway regulates and is required for a large number of cellular processes in the developing embryo such as cell growth, cell differentiation and apoptosis. | ||
TGF beta is a multifunctional cytokine, belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily. The TGF beta superfamily includes TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2 and TGF beta 3. TGF betas are involved in embryogenesis and cell differentiation. | |||
In this signalling pathway, the TGF beta superfamily ligands binds to a type II receptor, which recruits and phosphorylates a type I receptor. (More of this in detail under the 'Process' tab) | |||
http://wormbook.org/chapters/www_tgfbsignal/tgfbsignal.html | http://wormbook.org/chapters/www_tgfbsignal/tgfbsignal.html | ||
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===Process of the signalling pathway and background information on everything apart of it=== | ===Process of the signalling pathway and background information on everything apart of it=== | ||
The process of the TGF beta signalling pathway is not as complicated as it sounds. | |||
1. TGF beta superfamily ligands bind to a type II receptor | |||
2. This type II receptor recruits and phosphorylates a type II receptor | |||
3. The type I receptor then phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMADs which can now bind the coSMAD SMAD4 | |||
4. R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they act as transcription factors and participate in the regulation of target gene expression | |||
Note: Type II cytokine receptors are transmembrane proteins that are expressed on the surface of certain cells | |||
Type I cytokine receptors are also transmembrane receptors expressed on the surface of cells. They recognize and respond to cytokines with four alpha helical strands. | |||
The difference? Type II receptors do not possess the signature sequence WSXWS (which is a characteristic of Type I receptors). | |||
===Regulation of the pathway and factors affecting it=== | ===Regulation of the pathway and factors affecting it=== | ||
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===Glossary=== | ===Glossary=== | ||
Apoptosis - | |||
Cytokine - a broad and loose category of small proteins that are important in cell signalling | |||
Ligands - a molecule that binds to a larger molecule | |||
===References=== | ===References=== |
Revision as of 16:14, 8 September 2016
2016 Student Projects | ||||
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Signalling: 1 Wnt | 2 Notch | 3 FGF Receptor | 4 Hedgehog | 5 T-box | 6 TGF-Beta | ||||
2016 Group Project Topic - Signaling in Development
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This page is an undergraduate science embryology student project and may contain inaccuracies in either descriptions or acknowledgements. |
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TGF beta Signaling Pathway
Brief introduction of topic
Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) beta signalling pathway regulates and is required for a large number of cellular processes in the developing embryo such as cell growth, cell differentiation and apoptosis. TGF beta is a multifunctional cytokine, belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily. The TGF beta superfamily includes TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2 and TGF beta 3. TGF betas are involved in embryogenesis and cell differentiation. In this signalling pathway, the TGF beta superfamily ligands binds to a type II receptor, which recruits and phosphorylates a type I receptor. (More of this in detail under the 'Process' tab)
http://wormbook.org/chapters/www_tgfbsignal/tgfbsignal.html
* REVIEW ARTICLE
diagram of the signalling pathway, tabulate how it is involved in the various processes of embryology
History (discoveries, findings) in a timeline
http://www.cgfr.co.uk/article/S1359-6101(05)00116-4/fulltext?mobileUi=0
Process of the signalling pathway and background information on everything apart of it
The process of the TGF beta signalling pathway is not as complicated as it sounds. 1. TGF beta superfamily ligands bind to a type II receptor 2. This type II receptor recruits and phosphorylates a type II receptor 3. The type I receptor then phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMADs which can now bind the coSMAD SMAD4 4. R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they act as transcription factors and participate in the regulation of target gene expression
Note: Type II cytokine receptors are transmembrane proteins that are expressed on the surface of certain cells Type I cytokine receptors are also transmembrane receptors expressed on the surface of cells. They recognize and respond to cytokines with four alpha helical strands. The difference? Type II receptors do not possess the signature sequence WSXWS (which is a characteristic of Type I receptors).
Regulation of the pathway and factors affecting it
Current Research
Limitations
Further Reading
Glossary
Apoptosis - Cytokine - a broad and loose category of small proteins that are important in cell signalling Ligands - a molecule that binds to a larger molecule