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==Causes==
==Causes==
Infertility is an ever increasing issue that affects one in six Australian couples as reported in the Australian Government Department of Health, ''National Women's Health Policy''. <ref>http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/womens-health-policy-toc~womens-health-policy-experiences~womens-health-policy-experiences-reproductive~womens-health-policy-experiences-reproductive-maternal~womens-health-policy-experiences-reproductive-maternal-fert</ref> Of these couples who are considered infertile, one in five experience problems that lie solely with the male. There are numerous causes of male infertility, however, the most common causes are those that relate to the correct development and adequate supply of spermatazoa to result in pregnancy, or inefficient transport of spermatazoa. <ref>https://www.andrologyaustralia.org/your-health/male-infertility/<ref> The three key parameters for assessing male infertility are spermatazoa count, viability and motility. <ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3654691/<ref>
Infertility is an ever increasing issue that affects one in six Australian couples as reported in the Australian Government Department of Health, ''National Women's Health Policy''. <ref>http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/womens-health-policy-toc~womens-health-policy-experiences~womens-health-policy-experiences-reproductive~womens-health-policy-experiences-reproductive-maternal~womens-health-policy-experiences-reproductive-maternal-fert</ref> Of these couples who are considered infertile, one in five experience problems that lie solely with the male. There are numerous causes of male infertility, however, the most common causes are those that relate to the correct development and adequate supply of spermatazoa to result in pregnancy, or inefficient transport of spermatazoa. <ref>https://www.andrologyaustralia.org/your-health/male-infertility/<ref> The three key parameters for assessing male infertility are spermatazoa count, viability and motility.<ref><pubmed>21243017</pubmed><ref>


===Physiology of Infertility===
===Physiology of Infertility===

Revision as of 17:40, 2 September 2015

2015 Student Projects 
2015 Projects: Three Person Embryos | Ovarian Hyper-stimulation Syndrome | Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome | Male Infertility | Oncofertility | Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis | Students
2015 Group Project Topic - Assisted Reproductive Technology
This page is an undergraduate science embryology student and may contain inaccuracies in either description or acknowledgements.

Male Infertility

Male infertility is the inability for a male to successfully impregnate a fertile female.

Background Information

1. <pubmed>24356336</pubmed> This review article introduces the development of male germ cells prenatally and postnatally, as well as the factors which causes the abnormalities and fertility preservation.

2. <pubmed>6793629</pubmed>

Male infertility disorders

Causes

Infertility is an ever increasing issue that affects one in six Australian couples as reported in the Australian Government Department of Health, National Women's Health Policy. [1] Of these couples who are considered infertile, one in five experience problems that lie solely with the male. There are numerous causes of male infertility, however, the most common causes are those that relate to the correct development and adequate supply of spermatazoa to result in pregnancy, or inefficient transport of spermatazoa. <ref>https://www.andrologyaustralia.org/your-health/male-infertility/<ref> The three key parameters for assessing male infertility are spermatazoa count, viability and motility.<ref><pubmed>21243017</pubmed><ref>

Physiology of Infertility

Normal reproductive functioning in males is controlled by gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), androgens and gonadatropins. The correct metabolism and functioning of all three types of hormones is essential to the normal and efficient production of spermatazoa, as well as over all reproductive health. GnRH is synthesised and released by the hypothalamus, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release two gonadatropins: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) responsible for spermatogenesis in the Sertoli cells and luteinizing hormone (LH) responsible for stimulating the release of androgens by the Leydig cells. Testosterone, the primary androgen, is released into the testes and aids FSH by further promoting spermatogenesis. Furthermore, testosterone is vital to the normal development of many accessory reproductive organs, including the accessory glands. <ref>Standfield, L. C. Pearson New International Edition Principles of Human Physiology Fifth Edition<ref>

1. Aydos SE, Karadağ A, Özkan T, Altınok B, Bunsuz M, Heidargholizadeh S, Aydos K, Sunguroğlu A. Association of MDR1 C3435T and C1236T single nucleotide polymorphisms with male factor infertility. PMID 26125837

2. V. A. Giagulli, Carbone, G. De Pergola, E. Guastamacchia, F. Resta, B. Licchelli, C. Sabbà, and V. Triggiani Could androgen receptor gene CAG tract polymorphism affect spermatogenesis in men with idiopathic infertility? PMID 24691874

3. Lazaros L, Xita N, Takenaka A, Sofikitis N, Makrydimas G, Stefos T, Kosmas I, Zikopoulos K, Hatzi E, Georgiou I. Semen quality is influenced by androgen receptor and aromatase gene synergism. PMID 23001776

--Z3462124 (talk) 09:53, 27 August 2015 (AEST)

Diagnosis

<pubmed>25038770</pubmed> Different diagnostic techniques to detect male infertility

Treatments

Increasing Fertility

A majority of the current research treatments being tested to treat and improve male infertility revolves around oxidative agents.

1. <pubmed>22958644</pubmed> This article investigates the use of clomiphene citrate, hCG and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), to treat oligospermia as they increase hormones that are essential for successful spermatogenesis to occur, including FSH and testosterone.


2. <pubmed>26097523</pubmed> The research discussed in this article discusses the advantages of using cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CNPs) to treat male infertility due to its antioxidant effects. The research team experimented on male rats to observe CNP effects on male health and infertility as oxidative stress plays a key role in preventing proper spermatogenesis.


3. <pubmed>PMC4023371</pubmed> Research article also focuses on the effects of oxidative stress on male fertility. It discusses the use of lycopenes as a possible treatment for infertility disorders due to its antioxidant properties, as well as contributing to gap junction communication, modulation of gene expression, regulation of the cell cycle and immunological aspects.


4. <pubmed>15867002</pubmed> Using an antioxidant and vitamins C and E to decrease rates of DNA fragmentation caused by ROS


5. <pubmed>16110353</pubmed> Using Astaxanthin to treat fertility by preventing oxidative damage. Measured its effects by semen analysis, blood serum levels of hormones (LH, FSH and testosterone) = can also use for 'diagnosis'


6. <pubmed>25890347</pubmed> This research focuses on a cause for male infertility - varicocele, an enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus (varicose vein) within the scrotum, with the influence of ROS can lead to atrophy of the testicle. It has been suggested that protein alteration in the seminal plasma and spermatozoa occur in this condition thus the proteins can act as potential biomarkers to diagnose infertility. If diagnosed, males can undergo surgery to treat this.


7. <pubmed>25885464</pubmed> Discusses the success rate of the microsurgery rat model to treat varicocele that is a causative factor for male infertility. Relates to article number 6


Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs)

References

External Resources