2014 Group Project 7

From Embryology
2014 Student Projects
2014 Student Projects: Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 | Group 6 | Group 7 | Group 8
The Group assessment for 2014 will be an online project on Fetal Development of a specific System.

This page is an undergraduate science embryology student and may contain inaccuracies in either description or acknowledgements.

Neural - CNS

--Mark Hill (talk) 15:19, 26 August 2014 (EST) OK you have nothing here, not even a project title (that I added). I will be asking your group questions in the lab tomorrow. How about some content, references, sources for each section. See Lab 3 Assessment.

--Mark Hill (talk) 11:36, 6 September 2014 (EST) Better, but still just references and no content.

Introduction

- definition of CNS - brain and spinal cord

Research History/Historic findings

<pubmed>19339620</pubmed> <pubmed>8005032</pubmed> <pubmed>9311417</pubmed> <pubmed>17848161</pubmed> <pubmed>12768653</pubmed>

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Development during fetal period

<pubmed>21042938</pubmed> <pubmed>12060827</pubmed> <pubmed>23727529</pubmed> <pubmed>16905335</pubmed> <pubmed>17848161</pubmed> <pubmed>18760424</pubmed> <pubmed>16971596</pubmed> <pubmed>17032846</pubmed>

timeline:

(1) First trimester development:

Neurulation = ectoderm (outer layer) forms initial structure of the CNS, and folds upon itself to form neural tube towards the end of week 3. head portion- becomes the brain, further differentiates into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain (recognizable by the 5th week of gestation) middle portion- becomes the brain stem (about 5th week) neural tube differentiates into 3 primary structural units of the brain: the proencephalon (forebrain), the mesencephalon (midbrain) and the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) (by the 7th week) The prosencephalon divides into the telencephalon and the diencephalon, the rhombencephalon divides into the metencephalon and the myelencephalon. formation of 2 additional structures and creating 5 primary units that will become the mature brain


(2) cell proliferation neurons and glia that comprise the nervous system are created begins within the germinal matrix following closure of the neural tube begins around the 40th embryonic day and completes by the sixth month of gestation

(3) cell migration primary migration: weeks 8-16 of gestation, lesser activity continuing until week 25 passive migration for cells to reach their final position

Internurons migration in cerebral cortex.jpg Image of interneurons migration and interactions with radial glia in the developing cerebral cortex [1]

(4) cell differentiation

(5) myelination

(6) cell death (apoptosis) 2 mechanisms: axonal retraction and neuronal pruning[2]

Current research models and findings

<pubmed>19786578</pubmed> <pubmed>21501576</pubmed> <pubmed>21492152</pubmed> <pubmed>24664314</pubmed> <pubmed>24639464</pubmed> <pubmed>24284205</pubmed> <pubmed>24177053</pubmed> <pubmed>24051984</pubmed> <pubmed>24996922</pubmed>

Abnormalities

<pubmed>12454899</pubmed> <pubmed>25007063</pubmed> <pubmed>16530991</pubmed> <pubmed>7504639</pubmed> <pubmed>19651588</pubmed> <pubmed>25135350</pubmed> <pubmed>25128525</pubmed> <pubmed>24397701</pubmed>

Microcephaly:

• Cells in the brain (both neurons and glia) are produced by proliferation of cells in the ventricular germinal zone • Some physical (ionizing radiation, elevated maternal temperature), chemical (anticancer drugs) and biological (rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus) agents kill those dividing cells and lead to a reduction in the ultimate size of the brain • literally "no brain"

Occipital encephalocele associated with microcephaly.jpg

Clinical photograph showing the giant occipital encephalocele associated with microcephaly and micrognathia[3]

Hydrocephalus

• Due to obstruction of cerebral aqueduct between 3rd and 4th ventricles • Progressive enlargement of the head due to accumulation of fluid in ventricles upstream from the blockage may lead to problems with vaginal delivery • Thinning of the cerebral walls will cause mental retardation • Treated by shunting excess fluid in the lateral ventricles to the heart or peritoneal cavity

Arachnoid cyst with hydrocephalus.jpg

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum

• Disorder Binge drinking at critical stages of development (i.e. just after neural tube closure) can cause fetal alcohol syndrome

References

  1. <pubmed>17726524</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>10532616</pumbed>
  3. <pubmed>3271622</pubmed>|[1]