2014 Group Project 5

From Embryology
Revision as of 21:33, 5 September 2014 by Z3417796 (talk | contribs)
2014 Student Projects
2014 Student Projects: Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 | Group 6 | Group 7 | Group 8
The Group assessment for 2014 will be an online project on Fetal Development of a specific System.

This page is an undergraduate science embryology student and may contain inaccuracies in either description or acknowledgements.

Cardiovascular

--Mark Hill (talk) 15:16, 26 August 2014 (EST) OK you have some headings, how about some content, references, sources for each section. See Lab 3 Assessment.

Introduction

  • The cardiovascular system is one of the first systems to function within the embryo
  • The heart begins to function during the 4th week

[Textbook- Larsen's Human Embryology, 4th ed.]

Timeline

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

  1. <pubmed>12807866</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>12860885</pubmed>
  3. <pubmed>14506305</pubmed>
  4. <pubmed>20712587</pubmed>
  5. <pubmed>22679138</pubmed>
  6. <pubmed>21367775</pubmed>

--Z3418340 (talk) 00:21, 27 August 2014 (EST)

(From Textbook- Larsen's Human Embryology, 4th ed. - http://www.mdconsult.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10012-0&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&uniqId=462162262-2#4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10012-0--fig42)

Primordial heart tube

  • Arises predominantly from splanchnic mesoderm in the cardiogenic region
  • Initially bilateral, the cardiogenic region cranially merges to form a horseshoe
  • During the third week (Approximately day 18), angioblastic chords develop in the cardiogenic mesoderm. It forms the bilateral endocardial heart tubes
  • Lateral folding of the embryo brings the heart tubes into the ventral midline.
  • Fusion of the heart begins cranially and extends caudally.
  • Certain dilations appear in the heart tube including:
    • Truncus arteriosus
    • Bulbus cordis
    • Primordial ventricle
    • Primordial atrium
    • Sinus venosus (further divided into right horn and left horn)


Heart tube looping

  • Most looping occurs in the fourth week of development and is completed by the fifth.
  • The straight heart tube begins to elongate, most notably with growth in the bulbus cordis and primitive ventricle.
  • This causes the heart to bend ventrally and rotate to the right- this forms a C-shaped loop.
  • The ventricular bend moves caudally. The distance between outflow and inflow tracts diminishes
  • The inflow (atrial) and outflow tracts converge. Myocardial cells are added forming the truncus arteriosus.

Atrial ventricular septation

Outflow tract

Heart valves

Vascular overview

Current Research

  • Neural crest cells are required for correct positioning of the developing outflow cushions and pattern the arterial valve leaflets:[1] Neural crest cells (NCC) are indicated to be essential at earlier stages of arterial valve development than previously documented, crucially influencing the site of outflow cushions, and patterning the valve leaflets. The data indicates that the dispersal of NCC’s in the unseptated outflow tract establishes the pattern of valve leaflets produced after outflow septation has occurred. Anomalies in NCC adhesion or communication results in disordered NCC condensation at the primary stages of outflow cushion development leading to malpositioned outflow cushions. These findings postulate the first collective cellular mechanism in the development of bicuspid aortic value as well as elucidating the link with arterial wall abnormalities and outflow misalignment defects.
  • Vulnerability of the developing heart to oxygen deprivation as a cause of congenital heart defects:[2]
  • New insight from using spatiotemporal image correlation in prenatal screening of fetal conotruncal defects:[3]
  • Cardiac malformations in fetuses of gestational and pre gestational diabetic mothers:[4]
  • Heart disease link to fetal hypoxia and oxidative stress:[5]
  • Cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction induced by overexpression of miR-214 in vivo[6]
  1. <pubmed>23723064</pubmed>|[ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23723064]
  2. <pubmed>24855117</pubmed>|[1]
  3. <pubmed>24520485</pubmed>|[2]
  4. <pubmed>24910745</pubmed>|[3]
  5. <pubmed>25015802</pubmed>|[4]
  6. <pubmed>25085702</pubmed>|[5]

Historic Findings

[1]

[2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXLPxjJszio

  1. <pubmed>3058502</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>19184179</pubmed>

--Z3418340 (talk) 00:21, 27 August 2014 (EST)

Abnormalities

Atrial Septal Defect

Ventricular Septal Defect

Atrioventricular Septal Defect

[1]

  1. <pubmed>22709652</pubmed>

Double Outlet Right Ventricle

Transposition of the Great Arteries

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Tetralogy of Fallot

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

[1] [2] [3]

  1. <pubmed>23723064</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>10222336</pubmed>
  3. <pubmed>22595346</pubmed>