2012 Group Project 4: Difference between revisions

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== History of Discovery ==
== History of Discovery ==
Julius Kollmann was revolutionary scientist from the late 1800s, early 1900s. He was involved in discoveries in a wide variety of fields.  
Julius Kollmann was revolutionary and prominent scientist from the late 1800s, early 1900s. He was involved in a wide variety of fields ranging from anatomy, to anthropology<ref name:"PMID3548583"><pubmed>3548583</pubmed></ref>. He published a textbook called the Atlas of the Development of Man 2 in 1907.  


The 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was won by Linda B. Buck and Richard Axel for their work on the olfactory system<ref>http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2004/press.html</ref>
The 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was won by Linda B. Buck and Richard Axel for their work on the olfactory system<ref>http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2004/press.html</ref>

Revision as of 17:16, 27 August 2012

Olfaction Development

Introduction

The sense of smell, or otherwise known as Olfaction is the sense mediated by sensory cells located in the nasal cavity. Chemo receptors within the naval cavity are activated by chemicals in the air which are known as odorants. Odorants produce olfactory sensation at very low concentration, and through the reaction with chemoreceptors enables the sense of smell in humans. The olfactory system are often divide into a peripheral mechanism, activated by an external stimulus and transforming it into an electric signal in neurons, and a central mechanism where all signals formed by olfactory are integrated in the central nervous system and processed to recognise odor. Over 1000 genes which make up three percent of the total human genome which encode for olfactory receptor types which can each detect a small number of related molecules and respond with different level of intensity. It has been discovered that olfactory receptor cells are highly specialized to particular odors.

History of Discovery

Julius Kollmann was revolutionary and prominent scientist from the late 1800s, early 1900s. He was involved in a wide variety of fields ranging from anatomy, to anthropology[1]. He published a textbook called the Atlas of the Development of Man 2 in 1907.

The 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was won by Linda B. Buck and Richard Axel for their work on the olfactory system[2]

Timeline of developmental process

Week/Stage Description Image
'Stage 12. By stage 12, most embryos have well defined nasal placodes which lie on either side of rostral neuropore. [3].
'Stage 13 This will explain the telencephelon development [3]
Stage 14 explanation [4]
Stage 15 word linked to glossary explanation
Stage 16 info image


Structure

During different stages of embryonic development

Normal Function

The Neurology of Smell

The Neurobiology of Olfaction

Olfactory System

Abnormalities

Kallman Syndrome

Introduction and Epidemiology

Kallmann syndrome is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder, described as a hypogonadotropic hypogonadism characterized by a diminished or absent sense of smell [5]. The incidence of this disease is between 1 in 10,000 and 1 in 60,000 people, affecting males to females in a 5:1 ratio[6]. Anosmia or hyposmia occurs as a results of impaired development of the olfactory bulbs and olfactory nerves [7]. Additionally, hypogonadism results due to the reduced production of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) [8]. Kallmann syndrome can be inherited as an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive trait, a digenic trait or an X-linked recessive trait [9][10].

Genetic and Molecular Basis

Characteristic Features

  • hypogonadotropic [11]
  • hypogonadism:
  • anosmia: decreased or absent sense of smell

Diagnosis and Treatment

Congenital Anosmia

Genetic and Molecular Basis

Characteristic Features

Treatment

Genes involved

Current Research

Olfactory Systems Laboratory

Glossary and Abbreviation

Olfactory bulb: The primary part of brain which processes olfactory information.

Olfactory epithelium: mucous membrane superior to the nasal cavity which contain olfactory nerve cells.

Olfactory nerve cell: Cells in the olfactory epithelium which detect various odors and signal the information to the CNS.

Pheromone: Any molecules (scent) released by animals and affect the behavior of organisms of the same species via the olfactory system.

References

  1. <pubmed>3548583</pubmed>
  2. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2004/press.html
  3. 3.0 3.1 <pubmed>putpmidhere</pubmed>
  4. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named PMIDreference
  5. Schoenwolf, G. C. & Larsen, W. J. (2013). Human Embryology (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc.
  6. Schoenwolf, G. C. & Larsen, W. J. (2013). Human Embryology (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc.
  7. Schoenwolf, G. C. & Larsen, W. J. (2013). Human Embryology (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc.
  8. Schoenwolf, G. C. & Larsen, W. J. (2013). Human Embryology (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc.
  9. Schoenwolf, G. C. & Larsen, W. J. (2013). Human Embryology (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc.
  10. <pubmed>21682876</pubmed>
  11. <pubmed>16932275</pubmed>


External Links

The Neural Basis of Olfaction

Development of the Olfactory System

The Development of the Olfactory System 2

General Physiology of Olfaction

Neural Development


External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

--Mark Hill 12:22, 15 August 2012 (EST) Please leave the content listed below the line at the bottom of your project page.


2012 Projects: Vision | Somatosensory | Taste | Olfaction | Abnormal Vision | Hearing