2012 Group Project 3: Difference between revisions

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The tongue is for tasting, swallowing, and speech. It is divided into an anterior two thirds and a posterior one third. These regions are divided by a V-shaped groove at the back of the tongue (sulcus terminalis). The anterior two thirds of the tongue is covered by stratified squamous epithelium, It contains roughened surface has projections called papillae that vary in shape and number.  The most numerous papillae are the filiform papillae, which function to provide a surface that aids in holding food on the tongue during chewing. The larger, less numerous fungiform papillae are scattered among the filiform papillae, Occasionally taste buds may be found on fungiform papillae. Circumvallate papilae form a wide V at the sulcus terminalis. No papillae are on the posterior third of the tongue, having mucosal folds and the lingual tonsils instead. The muscles of the tongue are skeletal running in longitudinal, vertical, and transverse directions. The functional unit of the taste bud is a taste cells, there are between 50 and 100 taste cells in each taste bud these taste cells represent all 5 different tastes. Historically is was believed that different areas of the tongue were responsible for different taste sensations although this has since been disregarded.[http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/W/Welcome.html]
The tongue is for tasting, swallowing, and speech. It is divided into an anterior two thirds and a posterior one third. These regions are divided by a V-shaped groove at the back of the tongue (sulcus terminalis). The anterior two thirds of the tongue is covered by stratified squamous epithelium, It contains roughened surface has projections called papillae that vary in shape and number.  The most numerous papillae are the filiform papillae, which function to provide a surface that aids in holding food on the tongue during chewing. The larger, less numerous fungiform papillae are scattered among the filiform papillae, Occasionally taste buds may be found on fungiform papillae. Circumvallate papilae form a wide V at the sulcus terminalis. No papillae are on the posterior third of the tongue, having mucosal folds and the lingual tonsils instead. The muscles of the tongue are skeletal running in longitudinal, vertical, and transverse directions. The functional unit of the taste bud is a taste cells, there are between 50 and 100 taste cells in each taste bud these taste cells represent all 5 different tastes. Historically is was believed that different areas of the tongue were responsible for different taste sensations although this has since been disregarded.[http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/W/Welcome.html]
[[File:Taste_bud_1.jpg]]


==Taste Map==
==Taste Map==

Revision as of 11:22, 17 September 2012

Taste Development

Introduction to the Gustatory System

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustatory_system

Timeline of Developmental Processes of the Gustatory System

History of Discoveries

Date Significant Discovery
350BC Aristotle writes about the basic tastes, sweet and bitter, which can be modified, he says, by salty and acidic.
1901 D. Hanig publishes a paper containing data of taste sensitivity in different regions of the tongue. The data are later misinterpreted, giving rise to the myth of the ‘tongue map’
1908 Fifth basic taste discovered: savouriness, described as umami, which is conferred by glutamate.
1931 Bitter taste sensitivity found to vary among humans (1)
1931-32 Genetecists confirm findings about sensitivity to bitter tasting PTC and discover non-tasting is a recessive genetic trait (2,11)
1939 Geneticists show that chimpansees like humans, vary in their ability to perceive the bitterness of PTC
1992 Discovery of gustucin, a teste cell-specific G-protein, in the taste buds. Gustucin is later shown to mark bitter, umami and sweet cells (13)
2000 First taste sonsors, the T2R receptors, discovered (3)
2001 The sweet receptor is discovered (5): a combination of TaR2 and T1R3.
2002 Amino acid detector, T1R1 and T1R3 identified (6) = Umami
2005 Sweet taste receptor found (15) in the GI tract
2006 Cells for sour taste discovered, identified by PKD2L1 (4-7)
2009 The Car4 receptor, which senses the carbon dioxide in fizzy drinks is found on sour cells (8)
2010 ENaC identified as the sodium-salt taste receptor (9)


Adult Tongue and Taste Buds – Structure and Function

The tongue is for tasting, swallowing, and speech. It is divided into an anterior two thirds and a posterior one third. These regions are divided by a V-shaped groove at the back of the tongue (sulcus terminalis). The anterior two thirds of the tongue is covered by stratified squamous epithelium, It contains roughened surface has projections called papillae that vary in shape and number. The most numerous papillae are the filiform papillae, which function to provide a surface that aids in holding food on the tongue during chewing. The larger, less numerous fungiform papillae are scattered among the filiform papillae, Occasionally taste buds may be found on fungiform papillae. Circumvallate papilae form a wide V at the sulcus terminalis. No papillae are on the posterior third of the tongue, having mucosal folds and the lingual tonsils instead. The muscles of the tongue are skeletal running in longitudinal, vertical, and transverse directions. The functional unit of the taste bud is a taste cells, there are between 50 and 100 taste cells in each taste bud these taste cells represent all 5 different tastes. Historically is was believed that different areas of the tongue were responsible for different taste sensations although this has since been disregarded.[1] Taste bud 1.jpg

Taste Map

Abnormalities

(try to include technologies to detect abnormalities during pregnancy)

Gustatory abnormalities has not been widely researched and what has been researched has been through animal testing.

In Huang, 2008 [PMID:21940456] this team used the release of the neurotransmitter, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as a quantitative measurement of gustatory sensation and taste. This was done by using a comparison of wild type (WT) and double knockout (DKO) mice. P2X receptors, P2X2 and P2X3 were knocked out in the DKO mice. The premise of this article was that knocking out P2X receptors reduces transmitter secretion of ATP in taste buds, therefore they cannot taste.

It should be noted that the taste buds in DKO are functional, but are not stimulated by the administration of tastants.

The transmission of release of ATP is secretion through gap junction hemichannels (pannexin 1 gap junction).

When both P2X2 and P2X3 are knocked out, no taste is elicited. However they found that if either P2X2 OR P2X3 was knocked out there was a taste response. So the inference made from this is that if one of the two receptors from the P2X family was knocked out there still can have taste response. The WT mice showed significant stimulation by tastants whereas DKO had little to no stimulation of ATP release.

Insert image 4 from article here

Current Research

As time goes on we have an on going understanding of Embryonic Taste development, through the use of state of the art technology and research techniques we are able to connect the dots of this amazing natural process. In an animal study using mice by Suzuki Y, Ikeda K, Kawakami K.(2011) stating that deficiencies in certain Six genes (specifically Six1 & Six4) leads to poor gustatory development. There is also evidence of a cooperative relationship between Six genes for normal development.[6] Another Animal Study involving mice explores a new idea of Neural crest contribution in taste development, specifically the development of papillae and taste buds. Liu HX, Komatsu Y, Mishina Y, Mistretta CM. (2012) suggest that Neural crest cells travel to the location of the tongue in early embryonic stages, gain epithelium phenotypes, multiply and then differentiate to eventually form taste papillae.[7] In an animal study conducted by Rothova M, Thompson H, Lickert H, Tucker AS.(2012) exploring the historically debated issue of endoderm contribution to tongue development showed promising evidence that position of taste buds are patterned by the border of ectoderm and endoderm derivative epithelium. <ref><pubmed>ref>22581563</pubmed></ Research by Ozdener H, Spielman AI, Rawson NE.(2012) developing a culture which allows taste cells to survive for up to 12 months, empowers researchers to study the processes of proliferation, differentiation and function. [2]

Useful links

Glossary

Image gallery

References

  1. <pubmed>8955790</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>9455607</pubmed>
  3. <pubmed>9541477</pubmed>
  4. <pubmed>8241557</pubmed>
  5. <pubmed>22717400</pubmed>
  6. <pubmed>21978088</pubmed>
  7. <pubmed>22659543</pubmed>


External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

--Mark Hill 12:22, 15 August 2012 (EST) Please leave the content listed below the line at the bottom of your project page.


2012 Projects: Vision | Somatosensory | Taste | Olfaction | Abnormal Vision | Hearing