Latest revision as of 12:45, 1 September 2010

Neural Crest Development

Introduction

The neural crest are bilaterally paired strips of cells arising in the ectoderm at the margins of the neural tube. These cells migrate to many different locations and differentiate into many cell types within the embryo. This means that many different systems (neural, skin, teeth, head, face, heart, endocrine, gastrointestinal tract) will also have a contribution fron the neural crest cells.

In the body region, neural crest cells also contribute the peripheral nervous system (both neurons and glia) consisting of sensory ganglia (dorsal root ganglia), sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and neural plexuses within specific tissues/organs.

In the head region, neural crest cells migrate into the pharyngeal arches (as shown in movie below) forming ectomesenchyme contributing tissues which in the body region are typically derived from mesoderm (cartilage, bone, and connective tissue). General neural development is also covered in Neural Notes.

Lecture Objectives

Human Embryo (Carnegie stage 13) caudal trunk^[1]

Understand the structures derived from ectoderm.
Understand the formation of neural folds.
Identify the initial location of neural crest cells in the trilaminar embryo.
Identify pathways of neural crest migration throughout the embryo.
To know the major tissues to which neural crest cells contribute.
To know how abnormalities in development that result from abnormal neural crest cell migration.
Understand how neural crest cells contribute to the pharyngeal arches and the head structures they form.

Textbook References

The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (8th Edition) by Keith L. Moore and T.V.N Persaud - Moore & Persaud Chapter 4 p61-63 - p71,75, 385, 392 p393-94 (figure showing cell types); Chapter 10 The Pharyngeal Apparatus pp201 - 240,
Larsen’s Human Embryology by GC. Schoenwolf, SB. Bleyl, PR. Brauer and PH. Francis-West - Chapter 4 p74-82 - Chapter 5, experimental methods; Chapter 12 Development of the Head, the Neck, the Eyes, and the Ears pp349 - 418
Neural Crest Development

Neural Crest Migration in the Head

<Flowplayer width="408" height="320" autoplay="true">Chicken-neural crest migration 01.flv</Flowplayer>

Chicken embryo sequence shows the migration of DiI-labeled neural crest cells towards the branchial arches as the embryo. White rings indicate migration of individual cells. Each image represents 10 confocal sections separated by 10 microns.

Movie Source: Original Neural Crest movies kindly provided by Paul Kulesa.

Early Development and Neural Derivatives

bilaminar embryo- hypoblast
trilaminar embryo - ectoderm layer
- neural plate - neural groove - neural tube and neural crest
cranial expansion of neural tube - central nervous system
caudal remainder of neural tube - spinal cord

Neural Crest - contributes both neural and non-neural cells

dorsal root ganglia
parasympathetic / sympathetic ganglia.

Neural Crest Origin

lateral region of neural plate
dorsal neural fold->tube

Two main embryo regions

Head (CNS) - differentiate slightly earlier, mesencephalic region of neural folds
Body (spinal cord) - lateral edges of fused neural tube

Neural Crest Generation

cranial region - Begins when still neural fold
spinal cord - from day 22 until day 26
- after closure of caudal neuropore
- rostro-caudal gradient of differentiation

Studies using the chicken model demonstrated that they are not a segregated population. Interactions between the neural plate and epidermis can generate neural crest cells, since juxtaposition of these tissues at early stages results in the formation of neural crest cells at the interface.

At cranial levels, neuroepithelial cells can regulate to generate neural crest cells when the endogenous neural folds are removed, probably via interaction of the remaining neural tube with the epidermis.

Progenitor cells in the neural folds are multipotent, having the ability to form multiple ectodermal derivatives, including epidermal, neural crest, and neural tube cells the neural crest is an induced population that arises by interactions between the neural plate and the epidermis.

The competence of the neural plate to respond to inductive interactions changes as a function of embryonic age.

(Text from: Bronner-Fraser M PNAS 1996 Sep 3;93(18):9352-7)

Neural Crest Derivatives

Neural crest progenitor cells migrate throughout the embryo and give rise to many different adult cells.

This Includes: ganglia cranial, dorsal root, sympathetic trunk, celiac, renal, plexus in GIT, glia, schwann cells, melanocytes (skin), and adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells).

In the head region neural crest also gives rise to a number of connective tissue structures.

Neural Crest - Head

(see also Head Development Notes)

Mesencephalon and caudal Proencephalon

parasympathetic ganglia CN III
connective tissue around eye and nerve
head mesenchyme
pia and arachnoid mater
dura from mesoderm

Mesencephalon and Rhombencephalon

pharayngeal arches
look at practical notes on neck and head.
cartilage rudiments (nose, face, middle ear)
face
dermis, smooth muscle and fat
odontoblasts of developing teeth

Rhombencephalon

C cells of thyroid
cranial nerve ganglia
neurons and glia
parasympathetic of VII, IX, X
sensory ganglia of V, VII, VIII, IX, X

Neural Crest- Spinal Cord

peripheral nervous system
dorsal root ganglia (sensory N)
parasympathetic ganglia
sympathetic ganglia
motoneurons in both ganglia
all associated glia

Neural Crest Migration

Head

Hindbrain neural crest migration

**Neural crest migration in the head in chicken** (chicken neural crest movies overview)

Trunk

Cardiac Outflow Tract

Human neural crest cell migration (in vitro)^[2]

Figure 13.2. Neural crest cell migration in the trunk of the chick embryo

Neural crest at the level of the body have two general migration pathways, defined by the position of the somite
- medial pathway - between the neural tube and the somite
- lateral pathway - between the somite and the body wall

Trunk neural crest migration

A recent study of guidance of neural crest cells (NCC) in mice show migrate 3 specific pathways.
- SEMA3A and its receptor neuropilin 1 (NRP1) - act as repulsive guidance cues
- migration pathway did not affect specification - differs from the concept of migration pathway specifying the neural crest cell differentiation pathway

Neural crest at the level of the head have a different migration pathway. Figure 13.7. Cranial neural crest cell migration in the mammalian head

Sympathetic Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

Media:Adrenal_medulla.mov

Enteric nervous system

Figure 1. Diagram of an E10 embryo showing the origins of neural crest cells that colonize the developing gastrointestinal tract

Historic Migration Experiments

Key early experiments in understanding the pattern of neural crest migration were carried out by LeDouarin in the 1980's (see Development of the peripheral Nervous system from the neural crest, Ann Rev Cell Biol 4 p375) Quail-Chick Chimeras | Figure 1.11. Neural crest cell migration Chimera experiment

These transplantation studies in chicken/quail chimeras utilised the different nucleoli appearance of cells to differentiate different species. Thus transplanation and subsequent histological processing allowed identification of the migration path and final destination of transplanted neural crest cells.

Similar later experiments have now been carried out using the neural crest cells molecularly tagged with (LacZ).

Abnormalities

Neuroblastoma

Childhood cancer survival rates

OMIM - Neuroblastoma

Digeorge Syndrome (DGS)

Digeorge chromosome 22

DiGeorge syndrome is the most frequent microdeletion syndrome in humans caused by a hemizygous deletion (1.5 to 3.0-Mb) of chromosome 22q11.2.
Velo-cardio-facial syndrome, Hypoplasia of thymus and parathyroids, third and fourth pharyngeal pouch syndrome.
Abnormalities: cardiovascular, thymic and parathyroid, craniofacial anomalies, renal anomalies, hypocalcemia and immunodeficiency.

Intestinal Aganglionosis

Intestinal Aganglionosis, Hirschsprung's Disease or Megacolon
lack of enteric nervous system (neural ganglia) in the intestinal tract responsible for gastric motility (peristalsis).
severity is dependent upon the amount of the GIT that lacks intrinsic ganglia, due to developmental lack of neural crest migration into those segments.
first indication in newborns is an absence of the first bowel movement, other symptoms include throwing up and intestinal infections.
Clinically this is detected by one or more tests (barium enema and x ray, manometry or biopsy) and can currently only be treated by surgery. A temoporary ostomy (Colostomy or Ileostomy) with a stoma is carried out prior to a more permanent pull-through surgery.

Melanoma

In Australia each year 8,800 people are diagnosed with melanoma, and almost 1000 people die (Data, Cancer Council Australia).
Two different findings on the reprogramming of melanoma cells, which have a neural crest origin, when transplanted between species into embryos.

Melanoma staging

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (von Recklinghausen) occurs in 1 in 3,000 to 4,000 people with characteristic skin blemishes forming in early childhood.
Multiple café-au-lait spots (flat skin patches darker than the surrounding area) appear in early childhood which increase in both size and number with age.
tumors can develop along nerves in the skin, brain, and other parts of the body. In the iris of the eye, Lisch nodules (benign growths) also appear

(French, café-au-lait = coffee with milk)

Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology- Neurofibroma

Tetralogy of Fallot

Cardiac abnormality possibly stemming from abnormal neural crest migration. Named after Etienne-Louis Arthur Fallot (1888) who described it as "la maladie blue". (More? Cardiovascular System Development | Cardiac Tutorial | Lecture - Heart | Heart Abnormalities)

Treacher Collins syndrome

(TCS) A genetic developmental abnormality results from autosomal dominant mutations of the gene TCOF1 encoding the protein Treacle, identified in 2006. The syndrome is characterized by hypoplasia of the facial bones, cleft palate, and middle and external ear defects. These defects may relate to the effects on neural crest migration. (More? Neural Crest Development | OMIM - TCOF1 | PMID: 8563749)

References

Textbooks

The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (8th Edition) by Keith L. Moore and T.V.N Persaud - Moore & Persaud Chapter Chapter 10 The Pharyngeal Apparatus pp201 - 240.
Larsen’s Human Embryology by GC. Schoenwolf, SB. Bleyl, PR. Brauer and PH. Francis-West - Chapter 12 Development of the Head, the Neck, the Eyes, and the Ears pp349 - 418.

Online Textbooks

Developmental Biology by Gilbert, Scott F. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000 The Cranial Neural Crest | Figure 13.1. Regions of the neural crest | Figure 13.7. Cranial neural crest cell migration in the mammalian head | Figure 13.2. Neural crest cell migration in the trunk of the chick embryo | Figure 13.10. Separation of the truncus arteriosus into the pulmonary artery and aorta | Figure 22.23. Chick embryo rhombomere neural crest cells and their musculoskeletal packets | Figure 13.4. Segmental restriction of neural crest cells and motor neurons by the ephrin proteins of the sclerotome | Figure 1.3. Pharyngeal arches | Table 13.2. Some derivatives of the pharyngeal arches

Neural Crest Experiments: Figure 1.11. Neural crest cell migration Chimera experiment | Figure 13.5. Pluripotency of trunk neural crest cells

Molecular Biology of the Cell Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter New York and London: Garland Science; c2002 Figure 21-80. The main pathways of neural crest cell migration Figure 21-91. Diagram of a 2-day chick embryo, showing the origins of the nervous system | Figure 19-23. An example of a more complex mechanism by which cells assemble to form a tissue

Neuroscience Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J.; Fitzpatrick, David; Katz, Lawrence C.; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James O.; Williams, S. Mark. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2001Figure 22.1. Neurulation in the mammalian embryo | Figure 22.12. Cell signaling during the migration of neural crest cells
Madame Curie Bioscience Database Chapters taken from the Madame Curie Bioscience Database (formerly, Eurekah Bioscience Database) Cranial Neural Crest and Development of the Head Skeleton | Neural Crest Cells and the Community of Plan for Craniofacial Development: Historical Debates and Current Perspectives | Figure 1. Diagram of an E10 embryo showing the origins of neural crest cells that colonize the developing gastrointestinal tract

Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects Siegel, George J.; Agranoff, Bernard W.; Albers, R. Wayne; Fisher, Stephen K.; Uhler, Michael D., editors Philadelphia: Lippincott,Williams & Wilkins; c1999Figure 27-10. Neuropoietic model of neural crest cell lineage | Figure 27-11. Growth factor control of neural crest lineage decisions | Figure 27-15. The Schwann cell lineage

Search

Bookshelf neural crest

Pubmed neural crest

UNSW Embryology Links

Notes: Introduction | Abnormalities | Stage 13/14 | Stage 22 | Stage 22 high power | Generation | Migration | Peripheral Ganglia | GIT Enteric | Heart Molecular | Text only | Web Links
Lectures: ANAT2341 - Embryology 2008 - Lecture 13
Movies: Neural Movies

External Links

Research Labs

University of Michigan Tosney Lab
Stowers Institute Kulesa Lab | Trainor Lab
University College London Mayor Lab
University of Iowa Cornell Lab
Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Heuckeroth Lab

Reference

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Course Content 2010

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 19) Embryology 2010 Lecture 12. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/2010_Lecture_12

What Links Here?

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[1] <pubmed>18689800</pubmed>| Hum Mol Genet.

[2] <pubmed>18689800</pubmed>| Hum Mol Genet.

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