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#REDIRECT [[Lecture - 2016 Course Introduction]] | |||
= A Course Introduction= | = A Course Introduction= | ||
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| This is an archived lecture page. | |||
| Current page - [[Lecture - 2016 Course Introduction]] | |||
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* '''1918''' - links to images from [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/History/page1918.htm Anatomy of the Human Body by Gray, W 1918] | * '''1918''' - links to images from [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/History/page1918.htm Anatomy of the Human Body by Gray, W 1918] | ||
* '''1935''' - [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/History/page1935.htm Hans Spemann's 1935 nobel speech]. | * '''1935''' - [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/History/page1935.htm Hans Spemann's 1935 nobel speech]. | ||
* '''1941''' Rubella and birth abnormalities [[Abnormal_Development_-_TORCH_Infections#Rubella|Rubella]] | |||
Development in the early 20th century can also be seen in some [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Movies/historic.htm Historic Movies 1920-1960]. | Development in the early 20th century can also be seen in some [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Movies/historic.htm Historic Movies 1920-1960]. | ||
== Late 20th Century == | |||
There are | Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the Nobel Prizes for Medicine. There are either text extracts included or links to external texts or references in these notes. | ||
Some key women in development [[Apgar_test|Virginia Apgar]] and [[Embryology History - Nicole Le Douarin|Nicole Le Douarin]]. | |||
'''1953''' - [[Apgar test]] - historic neonatal test designed by Dr Virginia Apgar. | |||
'''1965''' - Neural Crest Research [[Embryology History - Nicole Le Douarin|Nicole Le Douarin]]. | |||
'''1977''' - Thalidomide and its affects on development. [[Abnormal_Development_-_Thalidomide|Thalidomide]] | |||
'''1978''' - First IVF baby born. | |||
'''1996''' - "[[:File:Dolly_the_sheep.jpg|Dolly the sheep]]" First adult somatic cell cloning using the process of nuclear transfer. | |||
===Nobel Prizes=== | |||
Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/ Nobel Prizes for Medicine]. Remember that these award dates reflect findings that have proven to be scientific key breakthroughs from earlier dates. | Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/ Nobel Prizes for Medicine]. Remember that these award dates reflect findings that have proven to be scientific key breakthroughs from earlier dates. | ||
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=== 21st Century === | === 21st Century === | ||
* '''2000''' - Human Genome Complete | * '''2000''' - Human Genome Complete | ||
* '''2001''' talk given by [[Embryology History - Robert Winston|Robert Winston]] " | * '''2001''' talk given by [[Embryology History - Robert Winston|Robert Winston]] "Engineering Reproduction: Will We Still Be Human At The End of the 21st Century". | ||
* '''2009''' - Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) [[Stem Cells]] [ | * '''2009''' - Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) [[Stem Cells]] | ||
== Applied Embryology == | |||
[[Image:Australian-births 2007.png|thumb|Australian Births by Year]] | |||
This recent data summarised below from [[Australia’s_mothers_and_babies_2007|Australia's mothers and babies 2007]]<ref>Laws P & Sullivan EA 2009. [[Australia’s_mothers_and_babies_2007|'''Australia's mothers and babies 2007''']] Perinatal statistics series no. 23. Cat. no. PER 48. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit.</ref> is provided to help you as a clinician and researcher understand the current trends in reproductive medicine within Australia. | |||
=== Mothers === | |||
* '''289,496''' women gave birth resulting in a total of '''294,205''' births | |||
** increase of 4.3% from 2006, and 14.4% increase since 2004 | |||
* '''2,177''' were fetal deaths | |||
* '''29.9 years''' was the maternal mean age in 2007 compared with 28.9 years in 1998 [[Genetic_risk_maternal_age|Why is this increasing age important?]] | |||
* '''41.6%''' of mothers had their first baby and 33.5% had their second baby | |||
* '''10,883''' women were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander (3.8% of all women who gave birth) | |||
** 39.5% of all mothers in the Northern Territory | |||
** 25.2 years was the average age of these women who gave birth | |||
* '''3.1%''' women received ART treatment (see also below [[#Assisted Reproduction Technology|Assisted Reproduction Technology]]) | |||
====Smoking during pregnancy==== | |||
* '''16.6%''' of women smoked during pregnancy (similar proportion over the previous five years) | |||
====Preterm birth==== | |||
* 7.4% of all mothers (less than 37 completed weeks of gestation) | |||
** 38.8 weeks is the average duration of pregnancy | |||
====Multiple pregnancy==== | |||
[[Image:Aus_multiple_birth_graph.png|thumb|Australian multiple birth data]] | |||
* '''4,634''' multiple pregnancies (1.6% of all mothers) increasing due to the increased use of ART | |||
** 4,558 twin pregnancies, 76 triplet pregnancies and no quadruplet pregnancies | |||
== | ====Method of birth==== | ||
[[Image:Birth caesarean.jpg|thumb|Birth caesarean]] | |||
* Presentation at birth - 94.6% cephalic (any part vertex, face, or brow of the fetal head) 4.0% breech (buttocks or feet) | |||
[[Image:Galletti1770_breech_01.jpg|thumb|Breech presentation (Galletti, 1770)]] | |||
* '''57.9%''' vaginal births | |||
** 11.2% had an instrumental vaginal delivery (forceps or vacuum extraction) | |||
* '''30.9%''' caesarean section births | |||
** 21.1% in 1998, 30.8% in 2006, rate recently stable | |||
** 83.3% of these were repeat caesarean sections | |||
=== | ====Pre-existing and pregnancy-related medical conditions==== | ||
* The following conditions were also reported: epilepsy, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, antepartum haemorrhage, gestational diabetes, cord prolapse and retained placenta, pregnancy-induced hypertension, fetal distress in labour and post-partum haemorrhage rates | |||
====Postnatal length of stay==== | |||
* 2.0 days non-instrumental vaginal birth | |||
* | * 3.0 days vacuum extraction delivery | ||
* 4.0 days caesarean section or forceps delivery | |||
* | |||
* | |||
===Babies=== | ===Babies=== | ||
* '''292,027''' live births and '''2,177''' fetal deaths | |||
** stillbirth rate of 7.4 per 1,000 births | |||
* most births occurred in March, August and October | |||
* '''105.6''' sex ratio (number of male per 100 female liveborn babies) | |||
====Gestational age==== | |||
* '''90.9%''' term (37–41 weeks gestation) | |||
* '''8.1%''' were preterm and '''33.2 weeks''' was the mean gestational age for all preterm births | |||
** Preterm births were classified groups of 20–27 weeks, 28–31 weeks and 32–36 weeks | |||
====Birthweight==== | |||
[[File:Apgar.jpg|thumb|]] | |||
* '''92.1%''' of liveborn babies had a birthweight in the range 2,500–4,499 grams | |||
** average birthweight was 3,374 grams | |||
* 17,976 (6.2%) low birthweight (weighing less than 2,500 grams) | |||
* 2,956 (1.0%) very low birthweight (weighing less than 1,500 grams) | |||
* 1,288 (0.4%) extremely low birthweight (weighing less than 1,000 grams) | |||
Apgar scores - '''1.4%''' of liveborn babies had a low Apgar score (between 0 and 6) at 5 minutes (More? [[Apgar_test|Apgar test]]) | |||
Special care nurseries or neonatal intensive care units - 14.5% of liveborn babies were admitted to an SCN or NICU | |||
===Perinatal mortality=== | |||
* | [[Image:Perinatal mortality rate NSW 1992-2002.png|thumb|Perinatal mortality rate NSW 1992-2002]] | ||
* | * 2,177 fetal deaths (7.4 per 1,000 births) | ||
* | ** fetal deaths are if the birthweight is at least 400 grams or the gestational age is 20 weeks or more | ||
* 846 neonatal deaths (2.9 per 1,000 live births) | |||
* | ** neonatal deaths are those occurring in live births up to 28 completed days after birth | ||
* | |||
* | * 3,024 Australian perinatal deaths | ||
** perinatal death includes birthweight of at least 400 grams or, where birthweight is unknown, a gestational age of at least 20 weeks | |||
* 23.5% congenital abnormalities (anomalies) | |||
* 13.8% maternal conditions | |||
* 12.6% unexplained antepartum death | |||
=== Assisted Reproduction Technology === | === Assisted Reproduction Technology === | ||
Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART) may include more techniques than, but is sometimes also used to identify, In vitro Fertilization (IVF | Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART) may include more techniques than, but is sometimes also used to identify, In vitro Fertilization (IVF). | ||
* '''51,017 treatment cycles''' reported to ANZARD in Australia and New Zealand in 2005. | * '''51,017 treatment cycles''' reported to ANZARD in Australia and New Zealand in 2005. | ||
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* Significant increase in the number of SET embryos transfer cycles: 2002 28.4%; 2005 48.3% | * Significant increase in the number of SET embryos transfer cycles: 2002 28.4%; 2005 48.3% | ||
* Single-embryo transfer babies had better outcomes compared to babies born to women who had a double-embryo transfer (DET). | * Single-embryo transfer babies had better outcomes compared to babies born to women who had a double-embryo transfer (DET). | ||
* Singletons babies 96.1% SET, 61.6% DET | ** Singletons babies 96.1% SET, 61.6% DET Preterm babies, 11.7% SET, 30.6% DET Low birthweight liveborn babies, 8.0% SET, 25.0% DET | ||
(Reference: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit [http://www.npsu.unsw.edu.au/NPSUweb.nsf/page/art11 Assisted Reproduction Technology in Australia and New Zealand 2005]) | (Reference: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit [http://www.npsu.unsw.edu.au/NPSUweb.nsf/page/art11 Assisted Reproduction Technology in Australia and New Zealand 2005]) | ||
==Australian Developmental Abnormalities== | ==Australian Developmental Abnormalities== | ||
[[Image:Abnormal AusData81-92Graph.png|thumb|Australian Data 1981-92]] | [[Image:Abnormal AusData81-92Graph.png|thumb|Australian Data 1981-92]] | ||
The ten most frequently reported birth defects in Victoria between 2003-2004 (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page3c.htm Australian Statistics - Victoria]) | The ten most frequently reported birth defects in Victoria between 2003-2004 (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page3c.htm Australian Statistics - Victoria]) | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== | ===Teratology=== | ||
Teratology is the study of abnormalities of development. | |||
'''Rubella''' | |||
<pubmed>1879476</pubmed> | |||
'''Thalidomide''' | |||
<pubmed>331548</pubmed> | |||
:'''Links:''' [[Human_Abnormal_Development|Human Abnormal Development]] | [[Abnormal_Development_-_Thalidomide|Thalidomide]] | [[Abnormal_Development_-_TORCH_Infections|TORCH Infections]] | [http://teratology.org/jfs/History.html History of Teratology] | [http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/177_11_021202/for10634_fm.html eMJA - Gregg's congenital rubella] | |||
==Human Development== | |||
{| | |||
| <wikiflv width="340" height="400" autoplay="true" position="left">Human development 001.flv|File:Human development 001 icon.jpg</wikiflv> | |||
| '''Next''' | |||
:''To form a single cell, which then divides to form many different cells and tissues in the human body.'' | |||
:[[2010_Lecture_2|Lecture 2 - Cell Division]] | |||
|} | |||
==External Links== | |||
* '''UNSW Embryology''' [[2010_Lecture_1|Lecture 1 2009]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Science/ANAT2341lecture01.htm Lecture 1 2008] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/News/history.htm Historical Embryology] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/history/page1.htm detailed History] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Medicine/BGD2tutorial.htm Australian Data] | |||
* [http://teratology.org/jfs/History.html History of Teratology] | |||
{{Template:2010ANAT2341}} | {{Template:2010ANAT2341}} |
Latest revision as of 09:44, 30 July 2016
Redirect to:
A Course Introduction
This is an archived lecture page. | Current page - Lecture - 2016 Course Introduction |
Anatomical image of late pregnancy by Wilhelm Braune (1831-1892)
Topographisch-anatomischer Atlas : nach Durchschnitten an gefrornen Cadavern, Leipzig: Verlag von Veit & Comp., 1867-1872. (Topographic-anatomical Atlas) Wilhelm Braune (1831-1892)
<wikiflv height="320" width="226" autostart="true" repeat="true">Embryo stages 002.flv|File:Embryo stages 002 icon.jpg</wikiflv> | |
This animation shows the growth of the human embryo during the first 8 weeks following fertilization. | This first lecture will be a general introduction to the course and the subject of Embryology.
|
MH - I do not expect you to remember specific historic dates or statistical data, this is provided as an introduction to the topic.
Lectopia Lecture Audio
ANAT2341 Course Background 2010
I will spend the first half going through the current course design, online support and assessment criteria. This is an opportunity to ask the course coordinator questions about the course.
Links: New Course Homepage | original UNSW Embryology
History
Long Ago
- A series of Anatomies from Early History 1600-1700.
- Harvey
- Leeuwenhoek
- 18C Anatomy and Physiology
19th Century
- 1824 - Rolando cut chemically hardened (fixed) pieces of brain tissues into thin sections for microscopical examination
- 1859 - Darwin - On the Origin of Species Evolution Darwin
- 1880 - image excerpts from a historic study of German embryologist Wilhelm His (1831-1904) Anatomie menschlicher Embryonen (1880).
- 1889 - Camille Golgi discovered a method of silver staining hardened brain tissues Brain and Mind Brain Structure
Early 20th Century
- 1914 - image excerpts from a historic study of The Anatomy of a 17.8 mm Human Embryo by Thyng, FW 1914,
- 1918 - links to images from Anatomy of the Human Body by Gray, W 1918
- 1935 - Hans Spemann's 1935 nobel speech.
- 1941 Rubella and birth abnormalities Rubella
Development in the early 20th century can also be seen in some Historic Movies 1920-1960.
Late 20th Century
Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the Nobel Prizes for Medicine. There are either text extracts included or links to external texts or references in these notes.
Some key women in development Virginia Apgar and Nicole Le Douarin.
1953 - Apgar test - historic neonatal test designed by Dr Virginia Apgar.
1965 - Neural Crest Research Nicole Le Douarin.
1977 - Thalidomide and its affects on development. Thalidomide
1978 - First IVF baby born.
1996 - "Dolly the sheep" First adult somatic cell cloning using the process of nuclear transfer.
Nobel Prizes
Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the Nobel Prizes for Medicine. Remember that these award dates reflect findings that have proven to be scientific key breakthroughs from earlier dates.
- 1986 discoveries of growth factors
- 1995 genetic control of early embryonic development
- 2002 cell cycle
- 2002 cell death
- 2007 embryonic stem cells
21st Century
- 2000 - Human Genome Complete
- 2001 talk given by Robert Winston "Engineering Reproduction: Will We Still Be Human At The End of the 21st Century".
- 2009 - Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) Stem Cells
Applied Embryology
This recent data summarised below from Australia's mothers and babies 2007[1] is provided to help you as a clinician and researcher understand the current trends in reproductive medicine within Australia.
Mothers
- 289,496 women gave birth resulting in a total of 294,205 births
- increase of 4.3% from 2006, and 14.4% increase since 2004
- 2,177 were fetal deaths
- 29.9 years was the maternal mean age in 2007 compared with 28.9 years in 1998 Why is this increasing age important?
- 41.6% of mothers had their first baby and 33.5% had their second baby
- 10,883 women were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander (3.8% of all women who gave birth)
- 39.5% of all mothers in the Northern Territory
- 25.2 years was the average age of these women who gave birth
- 3.1% women received ART treatment (see also below Assisted Reproduction Technology)
Smoking during pregnancy
- 16.6% of women smoked during pregnancy (similar proportion over the previous five years)
Preterm birth
- 7.4% of all mothers (less than 37 completed weeks of gestation)
- 38.8 weeks is the average duration of pregnancy
Multiple pregnancy
- 4,634 multiple pregnancies (1.6% of all mothers) increasing due to the increased use of ART
- 4,558 twin pregnancies, 76 triplet pregnancies and no quadruplet pregnancies
Method of birth
- Presentation at birth - 94.6% cephalic (any part vertex, face, or brow of the fetal head) 4.0% breech (buttocks or feet)
- 57.9% vaginal births
- 11.2% had an instrumental vaginal delivery (forceps or vacuum extraction)
- 30.9% caesarean section births
- 21.1% in 1998, 30.8% in 2006, rate recently stable
- 83.3% of these were repeat caesarean sections
- The following conditions were also reported: epilepsy, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, antepartum haemorrhage, gestational diabetes, cord prolapse and retained placenta, pregnancy-induced hypertension, fetal distress in labour and post-partum haemorrhage rates
Postnatal length of stay
- 2.0 days non-instrumental vaginal birth
- 3.0 days vacuum extraction delivery
- 4.0 days caesarean section or forceps delivery
Babies
- 292,027 live births and 2,177 fetal deaths
- stillbirth rate of 7.4 per 1,000 births
- most births occurred in March, August and October
- 105.6 sex ratio (number of male per 100 female liveborn babies)
Gestational age
- 90.9% term (37–41 weeks gestation)
- 8.1% were preterm and 33.2 weeks was the mean gestational age for all preterm births
- Preterm births were classified groups of 20–27 weeks, 28–31 weeks and 32–36 weeks
Birthweight
- 92.1% of liveborn babies had a birthweight in the range 2,500–4,499 grams
- average birthweight was 3,374 grams
- 17,976 (6.2%) low birthweight (weighing less than 2,500 grams)
- 2,956 (1.0%) very low birthweight (weighing less than 1,500 grams)
- 1,288 (0.4%) extremely low birthweight (weighing less than 1,000 grams)
Apgar scores - 1.4% of liveborn babies had a low Apgar score (between 0 and 6) at 5 minutes (More? Apgar test)
Special care nurseries or neonatal intensive care units - 14.5% of liveborn babies were admitted to an SCN or NICU
Perinatal mortality
- 2,177 fetal deaths (7.4 per 1,000 births)
- fetal deaths are if the birthweight is at least 400 grams or the gestational age is 20 weeks or more
- 846 neonatal deaths (2.9 per 1,000 live births)
- neonatal deaths are those occurring in live births up to 28 completed days after birth
- 3,024 Australian perinatal deaths
- perinatal death includes birthweight of at least 400 grams or, where birthweight is unknown, a gestational age of at least 20 weeks
- 23.5% congenital abnormalities (anomalies)
- 13.8% maternal conditions
- 12.6% unexplained antepartum death
Assisted Reproduction Technology
Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART) may include more techniques than, but is sometimes also used to identify, In vitro Fertilization (IVF).
- 51,017 treatment cycles reported to ANZARD in Australia and New Zealand in 2005.
- 91.1% were from Australian fertility and 8.9% from New Zealand centres (an increase of 13.7% of ART treatment cycles from 2004).
- 35.5 years average age of women (35.2 years in 2002).
- Women aged older than 40 years has increased from 14.3% in 2002 to 15.3% in 2005.
Single Embryo Transfers (SET)
- Significant increase in the number of SET embryos transfer cycles: 2002 28.4%; 2005 48.3%
- Single-embryo transfer babies had better outcomes compared to babies born to women who had a double-embryo transfer (DET).
- Singletons babies 96.1% SET, 61.6% DET Preterm babies, 11.7% SET, 30.6% DET Low birthweight liveborn babies, 8.0% SET, 25.0% DET
(Reference: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit Assisted Reproduction Technology in Australia and New Zealand 2005)
Australian Developmental Abnormalities
The ten most frequently reported birth defects in Victoria between 2003-2004 (More? Australian Statistics - Victoria)
- Hypospadias
- Obstructive Defects of the Renal Pelvis or Obstructive Genitourinary Defects
- Ventricular Septal Defect
- Congenital Dislocated Hip
- Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome
- Hydrocephalus
- Cleft Palate
- Trisomy 18 or Edward Syndrome - multiple abnormalities of the heart, diaphragm, lungs, kidneys, ureters and palate 86% discontinued.
- Renal Agenesis/Dysgenesis - reduction in neonatal death and stillbirth since 1993 may be due to the more severe cases being identified in utero and being represented amongst the increased proportion of terminations (approximately 31%).
- Cleft Lip and Palate - occur with another defect in 33.7% of cases.
Male External | Palate and Lip | Palate Formation |
Teratology
Teratology is the study of abnormalities of development.
Rubella
<pubmed>1879476</pubmed>
Thalidomide
<pubmed>331548</pubmed>
- Links: Human Abnormal Development | Thalidomide | TORCH Infections | History of Teratology | eMJA - Gregg's congenital rubella
Human Development
File:Human development 001 icon.jpg</wikiflv> | Next
|
External Links
- UNSW Embryology Lecture 1 2009 | Lecture 1 2008 | Historical Embryology | detailed History | Australian Data
- History of Teratology
Glossary Links
- Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
Course Content 2010
Embryology Introduction | Cell Division/Fertilization | Lab 1 | Week 1&2 Development | Week 3 Development | Lab 2 | Mesoderm Development | Ectoderm, Early Neural, Neural Crest | Lab 3 | Early Vascular Development | Placenta | Lab 4 | Endoderm, Early Gastrointestinal | Respiratory Development | Lab 5 | Head Development | Neural Crest Development | Lab 6 | Musculoskeletal Development | Limb Development | Lab 7 | Kidney | Genital | Lab 8 | Sensory | Stem Cells | Stem Cells | Endocrine | Lab 10 | Late Vascular Development | Integumentary | Lab 11 | Birth, Postnatal | Revision | Lab 12 | Lecture Audio | Course Timetable
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 19) Embryology 2010 Lecture 1. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/2010_Lecture_1
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
- ↑ Laws P & Sullivan EA 2009. Australia's mothers and babies 2007 Perinatal statistics series no. 23. Cat. no. PER 48. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit.