2010 BGD Practical 6 - Week 4: Difference between revisions

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==Introduction==
===Practical Audio===
{| border='0px'
 
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| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|60px|left]]
|
 
BGD Cycle A 2010 Audio - Dr Mark Hill Monday 17th May 2010 3-5pm G2G4.
 
:Note - this is a live unedited recording from the practical and may contain errors in either descriptions or content.
 
[[Media:BGD2010-Embryo Lab 170510-602.mp3|listen Part 2]] | [[:File:BGD2010-Embryo Lab 170510-602.mp3|download]] (1.9 Mb MP3 14:08)
|-
|}
 
 
Key Events of Human Development during the fourth week (week 4) following fertilization or Clinical week 6 (LMP).
Key Events of Human Development during the fourth week (week 4) following fertilization or Clinical week 6 (LMP).


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===Neurogenesis===
===Neurogenesis===
* Central Nervous System (CNS) - the neural plate undergoes morphological changes to form the primitive central nervous system. An epithelial layer of cells which contributes all neural (brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system) and the external epithelium (surface layer of the skin) of the embryo. Neurogenesis begins towards the end of week 3, when the neural tissues separate from this germ cell layer.
* '''Central Nervous System''' (CNS) - the neural plate undergoes morphological changes to form the primitive central nervous system (brain, spinal cord). An epithelial layer of cells which contributes all neural (brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system) and the external epithelium (surface layer of the skin) of the embryo. Neurogenesis begins towards the end of week 3, when the neural tissues separate from this germ cell layer.
 
* '''Peripheral Nervous System''' (PNS) - the neural crest cells in the body region migrate and spread to different regions of the embryo forming the PNS (dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, [[E#enteric nervous system|enteric nervous system]]) and many other embryonic tissues. Neural crest cells in the head region form skeletal and other structures.


* Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - the neural crest cells in the body region migrate and spread to different regions of the embryo forming the PNS and many other embryonic tissues. Neural crest cells in the head region form skeletal and other structures.
===Pharyngeal Arches===
In the head region, a series of ventral folds form under the brain in a rostral to caudal sequence, these are the [[P#pharyngeal arch|pharyngeal arches]].


===Placodes===
===Placodes===
In the head region, ectoderm small patches form pairs of specialised placodes that eventually contribute to specific sensory components, cranial ganglia and the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis).
In the head region, ectoderm small patches form pairs of specialised [[P#placode|placodes]] that eventually contribute to specific sensory components, cranial ganglia and the anterior pituitary ([[A#adenohypophysis|adenohypophysis]]).


===Limb Buds===
===Limb Buds===
Limb buds form from ectoderm and mesoderm (somitic and somatic) components and are the "paddle-like" projections from the trunk which will form all the upper and lower limb components. (An overview of limb development will be covered in week 8).
In the body region, [[L#limb bud|limb buds]] form initially as ectoderm and mesoderm (somitic and somatic) components and are the "paddle-like" projections from the trunk which will form all the upper and lower limb components. (An overview of limb development will be covered in [[2010_BGD_Practical_6_-_Week_8|week 8]]).


===Cardiogenesis===
===Cardiogenesis===


Within the embryo mesoderm, the heart tube and  vascular development continues. Cardiogenesis will be covered in week 5, when septation begins.
Within the embryo mesoderm, the heart tube and  vascular development continues. Cardiogenesis will be covered in [[2010_BGD_Practical_6_-_Week_5|week 5]], when septation begins.
 
<gallery>
File:Stage10_sem2.jpg|Stage 10
File:Stage11_sem5.jpg|Stage 11
File:Stage12_sem1.jpg|Stage 12
File:Stage13_sem1.jpg|Stage 13
</gallery>


==Neurogenesis==
==Neurogenesis==
[[File:Stage10_SEM1.jpg|thumb|Neural Groove (stage 10)]]
[[File:Stage12_SEM3.jpg|thumb|Caudal Neural Pore (stage 12)]]
'''Developmental sequence:''' [[#neural_plate|neural plate]] -> (day 18-19) [[#neural_groove|neural groove]] -> [[#neural_tube|neural tube]] -> Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)
* Central Nervous System (CNS) - the neural plate undergoes morphological changes to form the primitive central nervous system. An epithelial layer of cells which contributes all neural (brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system) and the external epithelium (surface layer of the skin) of the embryo. Neurogenesis begins towards the end of week 3, when the neural tissues separate from this germ cell layer.
* Central Nervous System (CNS) - the neural plate undergoes morphological changes to form the primitive central nervous system. An epithelial layer of cells which contributes all neural (brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system) and the external epithelium (surface layer of the skin) of the embryo. Neurogenesis begins towards the end of week 3, when the neural tissues separate from this germ cell layer.


* Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - the neural crest cells in the body region migrate and spread to different regions of the embryo forming the PNS and many other embryonic tissues. Neural crest cells in the head region form skeletal and other structures.
* Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - the neural crest cells in the body region migrate and spread to different regions of the embryo forming the PNS and many other embryonic tissues. Neural crest cells in the head region form skeletal and other structures.


==Placodes==
=== Human Neuralation - Early Stages ===
In the head region, ectoderm small patches form pairs of specialised placodes that eventually contribute to specific sensory components, cranial ganglia and the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis).
 
The stages below refer to specific Carneigie stages of development.
* '''stage 8 '''(about 18 postovulatory days) [[N#neural groove|neural groove]] and [[N#neural fold|folds]] are first seen
* '''stage 9''' the three main divisions of the brain, which are not cerebral vesicles, can be distinguished while the neural groove is still completely open
* '''stage 10''' (two days later) neural folds begin to fuse near the junction between brain and spinal cord, when neural crest cells are arising mainly from the neural ectoderm
* '''stage 11''' (about 24 days) the [[C#cranial neuropore|cranial neuropore]] (rostral, cephalic or anterior) closes within a few hours; closure is bidirectional, it takes place from the dorsal and terminal lips and may occur in several areas simultaneously. The two lips, however, behave differently.
* '''stage 12''' (about 26 days) The caudal (posterior) neuropore takes a day to close
* the level of final closure is approximately at future somitic pair 31
* corresponds to the level of sacral vertebra 2
* '''stage 13''' (4 weeks) the neural tube is normally completely closed (More? [[2010_BGD_Practical_6_-_Week_4#Neural_Tube_Defects_.28NTD.29|neural tube defects]])
 
[[File:Stage13-CNS-icon.jpg|200px|link=Movie_-_Central_Nervous_System_3D_stage_13]]
 
Three [[P#primary brain vesicle|primary brain vesicles]] develop initially due to the neural plate being broader at the cranial (brain) end than the narrower caudal (spinal cord) end. When the plate fuses to form a tube, these 3 initial expansions (vesicles) result.
 
[[File:CNS_primary_vesicles.jpg|300px|Primary Brain Vesicles]]
 
==Pharyngeal Arches and Placodes==
In the head region, two main components of head development form the pharyngeal arches and sensory placodes.
 
* [[P#pharyngeal arch|Pharyngeal arches]] form a series of ventral folds under the brain in a rostral to caudal sequence. These arches will form most of the head and neck structures of the embryo and contain all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm). The topic of head and sensory development is covered in detail in BGD cycle B.
 
* Small patches of ectoderm form pairs of specialised [[P#placode|placodes]] that eventually contribute to specific sensory components, cranial ganglia and the [[A#anterior pituitary|anterior pituitary]] ([[A#adenohypophysis|adenohypophysis]]).
 
[[File:Stage14_sem2cl.jpg|300px]] [[File:Stage13_otocyst.jpg|400px|otic placode forms the otocyst]]


==Embryo Stage 13==
==Embryo Stage 13==


[[Movies_-_Embryo_Carnegie_stage_13|Movies - Embryo Carnegie stage 13]] - These are rotating embryo animations based upon reconstruction of serial slice images.
[[Movies_-_Embryo_Carnegie_stage_13|Movies - Embryo Carnegie stage 13]] - These are rotating animations based upon reconstruction of individual serial slice images of the stage 13 embryo.




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|-
|-
| [[File:Stage13-GIT-icon.jpg|90px|link=Movie_-_Gastrointestinal_Tract_3D_stage_13]]
| [[File:Stage13-CNS-icon.jpg|120px|link=Movie_-_Central_Nervous_System_3D_stage_13]]
| [[File:Stage13-CVS-icon.jpg|90px|link=Movie_-_Cardiovascular_3D_stage_13]]
| [[File:Stage13-GIT-icon.jpg|120px|link=Movie_-_Gastrointestinal_Tract_3D_stage_13]]
| [[File:Stage13-CNS-icon.jpg|90px|link=Movie_-_Central_Nervous_System_3D_stage_13]]
| [[File:Stage13-CVS-icon.jpg|120px|link=Movie_-_Cardiovascular_3D_stage_13]]
|-
|-
| [[Movie_-_Central_Nervous_System_3D_stage_13|Central Nervous System]]
| [[Movie_-_Gastrointestinal_Tract_3D_stage_13|Gastrointestinal]]
| [[Movie_-_Gastrointestinal_Tract_3D_stage_13|Gastrointestinal]]
| [[Movie_-_Cardiovascular_3D_stage_13|Cardiovascular]]
| [[Movie_-_Cardiovascular_3D_stage_13|Cardiovascular]]
| [[Movie_-_Central_Nervous_System_3D_stage_13|Central Nervous System]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
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{{Template:2010BGDLab6weeks}}
{{Template:2010BGDLab6weeks}}
==Neural Abnormalities==
[[Image:Abnormal81-92-neuron.png|thumb|Australian Birth Statistics]]
[[Image:Neural_tube_defect_meningomyelocele.jpg|thumb|Neural tube defect - Meningomyelocele]]
See also [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/neuron2.htm Neural Abnormalities]
===Neural Tube Defects (NTD)===
* Failure of neural tube closure either incorrectly or incomplete.
* '''Dysraphism''' is the term often used to describe the defective fusion of the neural folds. The position and degree of failure of fusion will result in either embryonic death or a range of different neural defects. The way (mode) in which the human neural tube fuses has been a source of contention. In humans, fusion appears to initiate at multiple sites but the mode is different from that found in many animal models used in developmental studies. Severity dependent upon level within the tube and degree of failure (caudal - [[S#spina bifida|spina bifida]]; cranial - [[A#anancephaly|anancephaly]])
===Maternal Diet - Folate===
Research demonstrated that that supplementation of maternal diet with folate reduces incidence of NTDs (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page5e.htm Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects])
====UK====
A randomised controlled trial conducted by the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom demonstrated a 72% reduction in risk of recurrence by periconceptional (ie before and after conception) folic acid supplementation (4mg daily).
====USA====
Women who have one infant with a neural tube defect have a significantly increased risk of recurrence (40-50 per thousand compared with 2 per thousand for all births)
[[Image:USA spina bifida rates.jpg|300px|USA spina bifida rates]] [[Image:USA anencephaly rates.jpg|300px|USA anencephaly rates]]
* Food and Drug Administration (USA) in 1996 authorized that all enriched cereal grain products be fortified with folic acid, with optional fortification beginning in March 1996 and mandatory fortification in January 1998. The data in the above graphs show the subsequent changes in anencephaly and spina bifida rate over that period.
====Australia====
* NHMRC policy statement (1993) emphasises the need for women who are capable of getting pregnant, or who are planning a pregnancy to be advised about folate and the importance of increasing folate intake to 0.4 - 0.5mg daily.
* Food Standards (FSANZ) had allowed industry two years to prepare to add folic acid to wheat flour used in making bread. Wheat flour will contain folic acid by 13 September 2009.
'''Links:''' [http://www.health.vic.gov.au/nutrition/folate/health_prof.htm Victoria - Folate information for health professionals] | [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/n35syn.htm NHMRC - Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes] |  [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/new45_syn.htm NHMRC - Iodine supplementation for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women]
----


===Embryo Stages and Events===
===Embryo Stages and Events===

Latest revision as of 11:24, 19 June 2010

Introduction

BGDsmall.jpg

Practical 6: Week 3 | Week 4 | Week 5 | Week 6 | Week 7 | Week 8 | Quiz


Practical Audio

Mark Hill.jpg

BGD Cycle A 2010 Audio - Dr Mark Hill Monday 17th May 2010 3-5pm G2G4.

Note - this is a live unedited recording from the practical and may contain errors in either descriptions or content.

listen Part 2 | download (1.9 Mb MP3 14:08)


Key Events of Human Development during the fourth week (week 4) following fertilization or Clinical week 6 (LMP).

These notes cover the fourth week of embryonic development, which is the beginning of organogenesis, (specific tissues and systems are beginning to differentiate) from the trilaminar embryo. With many parallel processes, descriptions begin to get complicated! Many of the described processes begin and extend over a broader range of time. Some developmental processes will be discussed later in the practical to simplify matters.

Ectoderm on the embryo surface undergoes segmentation: The central portion of the embryonic disc forms the neural plate, the edge of this plate forms neural crest and the remainder outside this forms the epitheium of the skin and other structures.

Neurogenesis

  • Central Nervous System (CNS) - the neural plate undergoes morphological changes to form the primitive central nervous system (brain, spinal cord). An epithelial layer of cells which contributes all neural (brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system) and the external epithelium (surface layer of the skin) of the embryo. Neurogenesis begins towards the end of week 3, when the neural tissues separate from this germ cell layer.
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - the neural crest cells in the body region migrate and spread to different regions of the embryo forming the PNS (dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, enteric nervous system) and many other embryonic tissues. Neural crest cells in the head region form skeletal and other structures.

Pharyngeal Arches

In the head region, a series of ventral folds form under the brain in a rostral to caudal sequence, these are the pharyngeal arches.

Placodes

In the head region, ectoderm small patches form pairs of specialised placodes that eventually contribute to specific sensory components, cranial ganglia and the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis).

Limb Buds

In the body region, limb buds form initially as ectoderm and mesoderm (somitic and somatic) components and are the "paddle-like" projections from the trunk which will form all the upper and lower limb components. (An overview of limb development will be covered in week 8).

Cardiogenesis

Within the embryo mesoderm, the heart tube and vascular development continues. Cardiogenesis will be covered in week 5, when septation begins.

Neurogenesis

Neural Groove (stage 10)
Caudal Neural Pore (stage 12)

Developmental sequence: neural plate -> (day 18-19) neural groove -> neural tube -> Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)

  • Central Nervous System (CNS) - the neural plate undergoes morphological changes to form the primitive central nervous system. An epithelial layer of cells which contributes all neural (brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system) and the external epithelium (surface layer of the skin) of the embryo. Neurogenesis begins towards the end of week 3, when the neural tissues separate from this germ cell layer.
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - the neural crest cells in the body region migrate and spread to different regions of the embryo forming the PNS and many other embryonic tissues. Neural crest cells in the head region form skeletal and other structures.

Human Neuralation - Early Stages

The stages below refer to specific Carneigie stages of development.

  • stage 8 (about 18 postovulatory days) neural groove and folds are first seen
  • stage 9 the three main divisions of the brain, which are not cerebral vesicles, can be distinguished while the neural groove is still completely open
  • stage 10 (two days later) neural folds begin to fuse near the junction between brain and spinal cord, when neural crest cells are arising mainly from the neural ectoderm
  • stage 11 (about 24 days) the cranial neuropore (rostral, cephalic or anterior) closes within a few hours; closure is bidirectional, it takes place from the dorsal and terminal lips and may occur in several areas simultaneously. The two lips, however, behave differently.
  • stage 12 (about 26 days) The caudal (posterior) neuropore takes a day to close
  • the level of final closure is approximately at future somitic pair 31
  • corresponds to the level of sacral vertebra 2
  • stage 13 (4 weeks) the neural tube is normally completely closed (More? neural tube defects)

Stage13-CNS-icon.jpg

Three primary brain vesicles develop initially due to the neural plate being broader at the cranial (brain) end than the narrower caudal (spinal cord) end. When the plate fuses to form a tube, these 3 initial expansions (vesicles) result.

Primary Brain Vesicles

Pharyngeal Arches and Placodes

In the head region, two main components of head development form the pharyngeal arches and sensory placodes.

  • Pharyngeal arches form a series of ventral folds under the brain in a rostral to caudal sequence. These arches will form most of the head and neck structures of the embryo and contain all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm). The topic of head and sensory development is covered in detail in BGD cycle B.

Stage14 sem2cl.jpg otic placode forms the otocyst

Embryo Stage 13

Movies - Embryo Carnegie stage 13 - These are rotating animations based upon reconstruction of individual serial slice images of the stage 13 embryo.


Stage13-CNS-icon.jpg Stage13-GIT-icon.jpg Stage13-CVS-icon.jpg
Central Nervous System Gastrointestinal Cardiovascular

Week 4 Movies

Note that many of the movies start in week 4 and continue on through later embryonic development.

Ectoderm

Neuralplate 001 icon.jpg Neuraltube 001 icon.jpg
Neural Plate Neural Tube

Mesoderm

Mesoderm 001 icon.jpg Somite 001 icon.jpg Vertabra 003 icon.jpg
Mesoderm Somite Structures Vertebra

Endoderm

Endoderm 002 icon.jpg


BGDsmall.jpg

Practical 6: Week 3 | Week 4 | Week 5 | Week 6 | Week 7 | Week 8 | Quiz



   

Additional Information

Additional Information - Content shown under this heading is not part of the material covered in this class. It is provided for those students who would like to know about some concepts or current research in topics related to the current class page.


Detailed Week by Week

The following information is a detailed timeline of embryonic development between week 3 to 8 and content does not form part of the current practical class.

Week 3 | Week 4 | Week 5 | Week 6 | Week 7 | Week 8


Neural Abnormalities

Australian Birth Statistics
Neural tube defect - Meningomyelocele

See also Neural Abnormalities

Neural Tube Defects (NTD)

  • Failure of neural tube closure either incorrectly or incomplete.
  • Dysraphism is the term often used to describe the defective fusion of the neural folds. The position and degree of failure of fusion will result in either embryonic death or a range of different neural defects. The way (mode) in which the human neural tube fuses has been a source of contention. In humans, fusion appears to initiate at multiple sites but the mode is different from that found in many animal models used in developmental studies. Severity dependent upon level within the tube and degree of failure (caudal - spina bifida; cranial - anancephaly)

Maternal Diet - Folate

Research demonstrated that that supplementation of maternal diet with folate reduces incidence of NTDs (More? Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects)

UK

A randomised controlled trial conducted by the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom demonstrated a 72% reduction in risk of recurrence by periconceptional (ie before and after conception) folic acid supplementation (4mg daily).

USA

Women who have one infant with a neural tube defect have a significantly increased risk of recurrence (40-50 per thousand compared with 2 per thousand for all births)

USA spina bifida rates USA anencephaly rates

  • Food and Drug Administration (USA) in 1996 authorized that all enriched cereal grain products be fortified with folic acid, with optional fortification beginning in March 1996 and mandatory fortification in January 1998. The data in the above graphs show the subsequent changes in anencephaly and spina bifida rate over that period.

Australia

  • NHMRC policy statement (1993) emphasises the need for women who are capable of getting pregnant, or who are planning a pregnancy to be advised about folate and the importance of increasing folate intake to 0.4 - 0.5mg daily.
  • Food Standards (FSANZ) had allowed industry two years to prepare to add folic acid to wheat flour used in making bread. Wheat flour will contain folic acid by 13 September 2009.

Links: Victoria - Folate information for health professionals | NHMRC - Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes | NHMRC - Iodine supplementation for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women


Embryo Stages and Events

Day Stage Event
22
Stage 10 Stage10 dorsal1.jpg Stage10-dorsal2.jpg

Neural

  • neural folds begin to fuse near the junction between brain and spinal cord
  • rostral neural tube forms 3 primary brain vesicles (week 4)

Neural Crest

  • differentiation at spinal cord level from day 22 until day 26
  • cells are arising mainly from the neural ectoderm
  • trigeminal, facial, and postotic ganglia components visible PMID: 17848161
  • migration of vagal level neural crest cells begins (7-10 somite stage)

Respire

  • Week 4 - laryngotracheal groove forms on floor foregut
23
  Heart begins to beat in Humans by day 22-23, first functioning embryonic organ formed.
24
Stage 11 Stage11 bf1c.jpg

Thyroid thyroid median endodermal thickening in the floor of pharynx

Neural rostral (or cephalic) neuropore closes within a few hours; closure is bidirectional, it takes place from the dorsal and terminal lips and may occur in two areas simultaneously. The two lips, however, behave differently.

Optic ventricle appears

25
Stage 12 Stage12 bf1c.jpg

Pituitary Week 4 hypophysial pouch, Rathke’s pouch, diverticulum from roof

GIT - Liver septum transversum forming liver stroma and hepatic diverticulum forming hepatic trabeculae PMID: 9407542

Neural caudal neuropore takes a day to close (closure is approximately at future somitic pair 31/sacral vertebra 2)

Neural secondary neurulation begins

Neural Crest cardiac crest, neural crest from rhombomeres 6 and 7 that migrates to pharyngeal arch 3 and from there the truncus arteriosus PMID: 17848161

Neural Crest vagal neural crest enter the foregut (20-25 somite stage)

26
   
27
   
28
Stage 13 Stage13 bf1c.jpg Neural the neural tube is normally completely closed, ventricular system now separated from amniotic fluid. Neural crest at spinal level is segregating, and spinal ganglia are in series with the somites. Spinal cord ventral roots beginning to develop. PMID: 3354839

telencephalon cavity appears

GIT - Liver epithelial cord proliferation enmeshing stromal capillaries PMID: 9407542

Sense - Smell Crest comes from the nasal platesPMID: 15604533

Skin 4 weeks - simple ectoderm epithelium over mesenchyme

Skin 1-3 months ectoderm- germinative (basal) cell repeated division of generates stratified epithelium; mesoderm- differentiates into connective tissue and blood vessels

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
2010 BGD: Lecture 1 | Lecture 2 | Practical 3 | Practical 6 | Practical 12

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology 2010 BGD Practical 6 - Week 4. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/2010_BGD_Practical_6_-_Week_4

What Links Here?
© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G