2009 Group Project 5: Difference between revisions

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13.'''Genetics - chromosome number, sequencing'''  
13.'''Genetics - chromosome number, sequencing'''  
==Current Embrology Research==
Currently, a number of fields have benefited from the development of frog embrology. These include cloning, verification of messenger RNA, and Cell cycle.
===Cloning===
In 1952, Robert Briggs and Thomas J King cloned northern leopard frogs using a method of nuclear transfer. Briggs and King's experiment was similar to that envisioned - and piloted using salamanders - by Hans Spemann in his 1938 proposal for a 'fantastical experiment'. Later, John Gurdon extended this work and showed that nuclei from differentiated cells could support development, although less well than those from early embryos.
===Verification of messenger RNA===
While the existence and role of messenger RNA (mRNA) was known in bacteria, in the 1960s it was still debated whether it also existed in vertebrates. Taking haemoglobin mRNA from immature red blood cells and injecting it into a Xenopus oocyte, John Gurdon showed that the haemoglobin protein was indeed produced. Producing proteins in Xenopus oocytes has proved to be extremely useful in cell biology, in particular for the study of receptor proteins.
===Cell Cycle===
As they develop outside the mother, frog eggs are well stocked with the proteins needed to drive the development of the embryo. Studies of these processes has shed considerable light on the processes involved in cell division - termed the cell cycle.--[[User:Z3126345|Gang Liu]] 18:51, 19 August 2009 (EST)


14.''' Current Embryology Research - research papers and findin'''gs
14.''' Current Embryology Research - research papers and findin'''gs

Revision as of 19:51, 19 August 2009

The Embryology of Frogs

Growth and development of the Frog

Image details: Wikipedia (2009) TYPICAL FROG Primary source:[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red-eyed_Tree_Frog_-_Litoria_chloris_edit1.jpg

The frog is well recognised species, abundant predominantly in ponds, swamps, though various of frog species may also exist in damp or shady environments distant from the water. Eggs of specific frogs are easily obtained and may be examined in from the beginning of fertilization onwards. The phases of embryonic development differs in various chordates, yet the typical phases are basically apparent in all frog species. The differences are associated principally to the amount of yolk particles present in an egg. The yolk particles offer nourishment of the developing embryo. The process of frog development will be discussed from the phases of gametogenesis to the adult stage. --Joe Nassif 17:29, 19 August 2009 (EST)

The Egg

The embryology of a frog egg is a vast cell; its dimensions are approximately 1.4-1.6 million times larger than a typical aquatic species egg cell. Throughout the frog’s embryonic maturation period, the egg will be transformed into a tadpole encompassing millions of cells but still remains with its constant volume of genetic material. The early embryonic frog structure consists of three main segments the superior hemisphere known as the animal pole which is usually visible as the darkest area. The innermost layer appears to be between the outer two sections known as the gray crescent. Inferiorly, represents the vegetal pole typically lighter than the superior compartment.--Joe Nassif 17:29, 19 August 2009 (EST)

Image details: Wikipedia (2009) FROG EGGS Primary source:[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frogspawn_closeup.jpg





Project Content:


1.The Egg

2.Fertilization

3.Cleavage JOE NASSIF z3295026 (first 6 topics)

4.Gastrulation

5.Differentiation

6.Growth

Gastrulation

The start of gastrulation is marked by the pushing inward of the cells in the region of embryo. This produces, first, an opening that will be the future anus. Second, a cluster of cells that develops into the Spemann organiser. As gastrulation continus, three different germ layers are formed. These are ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. --Gang Liu 18:27, 19 August 2009 (EST)

Germ-layer origin of various body tissues

Ectoderm will give raise to structures such as skin, brain, spinal cord, neurons and sense receptors. Mesoderm will give raise to structrues such as notochord, muscles, blood, bone and sex organs. Endoderm will give raise to sturctures such as inner lining of gut, liver, pancreas, lungs and bladder, thyroid and parathyroid glands and thymus.--Gang Liu 18:32, 19 August 2009 (EST)

7.Timeline -how long

8. Diagram (Hand-drawn)

9. Germ-layer origin of various body tissues

10.Developmental factors associated with specfic stages of growth

11. Staging - are there species specific staging, what occurs when

12.History of Model Use - when was it first used, what embryology research

13.Genetics - chromosome number, sequencing

Current Embrology Research

Currently, a number of fields have benefited from the development of frog embrology. These include cloning, verification of messenger RNA, and Cell cycle.

Cloning

In 1952, Robert Briggs and Thomas J King cloned northern leopard frogs using a method of nuclear transfer. Briggs and King's experiment was similar to that envisioned - and piloted using salamanders - by Hans Spemann in his 1938 proposal for a 'fantastical experiment'. Later, John Gurdon extended this work and showed that nuclei from differentiated cells could support development, although less well than those from early embryos.

Verification of messenger RNA

While the existence and role of messenger RNA (mRNA) was known in bacteria, in the 1960s it was still debated whether it also existed in vertebrates. Taking haemoglobin mRNA from immature red blood cells and injecting it into a Xenopus oocyte, John Gurdon showed that the haemoglobin protein was indeed produced. Producing proteins in Xenopus oocytes has proved to be extremely useful in cell biology, in particular for the study of receptor proteins.

Cell Cycle

As they develop outside the mother, frog eggs are well stocked with the proteins needed to drive the development of the embryo. Studies of these processes has shed considerable light on the processes involved in cell division - termed the cell cycle.--Gang Liu 18:51, 19 August 2009 (EST)


14. Current Embryology Research - research papers and findings

== Links - Frog Embryology: ==


1. [1]

2. [2]

3. [3]

4. [4] Just a little cycle of FROG'S life cycle

5. [5]

6. http://images.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://apps.carleton.edu/global_stock/photostock/193602.jpg&imgrefurl=http://apps.carleton.edu/campus/library/now/exhibits/wallcharts/frog/&usg=__6WNxrJKZ7uH0acKeWHJ2t300IaU=&h=500&w=387&sz=27&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=F5X21msxLaGm0M:&tbnh=130&tbnw=101&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dembryology%2Bof%2Bfrog%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

the biology of a frog scribd


ANAT2341 group projects

Project 1 - Rabbit | Project 2 - Fly | Project 3 - Zebrafish | Group Project 4 - Mouse | Project 5 - Frog | Students Page | Animal Development