1987 Developmental Stages In Human Embryos - Appendix 1

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O'Rahilly R. and Müller F. Developmental Stages in Human Embryos. Contrib. Embryol., Carnegie Inst. Wash. 637 (1987).

Online Editor Note  
O'Rahilly R. and Müller F. Developmental Stages in Human Embryos. Contrib. Embryol., Carnegie Inst. Wash. 637 (1987).

The original 1987 publication text, figures and tables have been altered in formatting, addition of internal online links, and links to PubMed. Original Document - Copyright © 1987 Carnegie Institution of Washington.

See also the later 2010 paper by the same authors - O'Rahilly R & Müller F. (2010). Developmental stages in human embryos: revised and new measurements. Cells Tissues Organs (Print) , 192, 73-84. PMID: 20185898 DOI.

Links: Embryonic Development | Carnegie Collection | Carnegie Embryos | Ronan O'Rahilly | Fabiola Müller

1987 Stages: Introduction | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | References | Appendix 1 | Appendix 2 | Historic Papers | Embryonic Development
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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

Appendix 1 | Appendix 2

Appendix 1 - Embryos In The Carnegie Collection

The Carnegie specimens of stages 2-23 are listed in the following tables.


In columns "Size" (stage 9 and later), E. is the greatest length of the embryo and Ch. is the mean diameter of the chorion. In stages 16-18, an asterisk indicates a corrected or an estimated length. The grade refers to the total grade of the specimen and includes both its original quality and the condition of the mounted sections. The embedding medium was either paraffin (P) or a combination of celloidin and paraffin (C-P).


In stages 9-12 the number of paired somites is provided. In stage 18 the number of semicircular ducts (1-3) is given for each embryo, and also the length of the paramesonephric duct. Both of these serve as indices of relative level of development. In stages 19- 23 Streeter's point score, from which the position of a given Carnegie embryo within a stage can be determined, is included (see Introduction To Stages 19-23).


The donors of most of these valuable specimens were named by Streeter (1942-1951) and O'Rahilly (1973). All those of stages 2, 3, 5a, and 5b, most of those of stage 5c, and many of those of stages 6 and 7 were presented by Drs. Hertig and Rock, whose contribution has been of enormous value to early human embryology.

Carnegie Collection


The specimens in the excellent embryological collection of Professor E. Blechschmidt were assigned Carnegie Nos. 10315-10434 in 1972 because Professor Blechschmidt's wish was and is to have his collection combined with the Carnegie Collection. The Blechschmidt Collection is at present housed temporarily in the Department of Anatomy of Louisiana State University, New Orleans, and is under the care of Dr. Raymond F. Gasser. The collection has served as the basis of two important atlases (Blechschmidt, 1963, 1973), and the appropriate three-dimensional reconstructions are housed in the Anatomisches Institut der Universitat Gottingen. The staging of these embryos has not been completed and hence they are not in- cluded in the following lists.

Blechschmidt Collection

Stage 2

Serial No. Normality No. of Blastomeres Size of Fixed Specimen (µm) Fixative Embedding Medium Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes
8190 abnormal 9 160x104 Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 Iron h., or G 1943 Hertig et al. (1954)
8260 in vitro 2 50x75 Bouin C-P 8 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1944 Menkin and Rock (1948)
8450 abnormal 8 100x96 Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin), phlox. 1947 Hertig et al. (1954)
8452 abnormal 12 110x93 Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin), phlox. 1946 Hertig et al. (1954)
8500.1 in vitro 3 50x86 Bouin C-P 8 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin). 1947 Menkin and Rock (1948)
8630 abnormal 5 104x94 Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1948 Hertig et al. (1954)
8698 normal 2 122x88 Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1949 Hertig et al. (1954)
8904 normal 12 115 Bouin Specimen lost 1951 Hertig et al. (1954)

1987 - Stage 2 | Carnegie stage 2

Stage 3

Serial No. Normality No. of Blastomeres Size of Fixed Specimen (µm) Fixative Embedding Medium Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes
8663 normal 107 103x80 Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1949 Hertig et al. (1954)
8794 normal 58 108x86 Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1950 Hertig et al. (1954)


1987 - Stage 3 | Carnegie stage 3

Stage 5

Stage 5a

Serial No. Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes
8020 Exc. Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1942 Hertig and Rock (1945a)
8155 Exc. Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1943 Hertig and Rock (1949)
8225 Exc. Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1944 Hertig and Rock (1945b)


1987 - Stage 5a | 1987 - Stage 5 | Carnegie stage 5

Stage 5b

Serial No. Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes
8004 Exc Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1942 Hertig and Rock (1945a)
8171 Exc Alc. C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1943 Hertig and Rock (1949)
8215 Exc Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1944 Hertig and Rock (1945c)
9350 Exc Bouin ? ? (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1955 Heuser (1956)


1987 - Stage 5b | 1987 - Stage 5 | Carnegie stage 5

Stage 5c

Serial No. Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes
4900 Poor p P 10 p 1925 Incomplete. Streeter (1926)
7699 Exc. Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1939 Hertigand Rock (1941)
7700 Exc. Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1938 Hertigand Rock (1941)
7770 Exc. Bouin C-P 6 & 10 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1940 Abnormal
7771 Exc. Bouin C-P 10 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1940 Abnormal
7950 Exc. Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1941 Hertig and Rock (1944)
8000 Poor Alc. & Bouin C-P 8 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1942 Abnormal
8139 Exc. ? C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1943 Incomplete. Marchetti (1945)
8299 Exc. Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin), phlox. 1945 Abnormal
8329 Exc. Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin), phlox. 1945 Abnormal
8330 Exc. Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin), phlox. 1945
8370 Poor Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin), phlox. 1946 Abnormal
8558 Exc. Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1947


1987 - Stage 5c | 1987 - Stage 5 | Carnegie stage 5

Stage 6

Serial No. Grade Embedding Medium ? P P P P C-P STAGE 6 Thinness 6026 Poor 6734 Poor 6900 Poor 7634 Poor 7762 Good 7800 Exc. 7801 Exc. 7850 Exc. 8290 Exc. 8360 Exc. 8362 Poor p 6? 10 15 10 8 8 8 6 8 6 6 6 8 6 8 H.&E. H.&E. H.&E. H.&E. ? H.&E. H.&E. H.&E. H. phlox. H.&E., phlox. H.&E., phlox H.&E. H.&E. H.&E., phlox. H.&E., phlox. Azan 8672 Exc. 8819 Exc. 8905 Poor 8910 Good Formol 9222 Good Bouin 9250 Exc. Bouin 9595 Poor p 10003 Good Bouin 6& 10 8 H.&E. 1954 8 H.&E. 1958 5 V arious 1963 Fixative ? Zenker-acetic Formol Formol Zenker-formol Stain Y ear Notes 1929 Lockyer embryo. Abnormal. Ramsey (1937) 1934 Yale embryo. Ramsey (1938) 1940 Linzenmeier (1914) 1940 Torpin embryo. Krafka (1941) 1940 Wilson (1945) 1940 Abnormal 1940 Heuser et al. (1945) 1940 Abnormal 1944 1944 1944 1949 1951 Edwards-Jones-Brewer (H.I496). Brewer (1938) 1951 Abnormal 1951 1954 Abnormal. Possibly stage 7 Bouin C-P Ale. & Bouin C-P Bouin C-P Ale. & Bouin C-P C-P C-P C-P p C-P C-P p p p Ale. & Bouin Formol-chrom. subl. Ale. etc.

1987 - Stage 6 | Carnegie stage 6

Stage 7

Serial No. Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes
7802 Exc. Alc. & Bouin C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1940 Heuser et al. (1945)
8206 Good p C-P 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1943
8361 Good Bouin C-P 10 p 1946 Abnormal
8602 Exc. Alc. C-P 8 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1948
8752 Exc. ? C-P 10 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1950
8756 Exc. Formol C-P 10 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1950
9217 Exc. p P 10 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1954

1987 - Stage 7 | Carnegie stage 7

Stage 8

Serial No. Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Plane Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes
1399 Poor Formol P Trans. 10 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) etc. 1916 "Mateer embryo" described by Streeter (1920a)
3412 Poor Formol P Trans. 5-15 Al. coch. E. au., or. 1921
5960 Good Kaiserling P Trans. 5 Al. coch. & eosin 1929 Heuser (1932b)
6630 Poor Formol P Oblique 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1932
6815 Poor Formol P Oblique 10 Al. coch., or. G 1933
7170a and b 7545 Poor Alc. C-P Trans. 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1935 Twins
7568 Poor Formoi C-P Trans. 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1938
7640 Good Formol & Bouin P Trans. 10 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1939 George (1942)
7666 Exc. Formol-chrom. subl. C-P Trans. 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1939 "H. 1515"
7701 Exc. ? C-P Trans. 8 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1939
7822 Good Formoi C-P Trans. 10 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1940
7949 Good Zenker p Sag. 10 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) etc. 1941
7972 Good Alc. & Bouin C-P Sag. 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1942
8255 Exc. Bouin C-P Sag. 8 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin), phlox. 1944 Slides showing embryo returned to Dr. Patten in 1962
8320 Good Formol C-P Sag. 8 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin), phlox. 1945
8352 Good Formol C-P Trans. 8 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin), phlox. 1946
8371 Poor Alc. & Bouin C-P Sag. 8 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin), phlox. 1946
8671 Exc. Alc. & Bouin C-P Sag. 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin), phlox. 1949
8725 Exc. Alc. & Bouin C-P Sag. 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin), phlox. 1949
8727 Exc. Alc. & Bouin C-P Trans. 8 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin), phlox. 1949 Germ disc folded, possibly double (Hertig, 1968, fig. 180)
8820 Good Zenker-formol ? Trans. 10 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1951 "Jones-Brewer I" (H. 1459) described byJones and Brewer (1941)
9009a and b 9123 Good Formol C-P Sag. 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1952 Twins described briefly by Heuser (1954)
9123 Good Formol C-P Sag. 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1953
9251 Good ? C-P Sag. 10-12 Azan, H. & phlox. 1954
9286 Exc. Formol C-P Trans. 8 Azan 1955
10157 Exc. Formol C-P Trans. ? Cason 1967
10174 Exc. Bouin p Trans. 8 Cason 1967

1987 - Stage 8 | Carnegie stage 8

Stage 9

Serial No. Pairs of somites Size (mm) Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Plane Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes
1878 2-3 E., 1.38
Ch., 12X10.5X7.5
Good Formol P Cor. 10 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1917 Described by Ingalls (1920)
5080 1 E., 1.5
Ch., 14.5
Poor Formol P Trans. 10 Al. coch. 1926 Studied by Davis (1927)
7650 2-3 E., 2-3 Good Alc & Bouirl C-P Trans. 6 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1939 Said to be female (Park, 1957)

1987 - Stage 9 | Carnegie stage 9

Stage 10

All sections at stage 10 are transverse

Serial No. Pairs of somites Size (mm) Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes
391 8 E, 2 Ch., 14 Good Formol P 10 Al. coch. 1907 Monograph by Dandy (1910)
1201 7 E,2 Ch.. 144 Good Formol P 8 H. & or. G. 1915 Univ. Chicago No. H 87
2795 4-5 E,2 Poor Alc. P 6 Alcoch,or.G. 1919
3??0?? 12 E, 1 5 Good Formol P 12.5 I. H. 1921 Univ. Calif. No. H 19"7
3??09 4 E. 1.4 Ch.. 14.8 Poor Formol P 10 Erythrosin 1921 Univ. Chicago No H 279
3710 12 E., 3.6 Ch., 19.0 Good Formol C-P 10 H. & or. G. 1921 Univ. Chicago No. H 392
4216 8 E, 2 Ch, 9.8 Good Formol P 15 ? 1923 Monograph by Payne (1925)
5074 10 E., 3.3 Ch., 10.8 Exc. Bouin P 10 Al. coch. 1925 Univ. Rochester No. H 10. Monograph by Corner (1929)
6330 7 E, 2.83 Good P 5 Ehr. H. 1931 Univ. Chicago No. H 1404
6740 12 E., 2.2 Good p C-P 8 ? 1933 Litzenberg embryo. Studied by Boyden (1940)
7251 8 E., 1.27 Good Formol C-P 10 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1941 "Singapore embryo." Univ. Cambridge No. H 98. Studied by Wilson (1914)
8244 6 E., 1.55 Ch, 8,5 Good Alc. C-P 8 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) phlox. 1944
8970 12 Ch, ca. 8 Good Zenker P 5 Various, chiefly carmine 1952 Univ. Chicago. No. H 637. Dicephaly

1987 - Stage 9 | Carnegie stage 10

Stage 11

Serial No. Pairs of somites Size (mm) Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Plane Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes
12 14 E, 2.1 Ch, 13 Poor P Trans. 10 Al. carm. 1893
164 18 E, 3.5 Ch, 14 Good Formol P Trans. 20 Al. carm. 1913
318 13/14 E, 2.5 Ch, 16 Good P Trans. 25 Al. carm. 1905
470 17 E, 4.3 Ch, 16 Good Formol P Trans. 10 Al. carm. 1910
779 14 E, 2.75 Good C Trans. 15 Al. coch. 1913 Complete dysraphia. Studied by Dekaban and Bartelmez (1964)
1182b E, 3 Ch, 15x12x5 Good Formol ? Trans. 20 Al. carm. 1915
2053 20 E, 3.1 Ch, 12 Exc. Formol P Trans. 10 Al. coch. 1918 Most advanced in group. Monograph by Davis (1923). Ag added to slide 2
4315 17 E, 4.7 Ch, 23x10.4X11 Exc. ? C-P Trans. 10 I.H. & E. 1923 Univ. Chicago No. 951. Studied by Wen (1928)
4529 14 E, 2.4 Ch, 21 Exc. Formol P Trans. 10 Al. coch, or. G. 1924 Monograph by Heuser (1930)
4783 13 E, 2.3 Fair ? ? Trans. 5 I.H. 1924 Monograph by Wallin (1913)
4877 13 E, 2 Ch, 15 Good Formol P Trans. 15 Al. coch. 1925
5072 17 E, 3 Good Formol P Trans. 10 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1925 Tubal. Type specimen. Monograph by Atwell (1930)
6050 19/21 E.,3 Ch, 10 Good Formol C-P Cor. 10 Al. coch. 1930 Advanced
6344 13 E, 2.5 Ch, 17 Exc. Formol C-P Trans 6 Al. coch. 1931 Least advanced in group
6784 17 E, 5 Ch, 16 Exc. Formol C-P Trans 6 I.H, or. G. 1933
7358 16 E, ? Ch, 15 Poor Alc, formol p Oblique 25 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1936
7611 16 E., 2.4 Ch., 12 Exc. Bouin C-P Trans 8 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1938
7665 19 E., 4.36 Exc. ? C-P Trans 6 1939 Univ. Chicago No. H 1516
7702 17 E, 3.7 Ch., 14 Good Formol C-P Trans 10 Al. coch. 1940 Returned to B M Patten
7851 13 E., 4.3 Ch, 18 Exc. Formol C-P Trans 8 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1940 Slightly injured
8005 16/17 E, 3 Exc. Bouin C-P Trans 8 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1942 Tubal.
8116 17 E, 14 Ch.. 17 Good Formol p Sag. 8 Azan 1953
8962 15 E, 1.55 Good ? * Sag. ? ? 1952 Tubal. I'ntv Chicago No H 810

1987 - Stage 11 | Carnegie stage 11

Stage 12

Serial No. Pairs of somites Size (mm) Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Plane Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes

Thin- Serial Paired Size Embedding ness No. somites (mm) Grade Fixative medium Plane (|im) Stain Year Notes 209 ca.24 E.,3 Ch.,15 Poor Ale. Poor p Poor Formol Good Corros. acetic Good Formol Poor Formol Good Ale, formol Poor Formol P Cor. 50 ? Sag. 20 P Trans. 10 P Trans. 10 P Trans. 20 P Trans. 10 P Trans. 10 P Trans. 40 P Cor. 10 P Trans. 15 P Trans. 10 C-P Trans. 10 Al. coch. 1902 Al. coch. p 250 19? 384 P 486 21 E, 2 Ch., 10x9x9 E., 2.5 Ch.,13 E.,4 Ch., 22 E.,4.5 Ch., 20 E., 5.3 Ch., 19.5 H.&E. Al. coch. Al. coch. Al. coch, or. G. Al. coch. Al. coch. 1907 Macerated. Narrow yolk stalk 1911 1062 29 2197 •> 4245-7 ca.24 E.,3.5 1915 1918 1923 1923 Ch., 24 4479 E., 5.8 C h , 17 4736 26 E.,3.0 Good Formol Al. coch. 1924 4759 4784 5035 Ch.,20 7 E.,4.5 Ch., 15 23 E.,3 25-28 E.,3.8 Ch., 18 Good Formol Good p Good Formol H.&E. 5048 ca.25 E.,3.5 Good Formol C-P Trans. 10 Al. coch. 1925 Tubal. Injured Tubal Autopsy. Partly macerated Tubal. Ag added to slides 1-3 Tubal. Caudal neuropore closed Caudal end broken Typical for stage 12 Caudal defect 5056 5206 5300 5923 6097 6144 6488 6937 7724 7852 7999 8505a 25 E.,3 Good Formol Ch.,12 Trans. 10 Trans. 20 Trans. 20 C-P Trans. 10 Trans. 10 Trans. 10 Cor. 10 Sag. 8 Trans. 10 C-P Trans. 10 Al. Coch. Al. coch. Al. coch. Al. coch. Al. coch, eosin Al. coch. Al. coch. I. H., or. G. H.&E. H.&E. H.&E. H. Phlox. Azan 1925 1926 1926 1929 1930 1930 1932 1934 1940 1940 1942 b 23 8941 28 8942 25 8943 22 8944 25 8963 22 8964 23 9154 24 Exc Formol C-P Exc Zenker C-P Trans. 6 Cor. 5 Trans. 8 I.H. 1927 I.H. 1930 H.&E. 1934 I.H. 1936 I.H. 1928 I.H. 1928 I.H. & phlox Univ. Chicago No. H 1261 Univ. Chicago No. H 1382 Univ. Chicago No. H 1481 Univ. Chicago No. H 1514 Univ. Chicago. No. H 1093 Studied by Wen (1928) Univ. Chicago No. H 984. Studied by Wen (1928) p p 28 25 27 28 26 ca. 29 25 ca.28 24 E.,4 Poor p Ch., 51x31x30 7 P Exc. Formol P Trans. 10 Poor Formol E., 4.5 Ch,16.5 E.,4 Ch.,15 E,3.4 Ch., 12.5 E. 3.3 Ch., 11 E, 3.2 Ch,22 E.,3 C h , 12 E, 3.5 Ch.,18 E , 3.7 Ch,26 E, 3.2 C h , 15 Ch, 23.5 Ch,24 E, 4.9 Ch, 35 E, 38 Ch, 35 E. 3.9 Ch,, 20,4 E,4 Exc. Formal- C-P Sag. 8 Ch,,25 Zenker E, 3.8 Fair Formol C-P Trans. 10 Ch , 14 5 E,2.8 Pix>r Formol p Trans 8 Ch . 26 " E, 5 4 Exc Formal C-P Trans 8&6 Exc. Formol Good Lysol-Zenker C-P Good Formol C-P Poor Formol C-P Good Formol C-P Exc. Formol C-P Exc. Bouin Exc Formol C-P Trans. p Sag. p \ 1 CiA~J ( 1947 Twins Exc Zenker C-P Exc, Formol- C-P Zenker P Transitional to next stage Caudal neuropore widely open Macerated. Upper limb buds not visible No upper limb buds. Caudal neuropore closed 1924 Neural tube folded Al. coch. 1925 p 1924 1953


1987 - Stage 12 | Carnegie stage 12

Stage 13

Serial No. Pairs of somites Size (mm) Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Plane Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes

Serial Size Embedding No. (mm) Grade Fixative medium Plane Thin- ness (|xm) Stain Year Notes Obtained by Mall while student Abnormal. Nasal discs fused 1 E.,4.5 Ch., 30X30 19 E., 5.5 Ch., 18X14 87 E., 4 Ch., 24X16x9 76 E., 4.5 Ch.,22X20 112 E., 4 116 E., 5 148 E.,4.3 Ch., 17x14x10 186 E.,3.5 Ch., 25X20X15 239 E., 3.0 248 E., 4.5 Ch., 30x23x15 407 E.,4 Ch., 14x13X7 463 E., 3.9 Ch., 17x12x7 523 E., 5 Ch., 25X25X15 588 E., 4.0 Ch., 19x15x8 786 E., 4.5 Ch., 19X10X10 800 E., 6.0 808 E.,4.0 826 E., 5.0 Ch., 13X13X9 836 E.,4.0 Ch., 22X18X11 963 E.,4.0 Ch., 23X18X16 1075 E.,6.0 Ch., 46x32x20 3956 E., 4.0 4046 E.,5 Ch., 22X20X20 5541 E., 6.0 Ch., 35x30x20 5682 E., 5.3 Ch., 29x25x13 5874 E., 4.8 6032 E., 5.8 Ch., 30x24x13 6469 E., 5.0 Ch., 25x18X18 6473 E., 5.0 Ch, 30X30X15 7433 E., 5.2 Ch., 15 x 1 3 x 1 3 "618 E,48 Ch, 18x15x15 "669 E,5.0 Ch., 23xl6x 14 "'889 E, 4.2 8066 E,53 C h , 20 x 18 x IS Poor Salicylic acid Poor p Poor p Poor Ale. P Trans. ? Trans. 10 20 20 20 10 p 10 20 10 50 40 10 p 15 15 10 15 20 15 20 20 20 50 10 20 10 ? p 6 8 10 6 6 8 Hemat. 1887 Al. coch. 1895 Al. coch. 1896 Al. coch. 1897 Al. coch. p Al. coch. 1898 H.&E. 1899 Al. coch. 1901 H.&E. 1903 Al. coch. 1904 Al. coch. 1907 Al. coch. 1910 Al. coch. 1911 H.&E. 1912 Al. coch. 1913 H. 1913 Al. coch. 1914 Al. coch. 1914 Al. coch. 1914 Al. coch. 1914 H.&E., or. G. 1915 Al. coch. 1922 Al. coch. 1922 Al. coch., eosin 1927 Al. coch. 1928 H.&E. 1929 p 1929 p 1932 Al. coch. 1932 H.&E. 1937 H.&E. 1939 H.&E. 1939 H.&E 1941 H.&E 1942 Poor p Poor p Poor AJc. Poor Ale. Poor Formol Poor p Poor Formol Good Formol Fair Formol Good Corros. Poor Ale. Good Corros. Poor Corros. Good Formol Exc. Corros. Good Formol Exc. Corros. Poor Formol Poor Formol Good Formol Poor Formol Exc. Bouin Poor Formol Poor Formol Exc. Formol Exc Formol Exc. Bouin Good Formol Exc. Bouin Exc. Bouin acetic acetic acetic acetic acetic p P p ? P P P ? ? P p P P P P P P P P Trans. Trans. Sag. Sag. Cor. Trans. Trans. Cor. Trans. Cor. Trans. Cor. Sag. Trans. Trans. Trans. Trans. Cor. Cor. Trans. Trans. Trans. Cor. Trans. p p Cor. Cor. Cor. Cor. Cor. Trans. Advanced Curettage. Anencephaly Tubal. Incomplete Shrunken Less advanced Most advanced in group Tubal. Incomplete Hysterotomy. Bromides only Not good enough to cut Fragmented on cutting. Not saved Less advanced. Ag added Tubal Hystereaomy. Advanced. Ag added Hysterectomy. Least advanced in group, Ag added Hysterectomy Hysterectomy. Ag added to slide 2 P P P P P OP C-P C-P C-P C-P C-P p p Serial Size No. (mm) 8119 E., 5.3 Ch., 32x28x6.5 8147 E., 5.2 Ch., 27X21X19 8239 E., 4.3 8372 E., 5.6 8581 E., 4.8 8967 E., 5.7 9296 E,4.5 9297 E., 4.5 9697 E., 5.5 Grade Fixative Exc. Bouin Poor Formol Exc. Bouin Exc. AJc. & Bouin Good Kaiserling Exc. Acetic Zenker Embedding medium C-P ? C-P P C-P C-P C-P Thin- ness Plane (|xm) Trans. 8 ?p Sag. 8 Trans. 10 Sag. 8 Trans. 6 Cor. 8 Stain Year H.&E. 1943 p 1943 H. phlox. 1944 Azan 1946 Azan 1948 H.&E. 1931 Azan 1955 Notes Hysterectomy Tubal. Not cut Most-advanced third Head injured. Univ. Chicago No. H1426 Not cut Exc. •> Exc. •> STAGE 13 (continued) Sag. 8 Bouin 1956 C-P Azan 1955

Stage 14

Serial No. Pairs of somites Size (mm) Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Plane Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes

Serial No. 4 18 80 187 208 245 372 380 387 442 552 560 676 873 988 1380 1620 11% 2841 3360 Size (mm) E.,7 E.,7 Ch., 18X18 E., 5.0 Ch., 24x18x8 E.,7 Ch., 35x30x25 E.,7 Ch., 22X11X11 E.,6 Ch., 13X12X10 E.,7 E,6 Ch., 20x20x14 E.,7 Ch., 45x40x50 E.,6 Ch.,25x20 E.,6 Ch, 40X28X28 E., 7.0 Ch, 24x24 E., 6.0 Ch, 35x20x17 E,6.0 Ch., 35x28x16 E,6.0 Ch., 38x30x23 E , 5."7 Ch, 36x24x24 E, 6.6 Ch, 35x30x8 E, 6.68 E , sy Ch. 35x21 E.6.0 Grade Poor p Poor p Good Ale. Poor ? Poor ? Fixative Embedding medium Plane Thin- ness (UJTI) 10 20 20 20 20 5 10 20 20 50 40 40 2 0 2 0 20 20 20 6 20 20 Stain Year Al. coch. 1892 Al. coch. 1895 Al. coch. 1897 Al. coch. 1902 Al. coch. 1902 H.&E. 1904 H.-Congo red 1902 H.&E. 1906 H.&E. 1907 Al. coch. 1908 Al. coch. 1911 Al. coch. 1912 H.&E. Notes Poor Formol, Zenker p P Trans. •> Sag. p Sag. ? Trans. Fairp p Poorp p Trans. Sag. Good Formol Poor Formol Poor p Poor Formol Good Carnoy Poor Formol P Trans. p Cor.? P Sag. P Cor. P Tr.-Cor. P Sag. P Trans. P Cor. P Sag. ? Trans. P Trans. C Trans Possible anencephaly Good Exc. Good Fair Good Good Formol-corros. acetic Formol Formol ? Ale. Formol Al. coch. 1914 Al. coch. 1916 Al. coch. 1916 Al. coch., or. G. 1919 H.&E,or.G 1920 H.&E,or.G 1920 In mvomatous uterus Trans. Trans. 1913 Possible spina bifida Al. coch. 1914


Serial Size No. (mm) STAGE 14 (continued) Thin- Embedding ness Grade Fixative medium Plane (|im) Stain Year Notes 3805 E., 5.9 Exc. 3960 E., 5.5 Good 4154 E,6.8 Poor Ch., 33X31X20 4245-6 E., 7.0 Good 4629 E., 6.5 Good Ch.,32x23 4672 E,8.2 Good Ch., 40X34X25 4805 E., 7.3 Good Ch., 15X8X9 5437 E., 7.0 Good 5654 E., 5.0 Good Ch., 30X23X17 5787 E., 6.8 Good Ch., 32x30x23 6428 E., 7.0 Good Ch., 30X28X25 6500 E, 4.9* Good 6502 E., 6.7* Exc. 6503 E., 6.3* Exc. 6739 E.,8 Poor 6830 E,5.5 Exc. Ch., 47X23X15 6848 E., 7.8 Good 7324 E, 6.6 Good Ch., 17x13x10 7333 E, 6.3 Good 7394 E, 7.2 Exc. Ch., 45X20X20 7400 E, 6.3 Good Ch., 35X25x20 7522 E., 7.7 Good Ch., 33x16x16 7598 E., 7.0 Poor Ch., 30x30x25 7667 E., 5 Fair Ch., 16x14x12 7829 E., 7.0 Exc. 7870 E,7.2 Exc. Ch., 25X20X 13 8141 E,7.3 Exc. 15 H.&E. 20 Al. coch. Ch.,33x28 8306 E.5.3 Ch., 27 8308 E, 5.85 Ch., 27X18X 18 8314 E,8 Ch.,23x22 S35"7 E., 6.5 8552 E,6.5 8999 E,6 Exc. Bouin C-P Exc. Formol & Bouin C-P Exc. Formol C-P Good Formol C-P Exc. Ale. & Bouin C-P Exc. Ale. & Bouin C-P Ch.,16x15 9695 E,8.5 ? Not cut Bouin P Formol C-P Ale. C-P Formol P Formol C-P Formol p Formol C-P Formol C-P Formol p Formol p Formol C-P Souza? C-P Souza? C-P Souza? C-P Formol C-P Formol C-P Formol C-P Formol C-P Formol C-P Formol C-P Formol C-P Formol C-P Ale. C-P Formol p Bouin C-P Bouin C-P Formol C-P Trans. Cor. Trans. Trans. Sag. Trans. Trans. Trans. Trans. Sag. Cor. Sag. Trans. Cor. Sag. Cor. Cor. Trans. Trans. Trans. Cor. Trans. Trans. Trans. Trans. Trans. Cor, Trans. Sag. Trans. Sag Trans. Sag. 1921 Evans embryo No. 168. Serial bromides only 1922 Blood vessels naturally injected 8 H.&E. 1923 15 Al. coch. 10 H.&E. 1924 20 Al. coch. 10 H.&E. 8 H.&E. 10 Al. coch., eosin 1924 Advanced 1924 Tubal 1927 Advanced 1928 Less advanced 10 Al. coch. 1928 6, Al. coch. 10 10 Al. coch. 5, 1931 Advanced 1931 E. Leitz, Berlin 1931 E. Leitz, Berlin. Ag added to slides 1-25 10 H.&E. 10 Al. coch. 20 H.&E. 1933 1931 E. Leitz, Berlin 8 H.&E. 1933 10 H.&E. 8 H.&E. 1934 Tubal 1936 Low implantation 8 H.&E. 1936 8 H.&E. 1937 10 H.&E. 1937 8 H.&E. 10 H.&E. 1938 Natural blood injection 1938 Macerated 8 H.&E., phlox. 1939 8 H.&E. 8 H.&E. 8 H.&E. 10&20 H.&E., phlox. 1945 8 Azan 1945 8 Azan 1945 8 Azan 1946 8 Azan 1947 8 Azan 1952 1955 1923 Univ. Pennsylvania No. 40. Ag added 1940 Advanced 1941 On borderline of next stage. Ag added 1943 Shrinkage cracks in brain

Stage 15

Serial No. Size (mm) Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Plane Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes
2 E., 7.0 Ch., 25X25X25 Good Alc. P Trans. 15 Al. carm. 1888 Least-advanced third
88 E.,8 Ch., 30x28x15 Poor Alc. P Cor. P Al. coch. 1897
113 E.,8 241 E,6.0 Poor P p Sag. 10 Borax carmine ?
241 E,6.0 Good Formol P Trans. 10 H. & Congo red 1904
371 E,6.6 Good Formol P Sag. 10 Al. coch. 1913 Shrunken and cracked
389 E., 9 Poor p p Sag. 20 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1907 Tubal
721 E., 9.0 Ch., 30x20x10 Exc. Zenker formol P Trans. 15 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 1913 Median in group
810 E., 7.0 Ch, 30x25x15 Good Alc. P Sag. 20 Al. coch 1913
855 E.,7.5 Poor Formol P Trans. 100 Al. coch. 1914 Pathological between limbs
1006 E,9.0 Ch., 37x26x22 Poor Formol P Cor. 20 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) or. G. 1914 Operative. Most-advanced third
1091 E,7.2 Ch., 28x26x20 Poor P Cor. 20 Al. coch. 1915 Macerated
1354 E,7.8 Ch, 35x30x25 Good Formol P Sag. 20 Al. coch. 1916 Least-advanced third
1767 E , 11.0 Ch, 41 X23X5 Good Formol P Sag. 40 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) or. G. 1917 Most-advanced third
2743 E., 7.2 Ch., 19xl8x 14 Poor Formol P Trans. 20 Al. coch. 1919 Macerated. Least-advanced third
3216 E, 6.5 Ch, 30x30x5 Good Formol P Trans. 20 Al. coch. 1920 Hysterectomy. Least-advanced third
3385 E,83 Ch., 25x20x16 Exc. Corros. acetic P Trans. 20 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) or. G. 1921 Some sections lost. Most-advanced third. Ag added
3441 E,8.0 Ch., 25x24x20 Good Formol P Sag. 10 Al. coch. 1921
3512 E,8,5 Ch., 33x28x25 Good Formol P Trans. 10 Al. coch. 1921
3952 E,6,7 Ch., 30x25x15 Good Formol P Cor. 15 Al. coch. 1922 Median in group
4602 E,9.3 Ch,, 33x30x26 Good Formol P Sag. 15 Al. coch. 1924 Medical abortion
4782 E,9.0 Ch., I4xl3x 11 Poor Formol P Cor. 20 Al. coch. 1924
5772 E, 8 Poor ? P Cor. 15 Al. coch. eosin 1928
5?92 E, 3 Good Corros. acetic C-P Cor. 10 Al. coch. phlox 1929 Transitional to next stage
6223 E ? Poor Alc. C-P Sag. 8 Or. G. 1930 Fragmented sections. Not saved
65??
6???
6508
6595
????

1987 - Stage 15 | Carnegie stage 15

Stage 16

Serial No. Size (mm) Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Plane Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes
163 E., 9.0 Ch., 35X35X20 Good Formol P
221 E., 7.5 Ch., 40X33X33 Poor Formol P
383 E., 7.0 Ch., 15X15X15 Poor Formol P
397 E., 8.0 Ch., 15X15X15 Poor Formol P
422 E., 9.0 Ch., 30X30X30 Poor Alc. P
559 E., 8.6 Ch., 20X15X12 Good Formol P
589 E., 11 Ch., 30X13X13 Poor p P
617 E., 7.0 Ch., 18X14x12 Good Formol P
636 E., 10 Ch.,28x28X22 Poor Formol P
651f E., 7 Ch., 25X20X15 Poor p p
675 E., 10 Ch., 50X30X25 Poor Formol P
792 E., 8.0 Ch., 40X30X30 Good Formol P
887 E, 9.0 Ch., 31X28x17 Good Formol P
1121 E., 11.8 Good Corros. acetic P
1197 E., 10.0 Ch., 23X19X15 Good Formol C
1544 E., 7.2 Good Zenker P
1836 E., 11.0 Good Formol P
4677 E., 9.5 Ch., 48x36x30 Good Formol P
5515 E., 12.0 Ch., 47X37X25 Good Formol C-P
6054 E., 7,0 Ch., 21X17X12 Good Formol C-P
6507 E., 9.0* Exc. Corros. acetic C-P
6509 E. 8.1* Exc. Corros. acetic C-P
6510 E., 10.1* Exc. Corros. acetic C-P
6511 E, 8.1* Good Corros. acetic C-P
6512 E., 7.0* Exc. Corros. acetic C-P
6513 E., 7.2* Good Corros. acetic C-P
6514 E., 9 0* Poor Corros. acetic C-P
6516 E., 10 5* Good Corros acetic C-P
6517 E., 10.5* Exc. Corros. acetic C-P
6686 E., 11.0 Ch., l7x 17XP Poor Formol
6750 E., 10.0 Good Formol
6909 E., 11.0 Good Bouin
6931 E., 8.8 Ch., 3""x 33x16 Good Formol
6950 E.. 9 0 Ch., 3lx20x 18 Good Formol
7?15 E., 9.7 Exc Bouin C-P


Trans. 20 Sag. 20 Trans. 10 Trans. 10 Trans. 40 Trans. 20 Sag. 50 Trans. 15 Trans. 50 p p Sag. 100 Trans. 20 Trans. 40 Cor. 40 Sag. 20 Sag. 20 Trans. 20 Trans. 10 Trans. 10 Trans. 8 Cor. 10&8 Cor. 10 Cor. 10 Sag. 10 Trans. 10 Cor. 10 Sag. 10 Sag. 8 Stain Year Al. coch. 1899 Al. coch. 1903 Al. carm., H. & 1904 Congo red H.&E. 1907 Al. coch. 1910 H. & Congo red 1911 Al. coch. 1912 Al. coch. 1912 Al. coch. 1913 p 1913 Carmine 1915 Al. coch. 1913 Al. coch. 1914 Al. coch. 1915 H.&E., or. G. 1915 Al. coch. 1916 H.&E. 1917 Al. coch. 1924 H.&E. 1927 H.&E. 1930 Notes Used by Bardeen and Lewis Macerated Tubal. Partly macerated Cyclopia. Formerly listed as stage 17 Median in group Macerated Spina bifida Abnormal head and limbs Advanced Near next stage Operative. Median in group Advanced Tubal. Mechanical injury Most-advanced third Median in group Near next stage Least-advanced third Ch. 30*23* 15 (continued)



Trans. 8 C-P Cor. 20 Close to No. 6507. Ag added Surface injured by fixative. Most-advanced third Least-advanced third. Borderline Surface injured by fixative. Least advanced in group Most-advanced third Most-advanced third. Double left kidney and ureter Close to No. 6516 Tubal. Partly macerated Tubal. Advanced Tubal. Advanced Least-advanced third. Type specimen Tubal. Partly fragmented Operative. Less advanced OP Trans. 10 C-P Cor. 10 C-P Cor. 10 Cor. 10 C-P Trans 10 Al. coch. p Al. coch. Al. coch. Al. coch., iron H. •> Al. coch. p Al. coch p Al. coch. Al. coch. > Al. coch. ? Al. coch. 1933 H. & phlox. 1933 H.&E. 1934 Al coch., phlox. 1934 H.&E. 1934 H. & phlox 1935 Middle or most-advanced third p Least-adianced or middle third


7629 E., 11.5 Ch., 31X31 C-P
7804 E., 9.5 Ch., 26X21X16 C-P
7897 E., 12.2 Ch., 31x24x23 C-P
8098 E., 10.0 Ch., 30 C-P
8112 E., 10.9 GP
8179 E., 11.9 Ch., 23X18X17 C-P
8436 E., 10.9 Ch., 13x15x1? P
8692 E., 10 P
8697 E., 11.3 C-P
8773 E, 11
8971 E., 10 Ch., 20.5x14.5x13.7
9055 E., ca. 10
9229 E, 9.5


Plane Cor. Trans. Trans. Cor. Cor. Cor. Cor. Trans. Trans.


Thin- ness (M-m) S t a i n

10 Al. coch., phlox. 10 H.&E. 10 H.&E. 6 H.&E. 8 H.&E. 10 H.&E. 10 Azan 10 H.&E. 10 H.&E. 10 Azan 15 H.&E. 20 Azan & Ag 6 Ag & H.&E. Y e a r 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1943 1946 1949 1949 1950 1932 1953 1954 Notes Hysterectomy. Most advanced in group Least-advanced third Tubal. Advanced Tubal. Median in group Most-advanced third Tubal Advanced Rubella. Medical abortion. Mechanically damaged Perhaps stage 17 Synophthalmia. Univ. Chicago No. H 1439 Damaged Stage 15, 16, or 17? Mislaid Grade Fixative Good Formol Good Formol Good Formol Good Formol Exc Bouin Good Formol Good Formol Good Bouin Poor Formol Exc. Bouin Poor Formol Exc. Bouin P Exc. Formol P


P Cor. Trans. Trans. Trans.


1987 - Stage 16 | Carnegie stage 16

Stage 17

Serial No. Size (mm) Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Plane Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes

1987 - Stage 17 | Carnegie stage 17

Stage 18

Serial No. Size (mm) Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Plane Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes

1987 - Stage 18 | Carnegie stage 18

Stage 19

Serial No. Size (mm) Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Plane Thinness (µm) Stain Year Notes

1987 - Stage 19 | Carnegie stage 19


Stage 20

Serial No. Size (mm) Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Plane Thinness (µm) Stain Point Score Sex Year Notes
460
886
7274 E, 18.5 Ch., 48x44x35 Exc. Bouin C-P Trans. 20 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin), phlox. 20 9 1936
7906
8517




1987 - Stage 20 | Carnegie stage 20

Stage 21

Serial No. Size (mm) Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Plane Thinness (µm) Stain Point Score Sex Year Notes
7592 E,22-> Exc. Bouin C-P Trans. 20 (Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) 36 9 1937

1987 - Stage 21 | Carnegie stage 21

Stage 22

Serial No. Size (mm) Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Plane Thinness (µm) Stain Point Score Sex Year Notes

1987 - Stage 22 | Carnegie stage 22

Stage 23

Serial No. Size (mm) Grade Fixative Embedding Medium Plane Thinness (µm) Stain Point Score Sex Year Notes

1987 - Stage 23 | Carnegie stage 23



1987 Stages: Introduction | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | References | Appendix 1 | Appendix 2 | Historic Papers | Embryonic Development
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