Zygote - Revision history

Z8600021 at 05:15, 3 April 2020

2020-04-03T05:15:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:15, 3 April 2020
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	{\|		{{Zygote Links}}
	~~\|-bgcolor="F5FFFA"~~
	~~\| '''~~Zygote Links~~:''' {{zygote}} Carnegie stage {{CS1}} \| {{fertilization}} \| [[Week 1]] \| {{morula}} \| {{blastocyst}} \| {{Assisted Reproductive Technology~~}~~} \| [[Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer\|SCNT]] \| {{epigenetics}} \| [[:Category:Zygote\|Category:Zygote]]~~
	\|}
	<br>		<br>
	{{Carnegie stage 1 links}}		{{Carnegie stage 1 links}}

Z8600021 at 03:00, 16 November 2019

2019-11-16T03:00:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:00, 16 November 2019
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	'''Conceptus''' - term refers to all material derived from this fertilized zygote and includes both the embryo and the non-embryonic tissues (placenta, fetal membranes).		'''Conceptus''' - term refers to all material derived from this fertilized zygote and includes both the embryo and the non-embryonic tissues (placenta, fetal membranes).

	==Zygotic Genome Activation===		==Zygotic Genome Activation==
	Zygotic Genome Activation (ZGA) is a slight misnomer, as the zygote has initially low expression which increases to activation occurring at the 4 to 8 cell transition in the human, the early {{morula}} stage. In the {{mouse}} ZGA occurs earlier during the 2 cell blastomere stage. A recent study in mouse and human has identified Pleomorphic Adenoma Gene 1 ([https://www.omim.org/entry/603026 OMIM PLAG1]) is a transcription factor that regulates many genes (1,089 genes) involved ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis.{{#pmid:31182756\|PMID31182756}} In the adult, PLAG1 is involved in growth and also cancer development.

			Zygotic Genome Activation (ZGA) is a slight misnomer, as the zygote has initially low expression which increases to activation occurring at the 4 to 8 cell transition in the human, the early {{morula}} stage. In the {{mouse}} ZGA occurs earlier during the 2 cell blastomere stage. A recent study in mouse and human has identified Pleomorphic Adenoma Gene 1 ([https://www.omim.org/entry/603026 OMIM PLAG1]) is a transcription factor that regulates many genes (1,089 genes) involved ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis.{{#pmid:31182756\|PMID31182756}} In the adult, PLAG1 is involved in growth and also cancer development. Dux transcription factor is also associated with ZGA and is positively regulated in the {{mouse}} by developmental pluripotency-associated 2 (Dppa2) and Dppa4.{{#pmid:30692203\|PMID30692203}}

	:'''Links:''' [https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/PLAG1 GHR PLAG1] \| [https://www.omim.org/entry/603026 OMIM PLAG1]		:'''Links:''' [https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/PLAG1 GHR PLAG1] \| [https://www.omim.org/entry/603026 OMIM PLAG1]

	==Zygote Protein Expression==		==Zygote Protein Expression==
	Maternally inherited Yes-associated protein (Yap), a co-activator of TEAD family transcription factors, plays a key role in activating embryonic transcription following fertilization in the mouse. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in the mouse tubal fluid binds to its G-protein coupled receptor at the plasma membrane, and induces the activation of YAP by inhibiting LATS1/2.{{#pmid:26902285\|PMID26902285}} {{Hippo}}		Maternally inherited Yes-associated protein (Yap), a co-activator of TEAD family transcription factors, plays a key role in activating embryonic transcription following fertilization in the mouse. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in the mouse tubal fluid binds to its G-protein coupled receptor at the plasma membrane, and induces the activation of YAP by inhibiting LATS1/2.{{#pmid:26902285\|PMID26902285}} {{Hippo}}

Z8600021 at 02:53, 16 November 2019

2019-11-16T02:53:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:53, 16 November 2019
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	===Articles===		===Articles===
			{{#pmid:30692203}}

	{{#pmid:29704226}}		{{#pmid:29704226}}

Z8600021 at 02:31, 27 Haziran 2019

2019-06-27T02:31:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:31, 27 Haziran 2019
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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
			* '''Pleomorphic Adenoma Gene 1 Is Needed For Timely Zygotic Genome Activation and Early Embryo Development'''{{#pmid:31182756\|PMID31182756}} "Pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) is a transcription factor involved in cancer and growth. We discovered a de novo DNA motif containing a PLAG1 binding site in the promoters of genes activated during zygotic genome activation (ZGA) in human embryos. This motif was located within an Alu element in a region that was conserved in the murine B1 element. We show that maternally provided Plag1 is needed for timely mouse preimplantation embryo development. Heterozygous mouse embryos lacking maternal Plag1 showed disrupted regulation of 1,089 genes, spent significantly longer time in the 2-cell stage, and started expressing Plag1 ectopically from the paternal allele. The de novo PLAG1 motif was enriched in the promoters of the genes whose activation was delayed in the absence of Plag1. Further, these mouse genes showed a significant overlap with genes upregulated during human ZGA that also contain the motif. By gene ontology, the mouse and human ZGA genes with de novo PLAG1 motifs were involved in ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis. Collectively, our data suggest that PLAG1 affects embryo development in mice and humans through a conserved DNA motif within Alu/B1 elements located in the promoters of a subset of ZGA genes."

	* '''Human embryos from zygote to blastocyst reveals distinct gene expression patterns relative to the mouse'''{{#pmid:23261930\|PMID23261930}} "Mammalian embryogenesis is controlled by mechanisms governing the balance between pluripotency and differentiation. The expression of early lineage-specific genes can vary significantly between species, with implications for developmental control and stem cell derivation. ...We observed that the pluripotency-associated transcription factor OCT4 was initiated in 8-cell embryos at 3 days post fertilization (dpf) and is restricted to the inner cell mass (ICM) in 128-256 cell blastocysts (6dpf), approximately 2 days later than the mouse."		* '''Human embryos from zygote to blastocyst reveals distinct gene expression patterns relative to the mouse'''{{#pmid:23261930\|PMID23261930}} "Mammalian embryogenesis is controlled by mechanisms governing the balance between pluripotency and differentiation. The expression of early lineage-specific genes can vary significantly between species, with implications for developmental control and stem cell derivation. ...We observed that the pluripotency-associated transcription factor OCT4 was initiated in 8-cell embryos at 3 days post fertilization (dpf) and is restricted to the inner cell mass (ICM) in 128-256 cell blastocysts (6dpf), approximately 2 days later than the mouse."

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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Zygote+Development ''Zygote Development'']		Search PubMed: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Zygote+Development ''Zygote Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Zygotic+Genome+Activation ''Zygotic Genome Activation'']

	\|}		\|}

Z8600021 at 02:29, 27 Haziran 2019

2019-06-27T02:29:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:29, 27 Haziran 2019
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	'''Conceptus''' - term refers to all material derived from this fertilized zygote and includes both the embryo and the non-embryonic tissues (placenta, fetal membranes).		'''Conceptus''' - term refers to all material derived from this fertilized zygote and includes both the embryo and the non-embryonic tissues (placenta, fetal membranes).

			==Zygotic Genome Activation===
			Zygotic Genome Activation (ZGA) is a slight misnomer, as the zygote has initially low expression which increases to activation occurring at the 4 to 8 cell transition in the human, the early {{morula}} stage. In the {{mouse}} ZGA occurs earlier during the 2 cell blastomere stage. A recent study in mouse and human has identified Pleomorphic Adenoma Gene 1 ([https://www.omim.org/entry/603026 OMIM PLAG1]) is a transcription factor that regulates many genes (1,089 genes) involved ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis.{{#pmid:31182756\|PMID31182756}} In the adult, PLAG1 is involved in growth and also cancer development.


			:'''Links:''' [https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/PLAG1 GHR PLAG1] \| [https://www.omim.org/entry/603026 OMIM PLAG1]
	==Zygote Protein Expression==		==Zygote Protein Expression==
	Maternally inherited Yes-associated protein (Yap), a co-activator of TEAD family transcription factors, plays a key role in activating embryonic transcription following fertilization in the mouse. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in the mouse tubal fluid binds to its G-protein coupled receptor at the plasma membrane, and induces the activation of YAP by inhibiting LATS1/2.{{#pmid:26902285\|PMID26902285}} {{Hippo}}		Maternally inherited Yes-associated protein (Yap), a co-activator of TEAD family transcription factors, plays a key role in activating embryonic transcription following fertilization in the mouse. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in the mouse tubal fluid binds to its G-protein coupled receptor at the plasma membrane, and induces the activation of YAP by inhibiting LATS1/2.{{#pmid:26902285\|PMID26902285}} {{Hippo}}
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	:'''Links:''' [[:File:Mouse- germinal vesicle oocyte protein expression.jpg\|Germinal vesicle oocyte protein expression]] \| [[:File:Mouse-_MII_oocyte_protein_expression.jpg\|MII oocyte protein expression]] \| [[:File:Mouse- zygote protein expression.jpg\|Zygote Protein Expression]] \| {{mouse}} \| {{oocyte}} \| {{zygote}}		:'''Links:''' [[:File:Mouse- germinal vesicle oocyte protein expression.jpg\|Germinal vesicle oocyte protein expression]] \| [[:File:Mouse-_MII_oocyte_protein_expression.jpg\|MII oocyte protein expression]] \| [[:File:Mouse- zygote protein expression.jpg\|Zygote Protein Expression]] \| {{mouse}} \| {{oocyte}} \| {{zygote}}

Z8600021 at 03:24, 27 March 2019

2019-03-27T03:24:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:24, 27 March 2019
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	\|+ Human pronuclei (EM)		\|+ Human pronuclei (EM)
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[:File:Human pronuclear stage EM02.jpg\|400px]]		\| [[File:Human pronuclear stage EM02.jpg\|400px]]
	\| [[:File:Human pronuclear stage EM022.jpg\|400px]]		\| [[File:Human pronuclear stage EM022.jpg\|400px]]
	\|}		\|}

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	! Mouse zygote pronuclei		! Mouse zygote pronuclei
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[File:Mouse zygote pronuclei 01.jpg\|alt=Fluorescent image of early mouse zygote pronuclei]]		\| [[File:Mouse zygote pronuclei 01.jpg\|400px\|alt=Fluorescent image of early mouse zygote pronuclei]]
	\| [[File:Mouse pronuclei 02.jpg\|alt=DIC image of early mouse zygote pronuclei\|400px]]		\| [[File:Mouse pronuclei 02.jpg\|alt=DIC image of early mouse zygote pronuclei\|400px]]
	\|-		\|-

Z8600021 at 03:23, 27 March 2019

2019-03-27T03:23:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:23, 27 March 2019
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	* '''Maternal pronuclei''' - (oocyte) genome is inherited from the {{meiosis}} II oocyte where the chromosomes are condensed in a mitotic‐like state.		* '''Maternal pronuclei''' - (oocyte) genome is inherited from the {{meiosis}} II oocyte where the chromosomes are condensed in a mitotic‐like state.
	* '''Paternal pronuclei''' - (spermatozoa) genome is contributed by a compacted sperm chromatin that is remodeled upon fertilization. Chiefly by protamine removal and the original nucleosomal chromatin is established. (More? [[#Male Pronucleus Reprogramming\|Male Pronucleus Reprogramming]])		* '''Paternal pronuclei''' - (spermatozoa) genome is contributed by a compacted sperm chromatin that is remodeled upon fertilization. Chiefly by protamine removal and the original nucleosomal chromatin is established. (More? [[#Male Pronucleus Reprogramming\|Male Pronucleus Reprogramming]])

			{\|
			\|+ Human pronuclei (EM)
			\|-
			\| [[:File:Human pronuclear stage EM02.jpg\|400px]]
			\| [[:File:Human pronuclear stage EM022.jpg\|400px]]
			\|}

	===Parental Genomes===		===Parental Genomes===

Z8600021 at 00:24, 26 March 2019

2019-03-26T00:24:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:24, 26 March 2019
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	==Parental Pronuclei==		==Parental Pronuclei==
	* '''Maternal pronuclei''' - (oocyte) genome is inherited from the meiosis II oocyte where the chromosomes are condensed in a mitotic‐like state.		[[File:Early_zygote_labelled.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Early Human Zygote, with 2 pronuclei]]
			The {{pronuclei}} (singular: {{pronucleus}}) are the initial male and female nuclei, containing their respective genetic material, that occur in the early zygote. These two haploid nuclei fuse to form the diploid nucleus of the late zygote.

			* '''Maternal pronuclei''' - (oocyte) genome is inherited from the {{meiosis}} II oocyte where the chromosomes are condensed in a mitotic‐like state.
	* '''Paternal pronuclei''' - (spermatozoa) genome is contributed by a compacted sperm chromatin that is remodeled upon fertilization. Chiefly by protamine removal and the original nucleosomal chromatin is established. (More? [[#Male Pronucleus Reprogramming\|Male Pronucleus Reprogramming]])		* '''Paternal pronuclei''' - (spermatozoa) genome is contributed by a compacted sperm chromatin that is remodeled upon fertilization. Chiefly by protamine removal and the original nucleosomal chromatin is established. (More? [[#Male Pronucleus Reprogramming\|Male Pronucleus Reprogramming]])

Z8600021 at 05:15, 25 March 2019

2019-03-25T05:15:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:15, 25 March 2019
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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Early_zygote_labelled.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Early Human Zygote, with 2 pronuclei]]		[[File:Early_zygote_labelled.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Early Human Zygote, with 2 pronuclei]]
	The {{zygote}} is the first diploid cell that forms following [[fertilization]] by fusion of the haploid {{oocyte}} (egg) and {{spermatozoa}} (sperm) resulting in the combination of their separate genomes. The ~~first image shows~~ the ~~cell with~~ the ~~2 pronuclei still present before fusion enclosed within the zona pellucida. These two pronuclei contain the [[#Parental Pronuclei\|parental genomes]] and are reprogrammed separately~~, and ~~also have different [[Molecular Development~~ - ~~Epigenetics\|epigenetic]] changes at this early zygote stage~~.~~{{#pmid:27916276\|PMID27916276}}{{#pmid:28818477\|PMID28818477}}~~		The {{zygote}} is the first diploid cell that forms following [[fertilization]] by fusion of the haploid {{oocyte}} (egg) and {{spermatozoa}} (sperm) resulting in the combination of their separate genomes. The zygote will therefore form the {{conceptus}}, the embryonic (embryo, fetus) and extra-embryonic (fetal membranes, fetal component of the placenta) cellular products of fertilisation.


	In humans, zygote stage of development occurs during the first day in week one following [[fertilization]] ({{GA}} week 3) and is described as [[Carnegie stage 1\|'''Carnegie stage 1''']]. This stage is followed by mitosis to form 2 blastomeres and then a solid cell mass called the [[morula]].		The first image shows the cell with the 2 pronuclei still present before fusion enclosed within the zona pellucida. These two pronuclei contain the [[#Parental Pronuclei\|parental genomes]] and are reprogrammed separately, and also have different [[Molecular Development - Epigenetics\|epigenetic]] changes at this early zygote stage.{{#pmid:27916276\|PMID27916276}}{{#pmid:28818477\|PMID28818477}}


			In humans, zygote stage of development occurs during the first day in week one following {{fertilization}} ({{GA}} week 3) and is described as [[Carnegie stage 1\|'''Carnegie stage 1''']]. This stage is followed by mitosis to form 2 blastomeres and then a solid cell mass called the [[morula]].


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	* '''Human embryos from zygote to blastocyst reveals distinct gene expression patterns relative to the mouse'''{{#pmid:23261930\|PMID23261930}} "Mammalian embryogenesis is controlled by mechanisms governing the balance between pluripotency and differentiation. The expression of early lineage-specific genes can vary significantly between species, with implications for developmental control and stem cell derivation. ...We observed that the pluripotency-associated transcription factor OCT4 was initiated in 8-cell embryos at 3 days post fertilization (dpf) and is restricted to the inner cell mass (ICM) in 128-256 cell blastocysts (6dpf), approximately 2 days later than the mouse."		* '''Human embryos from zygote to blastocyst reveals distinct gene expression patterns relative to the mouse'''{{#pmid:23261930\|PMID23261930}} "Mammalian embryogenesis is controlled by mechanisms governing the balance between pluripotency and differentiation. The expression of early lineage-specific genes can vary significantly between species, with implications for developmental control and stem cell derivation. ...We observed that the pluripotency-associated transcription factor OCT4 was initiated in 8-cell embryos at 3 days post fertilization (dpf) and is restricted to the inner cell mass (ICM) in 128-256 cell blastocysts (6dpf), approximately 2 days later than the mouse."

	* '''cyclic AMP in the maturation of Ciona intestinalis oocytes'''{{#pmid:20810008\|PMID20810008}} "Immature oocytes are arrested at prophase I of the meiotic process and maturation onset is indicated by oocyte nuclear disassembly (germinal vesicle breakdown or GVBD). Signaling pathways that elevate intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) may either prevent or induce oocyte maturation depending on the species."

	* '''Number of blastomeres and distribution of microvilli in cloned mouse embryos during compaction'''{{#pmid:20735894\|PMID20735894}} "We concluded that: (i) the cleavage of blastomeres in cloned embryos was slow at least before compaction; (ii) the distribution of microvilli in cloned, normal, parthenogenetic, and tetraploid embryos was coherent before and after compaction; and (iii) the initiation of compaction in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos was delayed compared with that of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) embryos."
	\|}		\|}

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	: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Zygote+Development ''Zygote Development'']		: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Zygote+Development ''Zygote Development'']

			\|}
			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! Older papers
			\|-
			\| {{Older papers}}

	~~<pubmed limit=5>Zygote Development</pubmed>~~		* '''cyclic AMP in the maturation of Ciona intestinalis oocytes'''{{#pmid:20810008\|PMID20810008}} "Immature oocytes are arrested at prophase I of the meiotic process and maturation onset is indicated by oocyte nuclear disassembly (germinal vesicle breakdown or GVBD). Signaling pathways that elevate intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) may either prevent or induce oocyte maturation depending on the species."

			* '''Number of blastomeres and distribution of microvilli in cloned mouse embryos during compaction'''{{#pmid:20735894\|PMID20735894}} "We concluded that: (i) the cleavage of blastomeres in cloned embryos was slow at least before compaction; (ii) the distribution of microvilli in cloned, normal, parthenogenetic, and tetraploid embryos was coherent before and after compaction; and (iii) the initiation of compaction in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos was delayed compared with that of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) embryos."
	\|}		\|}

Z8600021 at 21:56, 10 Mayıs 2018

2018-05-10T21:56:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:56, 11 Mayıs 2018
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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	[[File:Early_zygote_labelled.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Early Human Zygote, with 2 pronuclei]]		[[File:Early_zygote_labelled.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Early Human Zygote, with 2 pronuclei]]
	The first diploid cell that forms following [[fertilization]] by fusion of the haploid ~~[[Oocyte Development\|~~oocyte]] (egg) and ~~[[Spermatozoa Development\|~~spermatozoa]] (sperm) resulting in the combination of their separate genomes. The first image shows the cell with the 2 pronuclei still present before fusion enclosed within the zona pellucida. These two pronuclei contain the [[#Parental Pronuclei\|parental genomes]] and are reprogrammed separately, and also have different [[Molecular Development - Epigenetics\|epigenetic]] changes at this early zygote stage.{{#pmid:27916276\|PMID27916276}}{{#pmid:28818477\|PMID28818477}}		The {{zygote}} is the first diploid cell that forms following [[fertilization]] by fusion of the haploid {{oocyte}} (egg) and {{spermatozoa}} (sperm) resulting in the combination of their separate genomes. The first image shows the cell with the 2 pronuclei still present before fusion enclosed within the zona pellucida. These two pronuclei contain the [[#Parental Pronuclei\|parental genomes]] and are reprogrammed separately, and also have different [[Molecular Development - Epigenetics\|epigenetic]] changes at this early zygote stage.{{#pmid:27916276\|PMID27916276}}{{#pmid:28818477\|PMID28818477}}


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	{\|		{\|
	\|-bgcolor="F5FFFA"		\|-bgcolor="F5FFFA"
	\| '''Zygote Links:''' Carnegie stage {{CS1}} \| {{fertilization}} \| [[Week 1]] \| {{morula}} \| {{blastocyst}} \| [[Assisted Reproductive Technology~~\|ART]]~~ \| [[Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer\|SCNT]] \| ~~[[Molecular Development - Epigenetics\|Epigenetics]]~~ \| [[:Category:Zygote\|Category:Zygote]]		\| '''Zygote Links:''' {{zygote}} Carnegie stage {{CS1}} \| {{fertilization}} \| [[Week 1]] \| {{morula}} \| {{blastocyst}} \| {{Assisted Reproductive Technology}} \| [[Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer\|SCNT]] \| {{epigenetics}} \| [[:Category:Zygote\|Category:Zygote]]
	\|}		\|}
	<br>		<br>