Worm Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 19:08, 27 August 2020

2020-08-27T19:08:49Z

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	{{#pmid:27555356}}		{{#pmid:27555356}}

			{{#pmid:26694509}}

	* [http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_asymcelldiv/asymcelldiv.html Asymmetric cell division and axis formation in the embryo]		* [http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_asymcelldiv/asymcelldiv.html Asymmetric cell division and axis formation in the embryo]
	* [http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_embryovariationdevelop/embryovariationdevelop.html Embryological variation during nematode development]		* [http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_embryovariationdevelop/embryovariationdevelop.html Embryological variation during nematode development]


			:'''Links:''' [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22WormBook%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date Search WormBook by date]

	===Reviews===		===Reviews===

Z8600021 at 19:05, 27 August 2020

2020-08-27T19:05:18Z

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	==Gastrointestinal Tract==		==Gastrointestinal Tract==

	The worm digestive tract consists of a pharynx, intestine, and rectum and contains only about 100 cells. Development is regulated by similar transcription factors found for other species (FoxA and GATA factors).{{#pmid:20570129\|PMID20570129}}		The worm digestive tract consists of a pharynx (80-cell), intestine, and rectum and contains only about 100 cells. Development is regulated by similar transcription factors found for other species (FoxA and GATA factors).{{#pmid:20570129\|PMID20570129}} There are also 20 neurons located within the pharynx.{#pmid:15780187\|PMID15780187}}

	* FoxA - pharynx and rectum		'''Developmental Genes'''

			* pha-4 (Drosophila forkhead and vertebrate FoxA) - pharynx and rectum
			* ceh-22 (Drosophila tinman and vertebrate {{Nkx}}2.5) - pharynx
			* pha-2 (vertebrate Hex) - pharynx
	* GATA - intestine		* GATA - intestine


	==References==		==References==
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	{{#pmid:28326696}}		{{#pmid:28326696}}

			{{#pmid:27555356}}

	* [http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_asymcelldiv/asymcelldiv.html Asymmetric cell division and axis formation in the embryo]		* [http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_asymcelldiv/asymcelldiv.html Asymmetric cell division and axis formation in the embryo]

Z8600021 at 18:59, 27 August 2020

2020-08-27T18:59:45Z

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	<references/>		<references/>

	===~~Reviews~~===		===Books===
			[http://www.wormbook.org/ WormBook] - a comprehensive, open-access collection of original, peer-reviewed chapters covering topics related to the biology of Caenorhabditis elegans and other nematodes.

			{{#pmid:28326696}}

	~~[http://www.wormbook.org/ WormBook] - a comprehensive, open-access collection of original, peer-reviewed chapters covering topics related to the biology of Caenorhabditis elegans and other nematodes.~~
	* [http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_asymcelldiv/asymcelldiv.html Asymmetric cell division and axis formation in the embryo]		* [http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_asymcelldiv/asymcelldiv.html Asymmetric cell division and axis formation in the embryo]
	* [http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_embryovariationdevelop/embryovariationdevelop.html Embryological variation during nematode development]		* [http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_embryovariationdevelop/embryovariationdevelop.html Embryological variation during nematode development]

			===Reviews===

			{{#pmid:32772603}}

			{{#pmid:31685551}}

			{{#pmid:31065800}}

			{{#pmid:30626640}}

			{{#pmid:29369536}}

			{{#pmid:28065852}}

	===Articles===		===Articles===

			{{#pmid:32785688}}

	===Search Pubmed===		===Search Pubmed===

Z8600021 at 18:51, 27 August 2020

2020-08-27T18:51:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:51, 28 August 2020
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	{{Animals}}		{{Animals}}
	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==
			[[File:Proposed_Hox_protein_classification.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Proposed Hox protein classification\|Hox species expression.{{#pmid:20520839\|PMID20520839}}]]
	{\|		{\|
	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
	'''Unique homeobox codes delineate all the {{neuron}} classes of C. elegans'''{{#pmid:32814896\|PMID32814896}} "It is not known at present whether neuronal cell-type diversity-defined by cell-type-specific anatomical, biophysical, functional and molecular signatures-can be reduced to relatively simple molecular descriptors of neuronal identity1. Here we show, through examination of the expression of all of the conserved homeodomain proteins encoded by the Caenorhabditis elegans genome2, that the complete set of 118 neuron classes of C. elegans can be described individually by unique combinations of the expression of homeodomain proteins, thereby providing-to our knowledge-the simplest currently known descriptor of neuronal diversity. Computational and genetic loss-of-function analyses corroborate the notion that homeodomain proteins not only provide unique descriptors of neuron type, but also have a critical role in specifying neuronal identity. We speculate that the pervasive use of homeobox genes in defining unique neuronal identities reflects the evolutionary history of neuronal cell-type specification." {{hox}}		* '''Unique homeobox codes delineate all the {{neuron}} classes of C. elegans'''{{#pmid:32814896\|PMID32814896}} "It is not known at present whether neuronal cell-type diversity-defined by cell-type-specific anatomical, biophysical, functional and molecular signatures-can be reduced to relatively simple molecular descriptors of neuronal identity1. Here we show, through examination of the expression of all of the conserved homeodomain proteins encoded by the Caenorhabditis elegans genome2, that the complete set of 118 neuron classes of C. elegans can be described individually by unique combinations of the expression of homeodomain proteins, thereby providing-to our knowledge-the simplest currently known descriptor of neuronal diversity. Computational and genetic loss-of-function analyses corroborate the notion that homeodomain proteins not only provide unique descriptors of neuron type, but also have a critical role in specifying neuronal identity. We speculate that the pervasive use of homeobox genes in defining unique neuronal identities reflects the evolutionary history of neuronal cell-type specification." {{hox}}

	* '''The {{Hox}} Gene egl-5 Acts as a Terminal Selector for VD13 Development via Wnt Signaling'''{{#pmid:32138237\|PMID32138237}} "Nervous systems are comprised of diverse cell types that differ functionally and morphologically. During development, extrinsic signals, e.g., growth factors, can activate intrinsic programs, usually orchestrated by networks of transcription factors. Within that network, transcription factors that drive the specification of features specific to a limited number of cells are often referred to as terminal selectors. While we still have an incomplete view of how individual neurons within organisms become specified, reporters limited to a subset of neurons in a nervous system can facilitate the discovery of cell specification programs. We have identified a fluorescent reporter that labels VD13, the most posterior of the 19 inhibitory GABA (γ-amino butyric acid)-ergic motorneurons, and two additional neurons, LUAL and LUAR. Loss of function in multiple Wnt signaling genes resulted in an incompletely penetrant loss of the marker, selectively in VD13, but not the LUAs, even though other aspects of GABAergic specification in VD13 were normal. The posterior Hox gene, egl-5, was necessary for expression of our marker in VD13, and ectopic expression of egl-5 in more anterior GABAergic neurons induced expression of the marker. These results suggest egl-5 is a terminal selector of VD13, subsequent to GABAergic specification." {{Hox}} {{neural}}		* '''The {{Hox}} Gene egl-5 Acts as a Terminal Selector for VD13 Development via Wnt Signaling'''{{#pmid:32138237\|PMID32138237}} "Nervous systems are comprised of diverse cell types that differ functionally and morphologically. During development, extrinsic signals, e.g., growth factors, can activate intrinsic programs, usually orchestrated by networks of transcription factors. Within that network, transcription factors that drive the specification of features specific to a limited number of cells are often referred to as terminal selectors. While we still have an incomplete view of how individual neurons within organisms become specified, reporters limited to a subset of neurons in a nervous system can facilitate the discovery of cell specification programs. We have identified a fluorescent reporter that labels VD13, the most posterior of the 19 inhibitory GABA (γ-amino butyric acid)-ergic motorneurons, and two additional neurons, LUAL and LUAR. Loss of function in multiple Wnt signaling genes resulted in an incompletely penetrant loss of the marker, selectively in VD13, but not the LUAs, even though other aspects of GABAergic specification in VD13 were normal. The posterior Hox gene, egl-5, was necessary for expression of our marker in VD13, and ectopic expression of egl-5 in more anterior GABAergic neurons induced expression of the marker. These results suggest egl-5 is a terminal selector of VD13, subsequent to GABAergic specification." {{Hox}} {{neural}}

Z8600021 at 18:49, 27 August 2020

2020-08-27T18:49:58Z

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	'''Unique homeobox codes delineate all the {{neuron}} classes of C. elegans'''{{#pmid:32814896\|PMID32814896}} "It is not known at present whether neuronal cell-type diversity-defined by cell-type-specific anatomical, biophysical, functional and molecular signatures-can be reduced to relatively simple molecular descriptors of neuronal identity1. Here we show, through examination of the expression of all of the conserved homeodomain proteins encoded by the Caenorhabditis elegans genome2, that the complete set of 118 neuron classes of C. elegans can be described individually by unique combinations of the expression of homeodomain proteins, thereby providing-to our knowledge-the simplest currently known descriptor of neuronal diversity. Computational and genetic loss-of-function analyses corroborate the notion that homeodomain proteins not only provide unique descriptors of neuron type, but also have a critical role in specifying neuronal identity. We speculate that the pervasive use of homeobox genes in defining unique neuronal identities reflects the evolutionary history of neuronal cell-type specification/"		'''Unique homeobox codes delineate all the {{neuron}} classes of C. elegans'''{{#pmid:32814896\|PMID32814896}} "It is not known at present whether neuronal cell-type diversity-defined by cell-type-specific anatomical, biophysical, functional and molecular signatures-can be reduced to relatively simple molecular descriptors of neuronal identity1. Here we show, through examination of the expression of all of the conserved homeodomain proteins encoded by the Caenorhabditis elegans genome2, that the complete set of 118 neuron classes of C. elegans can be described individually by unique combinations of the expression of homeodomain proteins, thereby providing-to our knowledge-the simplest currently known descriptor of neuronal diversity. Computational and genetic loss-of-function analyses corroborate the notion that homeodomain proteins not only provide unique descriptors of neuron type, but also have a critical role in specifying neuronal identity. We speculate that the pervasive use of homeobox genes in defining unique neuronal identities reflects the evolutionary history of neuronal cell-type specification." {{hox}}

	* '''The {{Hox}} Gene egl-5 Acts as a Terminal Selector for VD13 Development via Wnt Signaling'''{{#pmid:32138237\|PMID32138237}} "Nervous systems are comprised of diverse cell types that differ functionally and morphologically. During development, extrinsic signals, e.g., growth factors, can activate intrinsic programs, usually orchestrated by networks of transcription factors. Within that network, transcription factors that drive the specification of features specific to a limited number of cells are often referred to as terminal selectors. While we still have an incomplete view of how individual neurons within organisms become specified, reporters limited to a subset of neurons in a nervous system can facilitate the discovery of cell specification programs. We have identified a fluorescent reporter that labels VD13, the most posterior of the 19 inhibitory GABA (γ-amino butyric acid)-ergic motorneurons, and two additional neurons, LUAL and LUAR. Loss of function in multiple Wnt signaling genes resulted in an incompletely penetrant loss of the marker, selectively in VD13, but not the LUAs, even though other aspects of GABAergic specification in VD13 were normal. The posterior Hox gene, egl-5, was necessary for expression of our marker in VD13, and ectopic expression of egl-5 in more anterior GABAergic neurons induced expression of the marker. These results suggest egl-5 is a terminal selector of VD13, subsequent to GABAergic specification." {{Hox}} {{neural}}		* '''The {{Hox}} Gene egl-5 Acts as a Terminal Selector for VD13 Development via Wnt Signaling'''{{#pmid:32138237\|PMID32138237}} "Nervous systems are comprised of diverse cell types that differ functionally and morphologically. During development, extrinsic signals, e.g., growth factors, can activate intrinsic programs, usually orchestrated by networks of transcription factors. Within that network, transcription factors that drive the specification of features specific to a limited number of cells are often referred to as terminal selectors. While we still have an incomplete view of how individual neurons within organisms become specified, reporters limited to a subset of neurons in a nervous system can facilitate the discovery of cell specification programs. We have identified a fluorescent reporter that labels VD13, the most posterior of the 19 inhibitory GABA (γ-amino butyric acid)-ergic motorneurons, and two additional neurons, LUAL and LUAR. Loss of function in multiple Wnt signaling genes resulted in an incompletely penetrant loss of the marker, selectively in VD13, but not the LUAs, even though other aspects of GABAergic specification in VD13 were normal. The posterior Hox gene, egl-5, was necessary for expression of our marker in VD13, and ectopic expression of egl-5 in more anterior GABAergic neurons induced expression of the marker. These results suggest egl-5 is a terminal selector of VD13, subsequent to GABAergic specification." {{Hox}} {{neural}}

Z8600021 at 18:48, 27 August 2020

2020-08-27T18:48:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:48, 28 August 2020
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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
			'''Unique homeobox codes delineate all the {{neuron}} classes of C. elegans'''{{#pmid:32814896\|PMID32814896}} "It is not known at present whether neuronal cell-type diversity-defined by cell-type-specific anatomical, biophysical, functional and molecular signatures-can be reduced to relatively simple molecular descriptors of neuronal identity1. Here we show, through examination of the expression of all of the conserved homeodomain proteins encoded by the Caenorhabditis elegans genome2, that the complete set of 118 neuron classes of C. elegans can be described individually by unique combinations of the expression of homeodomain proteins, thereby providing-to our knowledge-the simplest currently known descriptor of neuronal diversity. Computational and genetic loss-of-function analyses corroborate the notion that homeodomain proteins not only provide unique descriptors of neuron type, but also have a critical role in specifying neuronal identity. We speculate that the pervasive use of homeobox genes in defining unique neuronal identities reflects the evolutionary history of neuronal cell-type specification/"

	* '''The {{Hox}} Gene egl-5 Acts as a Terminal Selector for VD13 Development via Wnt Signaling'''{{#pmid:32138237\|PMID32138237}} "Nervous systems are comprised of diverse cell types that differ functionally and morphologically. During development, extrinsic signals, e.g., growth factors, can activate intrinsic programs, usually orchestrated by networks of transcription factors. Within that network, transcription factors that drive the specification of features specific to a limited number of cells are often referred to as terminal selectors. While we still have an incomplete view of how individual neurons within organisms become specified, reporters limited to a subset of neurons in a nervous system can facilitate the discovery of cell specification programs. We have identified a fluorescent reporter that labels VD13, the most posterior of the 19 inhibitory GABA (γ-amino butyric acid)-ergic motorneurons, and two additional neurons, LUAL and LUAR. Loss of function in multiple Wnt signaling genes resulted in an incompletely penetrant loss of the marker, selectively in VD13, but not the LUAs, even though other aspects of GABAergic specification in VD13 were normal. The posterior Hox gene, egl-5, was necessary for expression of our marker in VD13, and ectopic expression of egl-5 in more anterior GABAergic neurons induced expression of the marker. These results suggest egl-5 is a terminal selector of VD13, subsequent to GABAergic specification." {{Hox}} {{neural}}		* '''The {{Hox}} Gene egl-5 Acts as a Terminal Selector for VD13 Development via Wnt Signaling'''{{#pmid:32138237\|PMID32138237}} "Nervous systems are comprised of diverse cell types that differ functionally and morphologically. During development, extrinsic signals, e.g., growth factors, can activate intrinsic programs, usually orchestrated by networks of transcription factors. Within that network, transcription factors that drive the specification of features specific to a limited number of cells are often referred to as terminal selectors. While we still have an incomplete view of how individual neurons within organisms become specified, reporters limited to a subset of neurons in a nervous system can facilitate the discovery of cell specification programs. We have identified a fluorescent reporter that labels VD13, the most posterior of the 19 inhibitory GABA (γ-amino butyric acid)-ergic motorneurons, and two additional neurons, LUAL and LUAR. Loss of function in multiple Wnt signaling genes resulted in an incompletely penetrant loss of the marker, selectively in VD13, but not the LUAs, even though other aspects of GABAergic specification in VD13 were normal. The posterior Hox gene, egl-5, was necessary for expression of our marker in VD13, and ectopic expression of egl-5 in more anterior GABAergic neurons induced expression of the marker. These results suggest egl-5 is a terminal selector of VD13, subsequent to GABAergic specification." {{Hox}} {{neural}}

	* '''Homeobox Genes of Caenorhabditis elegans and Spatio-Temporal Expression'''{{#pmid:26024448\|PMID26024448}} "We show that, out of 103 homeobox genes, 70 are co-orthologous to human homeobox genes. 14 are highly divergent, lacking an obvious ortholog even in other Caenorhabditis species. One of these homeobox genes encodes 12 homeodomains, while three other highly divergent homeobox genes encode a novel type of double homeodomain, termed HOCHOB. To understand how transcription factors regulate cell fate during development, precise spatio-temporal expression data need to be obtained. Using a new imaging framework that we developed, Endrov, we have generated spatio-temporal expression profiles during embryogenesis of over 60 homeobox genes, as well as a number of other developmental control genes using GFP reporters." [[Developmental Signals - Homeobox]]

	\|}		\|}
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	\|-		\|-
	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Homeobox Genes of Caenorhabditis elegans and Spatio-Temporal Expression'''{{#pmid:26024448\|PMID26024448}} "We show that, out of 103 homeobox genes, 70 are co-orthologous to human homeobox genes. 14 are highly divergent, lacking an obvious ortholog even in other Caenorhabditis species. One of these homeobox genes encodes 12 homeodomains, while three other highly divergent homeobox genes encode a novel type of double homeodomain, termed HOCHOB. To understand how transcription factors regulate cell fate during development, precise spatio-temporal expression data need to be obtained. Using a new imaging framework that we developed, Endrov, we have generated spatio-temporal expression profiles during embryogenesis of over 60 homeobox genes, as well as a number of other developmental control genes using GFP reporters." {{hox}}

	* '''Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation'''{{#pmid:22710399\|PMID22710399}} "Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism (1). C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years (2). ...Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them."		* '''Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation'''{{#pmid:22710399\|PMID22710399}} "Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism (1). C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years (2). ...Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them."

Z8600021 at 22:38, 19 Mayıs 2020

2020-05-19T22:38:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:38, 20 Mayıs 2020
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	[[File:C elegans.jpg\|thumb\|C.Elegans]]		[[File:C elegans.jpg\|thumb\|C.Elegans]]
	Initially used in the 1960's by Sydney Brenner to study the genetics of development and neurobiology. Early embryological studies of the nematode worm (roundworm) ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' (C.Elegans, so called because of its "elegant" curving movement) characterized the fate of each and every cell in the worm through all stages of development. This worm was the first to have its entire genome sequenced and also used recently in space experiments (see below).		Initially used in the 1960's by Sydney Brenner to study the genetics of development and neurobiology. Early embryological studies of the nematode worm (roundworm) ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' (C.Elegans, so called because of its "elegant" curving movement) characterized the fate of each and every cell in the worm through all stages of development. This worm was the first to have its entire genome sequenced and also used recently in space experiments (see below).

			* Sydney Brenner died on April 5, 2019, at age 92.{{#pmid:31182578\|PMID31182578}}

	The USA space shuttle Atlantis in November 2009 launched Caenorhabditis elegans into space as part of an experiment to study RNA interference and protein phosphorylation in a space environment.		The USA space shuttle Atlantis in November 2009 launched Caenorhabditis elegans into space as part of an experiment to study RNA interference and protein phosphorylation in a space environment.

Z8600021 at 01:59, 30 April 2020

2020-04-30T01:59:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:59, 30 April 2020
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	:"RNA interference and protein phosphorylation in space environment using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (CERISE) is an experiment that addresses two scientific objectives. The first is to evaluate the effect of microgravity on ribonucleic acid (RNA) interference. The second is to study how the space environment effects protein phosphorylation (addition of a phosphate molecule) and signal transduction in the muscle fibers of gene knock-downed Caenorhabditis elegans."		:"RNA interference and protein phosphorylation in space environment using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (CERISE) is an experiment that addresses two scientific objectives. The first is to evaluate the effect of microgravity on ribonucleic acid (RNA) interference. The second is to study how the space environment effects protein phosphorylation (addition of a phosphate molecule) and signal transduction in the muscle fibers of gene knock-downed Caenorhabditis elegans."


	{{Animals}}		{{Animals}}
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	* '''The {{Hox}} Gene egl-5 Acts as a Terminal Selector for VD13 Development via Wnt Signaling'''{{#pmid:32138237\|PMID32138237}} "Nervous systems are comprised of diverse cell types that differ functionally and morphologically. During development, extrinsic signals, e.g., growth factors, can activate intrinsic programs, usually orchestrated by networks of transcription factors. Within that network, transcription factors that drive the specification of features specific to a limited number of cells are often referred to as terminal selectors. While we still have an incomplete view of how individual neurons within organisms become specified, reporters limited to a subset of neurons in a nervous system can facilitate the discovery of cell specification programs. We have identified a fluorescent reporter that labels VD13, the most posterior of the 19 inhibitory GABA (γ-amino butyric acid)-ergic motorneurons, and two additional neurons, LUAL and LUAR. Loss of function in multiple Wnt signaling genes resulted in an incompletely penetrant loss of the marker, selectively in VD13, but not the LUAs, even though other aspects of GABAergic specification in VD13 were normal. The posterior Hox gene, egl-5, was necessary for expression of our marker in VD13, and ectopic expression of egl-5 in more anterior GABAergic neurons induced expression of the marker. These results suggest egl-5 is a terminal selector of VD13, subsequent to GABAergic specification." {{Hox}} {{neural}}		* '''The {{Hox}} Gene egl-5 Acts as a Terminal Selector for VD13 Development via Wnt Signaling'''{{#pmid:32138237\|PMID32138237}} "Nervous systems are comprised of diverse cell types that differ functionally and morphologically. During development, extrinsic signals, e.g., growth factors, can activate intrinsic programs, usually orchestrated by networks of transcription factors. Within that network, transcription factors that drive the specification of features specific to a limited number of cells are often referred to as terminal selectors. While we still have an incomplete view of how individual neurons within organisms become specified, reporters limited to a subset of neurons in a nervous system can facilitate the discovery of cell specification programs. We have identified a fluorescent reporter that labels VD13, the most posterior of the 19 inhibitory GABA (γ-amino butyric acid)-ergic motorneurons, and two additional neurons, LUAL and LUAR. Loss of function in multiple Wnt signaling genes resulted in an incompletely penetrant loss of the marker, selectively in VD13, but not the LUAs, even though other aspects of GABAergic specification in VD13 were normal. The posterior Hox gene, egl-5, was necessary for expression of our marker in VD13, and ectopic expression of egl-5 in more anterior GABAergic neurons induced expression of the marker. These results suggest egl-5 is a terminal selector of VD13, subsequent to GABAergic specification." {{Hox}} {{neural}}

	* '''Homeobox Genes of Caenorhabditis elegans and Spatio-Temporal Expression'''~~<ref name="PMID26024448"><pubmed>~~26024448~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0126947 PLoS One.]</ref>~~ "We show that, out of 103 homeobox genes, 70 are co-orthologous to human homeobox genes. 14 are highly divergent, lacking an obvious ortholog even in other Caenorhabditis species. One of these homeobox genes encodes 12 homeodomains, while three other highly divergent homeobox genes encode a novel type of double homeodomain, termed HOCHOB. To understand how transcription factors regulate cell fate during development, precise spatio-temporal expression data need to be obtained. Using a new imaging framework that we developed, Endrov, we have generated spatio-temporal expression profiles during embryogenesis of over 60 homeobox genes, as well as a number of other developmental control genes using GFP reporters." [[Developmental Signals - Homeobox]		* '''Homeobox Genes of Caenorhabditis elegans and Spatio-Temporal Expression'''{{#pmid:26024448\|PMID26024448}} "We show that, out of 103 homeobox genes, 70 are co-orthologous to human homeobox genes. 14 are highly divergent, lacking an obvious ortholog even in other Caenorhabditis species. One of these homeobox genes encodes 12 homeodomains, while three other highly divergent homeobox genes encode a novel type of double homeodomain, termed HOCHOB. To understand how transcription factors regulate cell fate during development, precise spatio-temporal expression data need to be obtained. Using a new imaging framework that we developed, Endrov, we have generated spatio-temporal expression profiles during embryogenesis of over 60 homeobox genes, as well as a number of other developmental control genes using GFP reporters." [[Developmental Signals - Homeobox]]
	* '''Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation'''<ref><pubmed>22710399</pubmed>\| [http://www.jove.com/video/4019/basic-caenorhabditis-elegans-methods-synchronization-and-observation J Vis Exp.]</ref> "Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism (1). C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years (2). ...Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them."
	* '''Small RNAs and temporal control in Caenorhabditis elegans.'''<ref><pubmed>20232378</pubmed></ref> "Developmental timing studies in C. elegans led to the landmark discovery of miRNAs and continue to enhance our understanding of the regulation and activity of these small regulatory molecules. Current views of the heterochronic gene pathway are summarized here, with a focus on the ways in which miRNAs contribute to temporal control and how miRNAs themselves are regulated. Finally, the conservation of heterochronic genes and their functions in timing, as well as their related roles in stem cells and cancer, are highlighted."
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Caenorhabditis+elegans+Development ''Caenorhabditis elegans Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Worm+Development ''Worm Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Worm+Embryology ''Worm Embryology'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Caenorhabditis+elegans+Development ''Caenorhabditis elegans Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Worm+Development ''Worm Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Worm+Embryology ''Worm Embryology'']
	\|}		\|}
			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! Older papers
			\|-
			\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation'''{{#pmid:22710399\|PMID22710399}} "Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism (1). C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years (2). ...Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them."

			* '''Small RNAs and temporal control in Caenorhabditis elegans.'''{{#pmid:20232378\|PMID20232378}} "Developmental timing studies in C. elegans led to the landmark discovery of miRNAs and continue to enhance our understanding of the regulation and activity of these small regulatory molecules. Current views of the heterochronic gene pathway are summarized here, with a focus on the ways in which miRNAs contribute to temporal control and how miRNAs themselves are regulated. Finally, the conservation of heterochronic genes and their functions in timing, as well as their related roles in stem cells and cancer, are highlighted."
			\|}
	==Adult Anatomy==		==Adult Anatomy==

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	[[File:Adult hermaphrodite gonad arm.jpg\|600px]]		[[File:Adult hermaphrodite gonad arm.jpg\|600px]]

	Adult hermaphrodite gonad arm~~<ref><pubmed>~~20661436~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1001028 PLoS Genetics]</ref>~~ - A drawing representation of an adult hermaphrodite gonad arm. The progression of germ cell proliferation and meiosis are indicated by the arrows starting from the distal tip region of the gonad arm.		Adult hermaphrodite gonad arm{{#pmid:20661436\|PMID20661436}} - A drawing representation of an adult hermaphrodite gonad arm. The progression of germ cell proliferation and meiosis are indicated by the arrows starting from the distal tip region of the gonad arm.

	===Male Development===		===Male Development===
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	[[File:Worm - male development.jpg]]		[[File:Worm - male development.jpg]]

	The features that differentiate the C. elegans male from the hermaphrodite arise during postembryonic development.~~<ref><pubmed>~~18050419~~</pubmed>~~		The features that differentiate the C. elegans male from the hermaphrodite arise during postembryonic development.{{#pmid:18050419\|PMID18050419}}
	~~[http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_maledevelopment/maledevelopment.html Worm Book - Male development]</ref>~~

	==RNA interference==		==RNA interference==

	The two researchers, Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello~~<ref><pubmed>~~12857879~~</pubmed>~~\| ~~[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC165691 PMC165691]</ref>~~, were investigating how gene expression is regulated in C. elegans and identified the novel regulation method of RNA interference (RNAi), gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. This discovery was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.		The two researchers, Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello{{#pmid:12857879\|PMID12857879}}, were investigating how gene expression is regulated in C. elegans and identified the novel regulation method of RNA interference (RNAi), gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. This discovery was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

	:'''Links''': [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/press.html 2006 Nobel Press Release]		:'''Links''': [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/press.html 2006 Nobel Press Release]
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	==Gastrointestinal Tract==		==Gastrointestinal Tract==

	The worm digestive tract consists of a pharynx, intestine, and rectum and contains only about 100 cells. Development is regulated by similar transcription factors found for other species (FoxA and GATA factors).~~<ref><pubmed>~~20570129~~</pubmed></ref>~~		The worm digestive tract consists of a pharynx, intestine, and rectum and contains only about 100 cells. Development is regulated by similar transcription factors found for other species (FoxA and GATA factors).{{#pmid:20570129\|PMID20570129}}

	* FoxA - pharynx and rectum		* FoxA - pharynx and rectum

Z8600021 at 01:55, 30 April 2020

2020-04-30T01:55:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:55, 30 April 2020
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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
			* '''The {{Hox}} Gene egl-5 Acts as a Terminal Selector for VD13 Development via Wnt Signaling'''{{#pmid:32138237\|PMID32138237}} "Nervous systems are comprised of diverse cell types that differ functionally and morphologically. During development, extrinsic signals, e.g., growth factors, can activate intrinsic programs, usually orchestrated by networks of transcription factors. Within that network, transcription factors that drive the specification of features specific to a limited number of cells are often referred to as terminal selectors. While we still have an incomplete view of how individual neurons within organisms become specified, reporters limited to a subset of neurons in a nervous system can facilitate the discovery of cell specification programs. We have identified a fluorescent reporter that labels VD13, the most posterior of the 19 inhibitory GABA (γ-amino butyric acid)-ergic motorneurons, and two additional neurons, LUAL and LUAR. Loss of function in multiple Wnt signaling genes resulted in an incompletely penetrant loss of the marker, selectively in VD13, but not the LUAs, even though other aspects of GABAergic specification in VD13 were normal. The posterior Hox gene, egl-5, was necessary for expression of our marker in VD13, and ectopic expression of egl-5 in more anterior GABAergic neurons induced expression of the marker. These results suggest egl-5 is a terminal selector of VD13, subsequent to GABAergic specification." {{Hox}} {{neural}}

	* '''Homeobox Genes of Caenorhabditis elegans and Spatio-Temporal Expression'''<ref name="PMID26024448"><pubmed>26024448</pubmed>\| [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0126947 PLoS One.]</ref> "We show that, out of 103 homeobox genes, 70 are co-orthologous to human homeobox genes. 14 are highly divergent, lacking an obvious ortholog even in other Caenorhabditis species. One of these homeobox genes encodes 12 homeodomains, while three other highly divergent homeobox genes encode a novel type of double homeodomain, termed HOCHOB. To understand how transcription factors regulate cell fate during development, precise spatio-temporal expression data need to be obtained. Using a new imaging framework that we developed, Endrov, we have generated spatio-temporal expression profiles during embryogenesis of over 60 homeobox genes, as well as a number of other developmental control genes using GFP reporters." [[Developmental Signals - Homeobox]		* '''Homeobox Genes of Caenorhabditis elegans and Spatio-Temporal Expression'''<ref name="PMID26024448"><pubmed>26024448</pubmed>\| [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0126947 PLoS One.]</ref> "We show that, out of 103 homeobox genes, 70 are co-orthologous to human homeobox genes. 14 are highly divergent, lacking an obvious ortholog even in other Caenorhabditis species. One of these homeobox genes encodes 12 homeodomains, while three other highly divergent homeobox genes encode a novel type of double homeodomain, termed HOCHOB. To understand how transcription factors regulate cell fate during development, precise spatio-temporal expression data need to be obtained. Using a new imaging framework that we developed, Endrov, we have generated spatio-temporal expression profiles during embryogenesis of over 60 homeobox genes, as well as a number of other developmental control genes using GFP reporters." [[Developmental Signals - Homeobox]
	* '''Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation'''<ref><pubmed>22710399</pubmed>\| [http://www.jove.com/video/4019/basic-caenorhabditis-elegans-methods-synchronization-and-observation J Vis Exp.]</ref> "Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism (1). C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years (2). ...Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them."		* '''Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation'''<ref><pubmed>22710399</pubmed>\| [http://www.jove.com/video/4019/basic-caenorhabditis-elegans-methods-synchronization-and-observation J Vis Exp.]</ref> "Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism (1). C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years (2). ...Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them."
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	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! More recent papers		! More recent papers
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Worm+Embryology ''Worm Embryology'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Caenorhabditis+elegans+Development ''Caenorhabditis elegans Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Worm+Development ''Worm Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Worm+Embryology ''Worm Embryology'']
			\|}

	~~<pubmed limit=5>Worm Embryology</pubmed>~~
	\|}
	==Adult Anatomy==		==Adult Anatomy==

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	{{~~Template:~~Animals}}		{{Animals}}


	~~{{Template:Glossary~~}}

			{{Glossary}}

	~~{{Template:Footer}}~~

			{{Footer}}
	[[Category:Worm]]		[[Category:Worm]]

Z8600021 at 18:21, 30 Mayıs 2015

2015-05-30T18:21:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:21, 31 Mayıs 2015
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	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
			* '''Homeobox Genes of Caenorhabditis elegans and Spatio-Temporal Expression'''<ref name="PMID26024448"><pubmed>26024448</pubmed>\| [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0126947 PLoS One.]</ref> "We show that, out of 103 homeobox genes, 70 are co-orthologous to human homeobox genes. 14 are highly divergent, lacking an obvious ortholog even in other Caenorhabditis species. One of these homeobox genes encodes 12 homeodomains, while three other highly divergent homeobox genes encode a novel type of double homeodomain, termed HOCHOB. To understand how transcription factors regulate cell fate during development, precise spatio-temporal expression data need to be obtained. Using a new imaging framework that we developed, Endrov, we have generated spatio-temporal expression profiles during embryogenesis of over 60 homeobox genes, as well as a number of other developmental control genes using GFP reporters." [[Developmental Signals - Homeobox]
	* '''Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation'''<ref><pubmed>22710399</pubmed>\| [http://www.jove.com/video/4019/basic-caenorhabditis-elegans-methods-synchronization-and-observation J Vis Exp.]</ref> "Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism (1). C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years (2). ...Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them."		* '''Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation'''<ref><pubmed>22710399</pubmed>\| [http://www.jove.com/video/4019/basic-caenorhabditis-elegans-methods-synchronization-and-observation J Vis Exp.]</ref> "Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism (1). C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years (2). ...Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them."
	* '''Small RNAs and temporal control in Caenorhabditis elegans.'''<ref><pubmed>20232378</pubmed></ref> "Developmental timing studies in C. elegans led to the landmark discovery of miRNAs and continue to enhance our understanding of the regulation and activity of these small regulatory molecules. Current views of the heterochronic gene pathway are summarized here, with a focus on the ways in which miRNAs contribute to temporal control and how miRNAs themselves are regulated. Finally, the conservation of heterochronic genes and their functions in timing, as well as their related roles in stem cells and cancer, are highlighted."		* '''Small RNAs and temporal control in Caenorhabditis elegans.'''<ref><pubmed>20232378</pubmed></ref> "Developmental timing studies in C. elegans led to the landmark discovery of miRNAs and continue to enhance our understanding of the regulation and activity of these small regulatory molecules. Current views of the heterochronic gene pathway are summarized here, with a focus on the ways in which miRNAs contribute to temporal control and how miRNAs themselves are regulated. Finally, the conservation of heterochronic genes and their functions in timing, as well as their related roles in stem cells and cancer, are highlighted."