Vision - Extraocular Muscle Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 01:22, 9 August 2020

2020-08-09T01:22:07Z

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	* '''~~Palisade Endings Are~~ a ~~Constant Feature~~ in the ~~Extraocular Muscles~~ of ~~Frontal~~-~~Eyed~~, ~~But Not Lateral~~-~~Eyed, Animals~~'''{{#pmid:~~26830369~~\|~~PMID26830369~~}} "~~To test whether palisade endings are a general feature of mammalian~~ extraocular muscles (EOMs). ~~Palisade endings~~ are ~~not a universal feature~~ of ~~mammalian EOMs~~. So, ~~if they are proprioceptors~~, ~~not all species require them~~. Because in ~~frontal-eyed species,~~ the ~~medial rectus~~ muscle ~~has~~ the ~~highest number~~ of ~~palisade endings, they likely play a special role in convergence~~."
			* '''Eye alignment changes caused by sustained GDNF treatment of an extraocular muscle in infant non-human primates'''{{#pmid:32681083\|PMID32681083}} "The ability of sustained treatment of a single extraocular muscle with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to produce a strabismus in infant non-human primates was tested. Six infant non-human primates received a pellet containing GDNF, releasing 2 µg/day for 90 days, on one medial rectus muscle. Eye alignment was assessed up to 6 months. Five of the six animals showed a slow decrease in eye misalignment from the significant exotropia present at birth, ending with approximately 10° of exotropia. Controls became orthotropic. Misalignment averaged 8° three months after treatment ended. After sustained GDNF treatment, few changes were seen in mean myofiber cross-sectional areas compared to age-matched naïve controls. Neuromuscular junction number was unaltered in the medial rectus muscles, but were significantly reduced in the untreated lateral recti. Neuromuscular junctions on slow fibers became multiply innervated after this sustained GDNF treatment. Pitx2-positive cells significantly decreased in treated and contralateral medial rectus muscles. Our study suggests that balanced GDNF signaling plays a role in normal development and maintenance of orthotropia. Sustained GDNF treatment of one medial rectus muscle resulted in a measurable misalignment largely maintained 3 months after treatment ended. Structural changes suggest mechanisms for producing an imbalance in muscle function."

			* '''Twist3 is required for dedifferentiation during extraocular muscle regeneration in adult zebrafish'''{{#pmid:32320444\|PMID32320444}} "Severely damaged adult zebrafish extraocular muscles (EOMs) regenerate through dedifferentiation of residual myocytes involving a muscle-to-mesenchyme transition. Members of the Twist family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors (TFs) are key regulators of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and are also involved in craniofacial development in humans and animal models. During zebrafish embryogenesis, twist family members (twist1a, twist1b, twist2, and twist3) function to regulate craniofacial skeletal development. Because of their roles as master regulators of stem cell biology, we hypothesized that twist TFs regulate adult EOM repair and regeneration. In this study, utilizing an adult zebrafish EOM regeneration model, we demonstrate that inhibiting twist3 function using translation-blocking morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) impairs muscle regeneration by reducing myocyte dedifferentiation and proliferation in the regenerating muscle. This supports our hypothesis that twist TFs are involved in the early steps of dedifferentiation and highlights the importance of twist3 during EOM regeneration."

	* '''Eyelid closure in embryogenesis is required for ocular adnexa development'''{{#pmid:25377219\|PMID25377219}} "Mammalian eye development requires temporary fusion of the upper and lower eyelids in embryogenesis. Failure of lid closure in mice leads to an eye open at birth (EOB) phenotype. ...In addition to providing a protective barrier for the ocular surface, eyelid closure in embryogenesis is required for the development of ocular adnexa, including eyelid and extraocular muscles."
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	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Palisade Endings Are a Constant Feature in the Extraocular Muscles of Frontal-Eyed, But Not Lateral-Eyed, Animals'''{{#pmid:26830369\|PMID26830369}} "To test whether palisade endings are a general feature of mammalian extraocular muscles (EOMs). Palisade endings are not a universal feature of mammalian EOMs. So, if they are proprioceptors, not all species require them. Because in frontal-eyed species, the medial rectus muscle has the highest number of palisade endings, they likely play a special role in convergence."

			* '''Eyelid closure in embryogenesis is required for ocular adnexa development'''{{#pmid:25377219\|PMID25377219}} "Mammalian eye development requires temporary fusion of the upper and lower eyelids in embryogenesis. Failure of lid closure in mice leads to an eye open at birth (EOB) phenotype. ...In addition to providing a protective barrier for the ocular surface, eyelid closure in embryogenesis is required for the development of ocular adnexa, including eyelid and extraocular muscles."
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	==Extraocular Muscles==		==Extraocular Muscles==

Z8600021 at 01:17, 9 August 2020

2020-08-09T01:17:16Z

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	A study by Gilbert (1957)<ref>{{Ref-Gilbert1957}}</ref> described the origin and development of the human extrinsic ocular muscles.		A study by Gilbert (1957)<ref name="Gilbert1957">{{Ref-Gilbert1957}}</ref> described the origin and development of the human extrinsic ocular muscles.


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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: ''Extraocular Muscle Embryology''		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Extraocular+Muscle+Development ''Extraocular Muscle Development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Extraocular+Muscle+Embryology ''Extraocular Muscle Embryology''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=superior+rectus+development ''superior rectus development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=lateral+rectus+development ''lateral rectus development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=medial+rectus+development ''medial rectus development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=superior+oblique+development ''superior oblique development''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=inferior+oblique+development ''inferior oblique development''] \|

	~~<pubmed limit~~=~~5>Extraocular Muscle Embryology</pubmed>~~		\|}
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			! Older papers
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			\| {{Older papers}}
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	==Extraocular Muscles==		==Extraocular Muscles==
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	Extraocular muscles (CAT scan back view of the eye)<ref>{{Ref-KolbFernandezNelson2012}}</ref>		Extraocular muscles (CAT scan back view of the eye)<ref>{{Ref-KolbFernandezNelson2012}}</ref>

	[[File:Extraocular-muscles-scan.jpg\|600px]]		[[File:Extraocular-muscles-scan.jpg\|600px]]

Z8600021 at 01:13, 9 August 2020

2020-08-09T01:13:18Z

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	==Innervation==		==Innervation==

	Different cranial nerves supple the extraocular muscles.:ref name=Gilbert1957>{{Ref-Gilbert1957}}</ref>		Different cranial nerves supple the extraocular muscles.<ref name="Gilbert1957">{{Ref-Gilbert1957}}</ref>

	All the vertebrates:		All the vertebrates:

Z8600021 at 01:12, 9 August 2020

2020-08-09T01:12:08Z

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	A study by Gilbert (1957)<~~refname=Gilbert1957~~>{{Ref-Gilbert1957}}</ref> described the origin and development of the human extrinsic ocular muscles.		A study by Gilbert (1957)<ref>{{Ref-Gilbert1957}}</ref> described the origin and development of the human extrinsic ocular muscles.

Z8600021 at 01:11, 9 August 2020

2020-08-09T01:11:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:11, 9 August 2020
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	A study by Gilbert (1957)<~~ref name~~=Gilbert1957>{{Ref-Gilbert1957}}</ref> described the origin and development of the human extrinsic ocular muscles.		A study by Gilbert (1957)<refname=Gilbert1957>{{Ref-Gilbert1957}}</ref> described the origin and development of the human extrinsic ocular muscles.

Z8600021 at 01:08, 9 August 2020

2020-08-09T01:08:13Z

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	Extraocular muscles (CAT scan back view of the eye)<ref>Kolb H. Fernandez E. and Nelson R. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11530/ Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System]. (Internet) NCBI Bookshelf. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21413389/ PMID 21413389] </ref>		Extraocular muscles (CAT scan back view of the eye)<ref>{{Ref-KolbFernandezNelson2012}}</ref>

	[[File:Extraocular-muscles-scan.jpg\|600px]]		[[File:Extraocular-muscles-scan.jpg\|600px]]

Z8600021 at 01:06, 9 August 2020

2020-08-09T01:06:30Z

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	Extraocular muscles (CAT scan back view of the eye)~~{{#pmid~~:21413389~~\|PMID21413389}}~~		Extraocular muscles (CAT scan back view of the eye)<ref>Kolb H. Fernandez E. and Nelson R. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11530/ Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System]. (Internet) NCBI Bookshelf. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21413389/ PMID 21413389] </ref>

	[[File:Extraocular-muscles-scan.jpg\|600px]]		[[File:Extraocular-muscles-scan.jpg\|600px]]

Z8600021 at 01:00, 9 August 2020

2020-08-09T01:00:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:00, 9 August 2020
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	[[File:Extraocular-muscles-scan.jpg\|600px]]		[[File:Extraocular-muscles-scan.jpg\|600px]]

			==Innervation==

			Different cranial nerves supple the extraocular muscles.:ref name=Gilbert1957>{{Ref-Gilbert1957}}</ref>

			All the vertebrates:
			* third cranial nerve ({{CN III}}) oculomotor nerve supplies - superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique
			* fourth cranial nerve ({{CN IV}}) trochlear nerve supplies - superior oblique
			* sixth cranial nerve ({{CN VI}}) abducens nerve supplies - lateral rectus

			In several groups of vertebrates:
			* sixth cranial nerve ({{CN VI}}) abducens nerve supplies - retractor bulbi (a seventh eyeball muscle)

	==Ciliary Muscles==		==Ciliary Muscles==

Z8600021 at 00:53, 18 December 2018

2018-12-18T00:53:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:53, 18 December 2018
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	\| valign=top\| [[File:Human_extraocular_muscles_01.jpg\|200px]]		\| valign=top\| [[File:Human_extraocular_muscles_01.jpg\|200px]]
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			Extraocular muscles (CAT scan back view of the eye){{#pmid:21413389\|PMID21413389}}

			[[File:Extraocular-muscles-scan.jpg\|600px]]

	==Ciliary Muscles==		==Ciliary Muscles==

Z8600021 at 01:30, 12 March 2018

2018-03-12T01:30:32Z

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	! More recent papers		! More recent papers
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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}