User talk:Z3332337 - Revision history

Z3332337: /* LAB 11 - 10/10/12 */ new section

2012-10-10T00:56:05Z

LAB 11 - 10/10/12: new section

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	*Abnormal development of ears may be an indicator of abnormal renal development.		*Abnormal development of ears may be an indicator of abnormal renal development.

			== LAB 11 - 10/10/12 ==

			LAB 11

			Origin of blood cells in embryo and fetus: not in bone marrow (there is no bone marrow!!). Starts in mesoderm, then lover and spleen THEN bone marrow.

			Blood cells are different in the fetus than the adult; there is less O2 therefore hemoglobin must have a higher O2 bindng than an adult.


			All these changes of the heart occur in the 1st 8 weeks (~2- 7). Clinical stage would be + 2 weeks (last day of period). All stages given in class are POST-FERTILISATION timeframes, NOT gestational (must indicate if using gestational timing).

			Week 2: Pattern of migration starts at the primitive streak.

			Week 3: from mesoderm to the embryonic disc.

			Cloaca forms at chordal end of primitive streak.

			Lateral plate mesoderm splits into 2 halves. Cardiogenic region is in the extraembryonic splancic mesoderm. This space between the somite and mesoderm will form the pericardial space.

			Inferior end of heart tube has 2 horns: spinous Sinousis, which eventually formt he Inferior vena cava. In embryo, there is 2 but adult there is 1. Which starts vascularisation into the liver.

			Truncus atreriosus = outflow tract and aorta???

			Heart tube cannot grow in length, so it buckles and this is described as cardiac looping buckles around and forms and ‘S’ shape. From week 4 onwards the heart tube (cardiac muscle) spontaneously contracts.

			Atrial, ventricular then outflow spetation.

			Endocardial cushions: Left right, never fuse. Ant post fuse.

			Cardiac jelly is from the myometrium or myocardial component of the splancic mesoderm.

			Atrial Septum premium grows down and then begins to degenerate forming vacuoles known as ostium premium. There is then a 2nd growth called septum secondum and has a large hole known as ostium secondum. Both ostium’s form the FORAMEN OVALE: a communication between the atrium’s for pulmonary communication which is currently inactive. Post-natally, the 1st breath causes pressure changes causes a functional fusion of septa causing it to become FOSSA OVALE. Then later an anatomical fusion where the atria are completely sealed off from each other.

			Ventricular septal defect is more common than atrial.

Z3332337: /* ANAT2341 Lab 10 3/10/12 */

2012-10-03T01:48:31Z

ANAT2341 Lab 10 3/10/12

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	*Throughout the entire fetal period, continuously making neurones and lose some from programmed cell death. Neurones and glia are formed from the same stem cell population. Also, mylenation occurs post-natally and therefore a change in conduction velocity changes.		*Throughout the entire fetal period, continuously making neurones and lose some from programmed cell death. Neurones and glia are formed from the same stem cell population. Also, mylenation occurs post-natally and therefore a change in conduction velocity changes.

			*Brain folding occurs AFTER 2nd trimester and associated with migration of cells.

			*Without normal fetal thyroid hormone (no IODINE) results in cretinism, improper neural development. Cerebullum develops late fetal stage but mainly post-natal and controls co-ordination and balance and feeding/breathing/grasping/bubinski reflexes.

			*Deafness and vision problems from viral infections (rubella). But mostly today is fetal alcohol syndrome. Cytotoxic to neuronal development clinically detected by facial features, but not always affected with abnormal facial features.

			*Abnormal development of ears may be an indicator of abnormal renal development.

Z3332337: /* ANAT2341 Lab 10 3/10/12 */

2012-10-03T01:33:52Z

ANAT2341 Lab 10 3/10/12

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	*Optic stalks project from diencephalon.		*Optic stalks project from diencephalon.

			*Throughout the entire fetal period, continuously making neurones and lose some from programmed cell death. Neurones and glia are formed from the same stem cell population. Also, mylenation occurs post-natally and therefore a change in conduction velocity changes.

Z3332337: /* ANAT2341 Lab 10 3/10/12 */

2012-10-03T01:30:19Z

ANAT2341 Lab 10 3/10/12

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	*Optic vesicle is an outward growth of the diencephalon (neural tube). Is not separated to but connected.		*Optic vesicle is an outward growth of the diencephalon (neural tube). Is not separated to but connected.

			*Pigmented layer of retina and other retina has a space which is lost because they fuse.

			*Hyloid blood vessels (in vitrious) are transient blood vessels lost in post gestationally.

			*Rectus eyes muscles are neural crest in origin (not mesenchyme, but ectomesenchyme).

			*Optic stalks project from diencephalon.

Z3332337: /* ANAT2341 Lab 10 3/10/12 */

2012-10-03T00:51:12Z

ANAT2341 Lab 10 3/10/12

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	*Adenohypophysis/pituitary placode just in front of buccopharyngeal arch.		*Adenohypophysis/pituitary placode just in front of buccopharyngeal arch.

			*Stem cells form the innermost layer of epithelial cells is mitotically active and migrates outs to form the motor and sensory neurons. Note: the neural tube is not the same thickness the entire way.

			*Space within the neural tube = ventricular cavity, is continuous and maintained in the adult. Primordia of vent cav. At this stage not filled with CFS yet, filled with amniotic. Will fill with CFS when CHORIOID PLEXUS forms, a modified placenta.

			*Beneath the mylencephalon is the spinal cord.

			*Pontine is an ‘M’ structure. Midline is notochord and when you cut through is, you’ve cut all the way through the neural cord.

			*1st pharyngeal arch forms the tympanic membrane.

			*Prosencephalon forms diencephalon and ‘end brain’ lies on top of that and forms cortical... something??

			*Optic vesicle is an outward growth of the diencephalon (neural tube). Is not separated to but connected.

Z3332337 at 00:23, 3 October 2012

2012-10-03T00:23:30Z

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	'''Theory of endocrine systems in exam: know 2 endocrine organs in detail!!!'''		'''Theory of endocrine systems in exam: know 2 endocrine organs in detail!!!'''

			== ANAT2341 Lab 10 3/10/12 ==

			*Week 4 is when we 1st see the sensory component appear.

			*Cranial neuropore will close before the other neuropore. If they don’t close, there is an association of neural tube defects (from lack of folate – homocystiene – metabolism). Results in anencephaly. No extension of mixed nerves from spinal cord = abnormalities in limbs and possibly urinary tract.

			*Columnar epithelium associated with surface ecto (closely assoc with hindbrain), whereas in the indentation there is more cuboidal cells. Surface ectoderm will then fuse and form the otic placode proper = otic cyst!! At the level of the 2nd pharyngeal arch.

			*All the features associated with hearing are at the level of the 2nd pharyngeal arch.

			*Nasal placode at the level of the frontonasal prominanace with the nasal placode. Doesn’t fold into the head. Has a lateral and ventral region.

			*Just behind the 1st pharyngeal arch is the optic placode and form the lens component of the eye. Optic placode is lost and leaves behind the lens.

			*Adenohypophysis/pituitary placode just in front of buccopharyngeal arch.

Z3332337 at 01:10, 26 September 2012

2012-09-26T01:10:27Z

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	• MyHV 2b – not particularly changed. Probably not had time in the 21 days. 2b -> 2x, neighbour rule.		• MyHV 2b – not particularly changed. Probably not had time in the 21 days. 2b -> 2x, neighbour rule.

	===ANAT2341 Lab 9 ===		==ANAT2341 Lab 9 26/09/12==

	Embryonic development ends at week 8		Embryonic development ends at week 8

Z3332337 at 01:09, 26 September 2012

2012-09-26T01:09:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:09, 26 September 2012
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	• MyHV 2b – not particularly changed. Probably not had time in the 21 days. 2b -> 2x, neighbour rule.		• MyHV 2b – not particularly changed. Probably not had time in the 21 days. 2b -> 2x, neighbour rule.

			===ANAT2341 Lab 9 ===

			Embryonic development ends at week 8

			By end of week 8, eyelids are present. Upper and lower eyelids grow together and the fuse and later in development they separate.

			Gland is ECTODERMAL in origin.

			Hypothalamus – neuroendocrinal with lots of glia.

			Diencephalon is a secondary brain vesicle of the primary brain vesicle of the prosencephalon.

			Rathke’s pouch is still present but later lost.

			Trigeminal ganglia are the largest in development, seen from as early as week 3?

			Vomer in nasal organ: in animals important in reproduction activated when female on heat.

			Palatal shelves still communicating with each other.

			(Thymus) Immune function is not active pre-natally as mother and placenta are compensating.

			Changes of thymus with aging: gets smaller (decrease in volume) and increase in fat cells -> thymic involution
			Fetal cortex of medulla has different laminations to an adult and has different secretory action to an adult. Cortex isn’t fully developed until 3 yrs.

			Gonads have an important endocrinal role for the development of the internal genital tract (small kidney with large gonads beneath and adrenals above). Mainly nephrogenesis is later throughout development, mainly collecting tubules now. That is why it’s so small and because the maternal system is dealing with the waste.

			Week 10!!!!! Hormone detection!!!!

			'''Theory of endocrine systems in exam: know 2 endocrine organs in detail!!!'''

Z3332337: /* ANAT2341 Lab 4 */

2012-09-12T01:53:51Z

ANAT2341 Lab 4

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	==ANAT2341 Lab 4 ==		==ANAT2341 Lab 4 ==
	~~----~~
	• Myoglogin: higher presence in slow twitch muscle fibres (than fast twitch), therefore redder.		• Myoglogin: higher presence in slow twitch muscle fibres (than fast twitch), therefore redder.

Z3332337 at 01:53, 12 September 2012

2012-09-12T01:53:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:53, 12 September 2012
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	ANAT2341 Lab 4		==ANAT2341 Lab 4 ==
	----		----
	• Myoglogin: higher presence in slow twitch muscle fibres (than fast twitch), therefore redder.		• Myoglogin: higher presence in slow twitch muscle fibres (than fast twitch), therefore redder.

	• Neuronal inputs into muscle are SENSORY & MOTOR. Don’t innervate just ONE muscle fibre, they innervate a group via:motor end plates (depending on the function of the muscle). Spindle fibres (stretch fibres??). Dorsal root ganglia are proprioceptors.		• Neuronal inputs into muscle are SENSORY & MOTOR. Don’t innervate just ONE muscle fibre, they innervate a group via:motor end plates (depending on the function of the muscle). Spindle fibres (stretch fibres??). Dorsal root ganglia are proprioceptors.

	• Actin fibres. Big R type(marathon). Small r type (sprinters).		• Actin fibres. Big R type(marathon). Small r type (sprinters).

	• Possible to change fibre types (fast slow) because of muscle plasticity.		• Possible to change fibre types (fast slow) because of muscle plasticity.

	• > 50yo lose muscle mass and preferential loss of fast twitch fibres.		• > 50yo lose muscle mass and preferential loss of fast twitch fibres.

	• Duchenne muscular dystrphy -> loss of Dystrophin (???)		• Duchenne muscular dystrphy -> loss of Dystrophin (???)

	• Sybcitia: multinuclei bounded by one plasma membrane (ie: osteoclasts)		• Sybcitia: multinuclei bounded by one plasma membrane (ie: osteoclasts)

	• 2 stages of myogenesis (of a myotube) . 1) 12-14 days post-coitum (in mouse). Myoblasts fuse together and scleraxis allows the dev. Of tendoms. Myosin heavy chains. 2) after Formation of myotube innvervation occurs. 2dary myogensis (myosin heavy chain gene expression (embryoic and neonatal).		• 2 stages of myogenesis (of a myotube) . 1) 12-14 days post-coitum (in mouse). Myoblasts fuse together and scleraxis allows the dev. Of tendoms. Myosin heavy chains. 2) after Formation of myotube innvervation occurs. 2dary myogensis (myosin heavy chain gene expression (embryoic and neonatal).

	• How does muscle know that it’s excerising? Sensing the “load” and the motor/sensory input, protiens whic h detect stretch to detect the load, etc etc.		• How does muscle know that it’s excerising? Sensing the “load” and the motor/sensory input, protiens whic h detect stretch to detect the load, etc etc.

	• Exercise 1: Measuring the difference between the area & / diameter of cells. Volume (amt of proteins in one cell compared to normal cell).		• Exercise 1: Measuring the difference between the area & / diameter of cells. Volume (amt of proteins in one cell compared to normal cell).

	• Exercise 2: How do we achieve hypertrophy? Regeneration process (activate satellite/stem cells) or nuclei becomes MORE active (hence there is an increase in cell size, not cell number).		• Exercise 2: How do we achieve hypertrophy? Regeneration process (activate satellite/stem cells) or nuclei becomes MORE active (hence there is an increase in cell size, not cell number).

	• Do we need satellite cells to induce muscle hypertrophy? Pax7 spec. Expressed in satellite cells, but essential to muscle dev.		• Do we need satellite cells to induce muscle hypertrophy? Pax7 spec. Expressed in satellite cells, but essential to muscle dev.

	• Cre: DNA recombinase. CRE-ER: Cre DNA recombinase fused to the estrogen receptor. Tamoxifen (estrogen analog) binds to estrogen receptor. Ie: exposing satellite cells to tamixifen will kill the cells becase of a side chain???		• Cre: DNA recombinase. CRE-ER: Cre DNA recombinase fused to the estrogen receptor. Tamoxifen (estrogen analog) binds to estrogen receptor. Ie: exposing satellite cells to tamixifen will kill the cells becase of a side chain???

	• Syngergist ablation: knocking out supporting muscles to engage other muscles to induce hypertrophy by overloading it.		• Syngergist ablation: knocking out supporting muscles to engage other muscles to induce hypertrophy by overloading it.

	• Control: no satellite removal. Variable: muscle removal. SA-2 muscle weight increase.		• Control: no satellite removal. Variable: muscle removal. SA-2 muscle weight increase.

	• What is the importance of maintenance of nucleus/cytoplasmic ratio? Muscle control and maintaining jurisdiction of nucleus control.		• What is the importance of maintenance of nucleus/cytoplasmic ratio? Muscle control and maintaining jurisdiction of nucleus control.

	• Exercise 3: Experimental induction of muscle fibre type change Using Chronic low frequency stimulation (CLFS). Stimulate the common peroneal nerve (10 stimulations per sec) over 21 days. Tib ant muscle is rich in fast twitch fibres. ABCD – control mouse, black stain few slow fibres compared to fast. HGFI – experimental mice, small increase in slow twitch fibres.		• Exercise 3: Experimental induction of muscle fibre type change Using Chronic low frequency stimulation (CLFS). Stimulate the common peroneal nerve (10 stimulations per sec) over 21 days. Tib ant muscle is rich in fast twitch fibres. ABCD – control mouse, black stain few slow fibres compared to fast. HGFI – experimental mice, small increase in slow twitch fibres.

	• MyHC (Myosin heavy chain) 1 – small increase		• MyHC (Myosin heavy chain) 1 – small increase

	• MyHC 2a – Drastic increase.		• MyHC 2a – Drastic increase.

	• All MyHC (but not 2x) – ?? hard to est		• All MyHC (but not 2x) – ?? hard to est

	• MyHV 2b – not particularly changed. Probably not had time in the 21 days. 2b -> 2x, neighbour rule.		• MyHV 2b – not particularly changed. Probably not had time in the 21 days. 2b -> 2x, neighbour rule.