Ultrasound - Revision history

Z8600021 at 00:37, 26 Mayıs 2020

2020-05-26T00:37:50Z

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	* Cardiovascular - tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR), "a"-wave pattern, DV PIV, S-wave (peak systolic velocity), D-wave (peak diastolic velocity), a-wave (atrial contraction in late diastole), time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMXV)		* Cardiovascular - tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR), "a"-wave pattern, DV PIV, S-wave (peak systolic velocity), D-wave (peak diastolic velocity), a-wave (atrial contraction in late diastole), time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMXV)

	{\| ~~border~~=~~'0px'~~		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! How to Play Ultrasound Movies
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	\| <html5media height="300" width="400">File:Ultrasound_Fetus_02.mp4</html5media>		\| <html5media height="300" width="400">File:Ultrasound_Fetus_02.mp4</html5media>

Z8600021 at 00:35, 26 Mayıs 2020

2020-05-26T00:35:12Z

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	[[:Template:CRL-GA Table\|CRL-GA Table]][[:Template:FA-GA-CRLCollapse Table\|FA-GA-CRL]]		[[:Template:CRL-GA Table\|CRL-GA Table]][[:Template:FA-GA-CRLCollapse Table\|FA-GA-CRL]]

	==First Trimester ~~Screening~~==		==First Trimester Ultrasound==
	First trimester screening refers to the ltrasound scan typically carried out between {{GA}} 11<sup>+ 0</sup> – 13<sup>+ 6</sup> weeks. The scan can determine the gestation age {{GA}}, embryo anatomical size measurements, placenta position and structure.		First trimester screening refers to the ltrasound scan typically carried out between {{GA}} 11<sup>+ 0</sup> – 13<sup>+ 6</sup> weeks. The scan can determine the gestation age {{GA}}, embryo anatomical size measurements, placenta position and structure.{{#pmid:29233624\|PMID29233624}}{{#pmid:31677757\|PMID31677757}}

	The scan can also detect, with varying degrees of accuracy, some developmental abnormalities.		The scan can also detect, with varying degrees of accuracy, some developmental abnormalities.
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	* anencephaly/exencephaly		* anencephaly/exencephaly
	* holoprosencephaly		* holoprosencephaly
	* omphalocele gastroschisis		* omphalocele {{gastroschisis}}
	* body stalk anomaly		* body stalk anomaly
	* megacystis		* megacystis
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	* lethal skeletal dysplasia		* lethal skeletal dysplasia
	* severe heart defects		* severe heart defects
	* spina bifida aperta		* {{spina bifida}} aperta
	* facial clefts		* facial clefts

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	* pulmonary lesions		* pulmonary lesions
	* gastrointestinal obstructions		* gastrointestinal obstructions

			==Second Trimester Ultrasound==
			Second trimester ultrasound provides information about: number of fetuses, gestational age, location of the placenta, fetal growth and maternal anatomy.{{#pmid:28729106\|PMID28729106}}

	==Doppler Ultrasound ==		==Doppler Ultrasound ==

Z8600021 at 00:27, 26 Mayıs 2020

2020-05-26T00:27:50Z

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	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fetal+Ultrasound ''Fetal Ultrasound'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fetal+Ultrasound ''Fetal Ultrasound''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=First+Trimester+Ultrasound ''First Trimester Ultrasound''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Second+Trimester+Ultrasound ''Second Trimester Ultrasound''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fetal+Doppler+Ultrasound ''Fetal Doppler Ultrasound''] \|
	\|}		\|}
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Z8600021 at 01:30, 15 April 2020

2020-04-15T01:30:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:30, 15 April 2020
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	\| Special thanks to Dr Andrew McLennan, Foetal Medicine Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital and Dr Stanley Ng for many of the original video materials.		\| Special thanks to Dr Andrew McLennan, Foetal Medicine Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital and Dr Stanley Ng for many of the original video materials.
	\|}		\|}


	{{Prenatal diagnosis}}\| [[Ultrasound - Abnormal\|Abnormal Ultrasound]]		{{Prenatal diagnosis}}\| [[Ultrasound - Abnormal\|Abnormal Ultrasound]]

	==Some Recent Findings==		==Some Recent Findings==
	{\|		{\|
	\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"		\|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
	\|		\|
	* '''Diagnosing Small for Gestational Age during second trimester routine screening: Early sonographic clues'''{{#pmid:32127152}} "Small for gestational age (SGA) is generally defined as birth weight being at or below the 10th percentile. Children with SGA have a higher risk for complications. There is a need for early predictors, as the accurate diagnosis rate is only 50%. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate diagnostic performance of {{ultrasound}} (US)/color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) parameters (umbilical vein-UV, right portal vein-RPV diameter/flow rate, and portal sinus-PS diameter) examined at 20-22 gestational week as SGA diagnostic factors.		* '''Diagnosing Small for Gestational Age during second trimester routine screening: Early sonographic clues'''{{#pmid:32127152\|PMID32127152}} "Small for gestational age (SGA) is generally defined as birth weight being at or below the 10th percentile. Children with SGA have a higher risk for complications. There is a need for early predictors, as the accurate diagnosis rate is only 50%. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate diagnostic performance of {{ultrasound}} (US)/color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) parameters (umbilical vein-UV, right portal vein-RPV diameter/flow rate, and portal sinus-PS diameter) examined at 20-22 gestational week as SGA diagnostic factors. UV, RPV, and PS diameters can be earlier predictors for SGA diagnosis. Routinely evaluation of these parameters during second trimester screening can increase SGA diagnosis rates and serve for early diagnose."
	~~CONCLUSION:~~ UV, RPV, and PS diameters can be earlier predictors for SGA diagnosis. Routinely evaluation of these parameters during second trimester screening can increase SGA diagnosis rates and serve for early diagnose."

	* '''Longitudinal Doppler references for monochorionic twins and comparison with singletons'''{{#pmid:31809530\|~~PMID~~}} "To construct monochorionic (MC) twin-specific longitudinal {{Doppler ultrasound}} references for umbilical artery pulsatility index (UA-PI), middle cerebral artery (MCA) PI and peak systolic velocity (PSV) and ductus venosus (DV) PI derived from a strictly selected cohort of uncomplicated MC twins. The secondary aim of the study was to compare our findings with singleton reference charts. The study group comprised 150 uncomplicated MC twin pairs. Estimated centiles (3rd, 5th, 10th, 50th, 90th, 95th, 97th) of UA-PI, MCA-PI, MCA-PSV and DV-PI in function of the gestational age are presented. The comparison with singletons showed substantial differences, with higher UA-PI and lower MCA-PI and PSV median values in MC twins. Median DV PI values were similar to the values for singletons, while the upper centiles were higher in MC twins." {{twinning}}		* '''Longitudinal Doppler references for monochorionic twins and comparison with singletons'''{{#pmid:31809530\|PMID31809530}} "To construct monochorionic (MC) twin-specific longitudinal {{Doppler ultrasound}} references for umbilical artery pulsatility index (UA-PI), middle cerebral artery (MCA) PI and peak systolic velocity (PSV) and ductus venosus (DV) PI derived from a strictly selected cohort of uncomplicated MC twins. The secondary aim of the study was to compare our findings with singleton reference charts. The study group comprised 150 uncomplicated MC twin pairs. Estimated centiles (3rd, 5th, 10th, 50th, 90th, 95th, 97th) of UA-PI, MCA-PI, MCA-PSV and DV-PI in function of the gestational age are presented. The comparison with singletons showed substantial differences, with higher UA-PI and lower MCA-PI and PSV median values in MC twins. Median DV PI values were similar to the values for singletons, while the upper centiles were higher in MC twins." {{twinning}}

	* '''Sensitivity of prenatal {{ultrasound}} for detection of {{trisomy 18}}'''{{#pmid:29712489\|PMID29712489}} "To evaluate the sensitivity of prenatal ultrasound (US) for trisomy (T18) diagnosis and describe US findings in a large tertiary care institution in the USA. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective cohort of all T18 cases diagnosed at our institution from October 2004 to October 2014 based on prenatal or postnatal genetic diagnostic testing. We included all women with a fetus affected by T18 who had a comprehensive US by a maternal-fetal medicine specialist performed at our institution. US findings were reviewed, classified by organ system, and categorized as an anomaly or soft marker. Chi-square or t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: We included 128 cases of T18 with confirmed cytogenetic analysis -110 (86%) of which were diagnosed prenatally or suspected by cell-free DNA and confirmed postnatally, and 18 of which underwent neonatal blood sampling alone. One hundred and twenty-one (95%) had at least one abnormal US finding. Anomalies were more frequently identified on US at ≥20 weeks as compared with <20 weeks (93% versus 76%; p = .004). The mean number of findings detected per fetus was 5.1 ± 3.0. Fetuses diagnosed by postnatal sampling alone had a similar number of US exams performed and number of abnormal findings compared to those diagnosed prenatally. Conclusion: Ninety-five percent of fetuses with T18 had at least one abnormal US finding. This sensitivity of is higher than reported in most prior studies, but is not 100%, and should be considered when counseling women regarding prenatal diagnosis of T18. Rationale: Historical detection rates for abnormal sonographic findings in trisomy 18 fetuses range from 70% to 100%. These studies are limited by small sample sizes. This is a contemporary study of ultrasound findings in a large group of women with confirmed trisomy 18 by prenatal or postnatal genetic diagnosis. We provide expansive detail on soft markers and anomalies broken down by organ-system and gestational age."		* '''Sensitivity of prenatal {{ultrasound}} for detection of {{trisomy 18}}'''{{#pmid:29712489\|PMID29712489}} "To evaluate the sensitivity of prenatal ultrasound (US) for trisomy (T18) diagnosis and describe US findings in a large tertiary care institution in the USA. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective cohort of all T18 cases diagnosed at our institution from October 2004 to October 2014 based on prenatal or postnatal genetic diagnostic testing. We included all women with a fetus affected by T18 who had a comprehensive US by a maternal-fetal medicine specialist performed at our institution. US findings were reviewed, classified by organ system, and categorized as an anomaly or soft marker. Chi-square or t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: We included 128 cases of T18 with confirmed cytogenetic analysis -110 (86%) of which were diagnosed prenatally or suspected by cell-free DNA and confirmed postnatally, and 18 of which underwent neonatal blood sampling alone. One hundred and twenty-one (95%) had at least one abnormal US finding. Anomalies were more frequently identified on US at ≥20 weeks as compared with <20 weeks (93% versus 76%; p = .004). The mean number of findings detected per fetus was 5.1 ± 3.0. Fetuses diagnosed by postnatal sampling alone had a similar number of US exams performed and number of abnormal findings compared to those diagnosed prenatally. Conclusion: Ninety-five percent of fetuses with T18 had at least one abnormal US finding. This sensitivity of is higher than reported in most prior studies, but is not 100%, and should be considered when counseling women regarding prenatal diagnosis of T18. Rationale: Historical detection rates for abnormal sonographic findings in trisomy 18 fetuses range from 70% to 100%. These studies are limited by small sample sizes. This is a contemporary study of ultrasound findings in a large group of women with confirmed trisomy 18 by prenatal or postnatal genetic diagnosis. We provide expansive detail on soft markers and anomalies broken down by organ-system and gestational age."

	* '''Subarachnoid space diameter in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 11-13 weeks' gestation'''{{#pmid:29338474\|PMID29338474}} "To examine the subarachnoid space diameters in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 11-13 weeks' gestation. Stored three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound volumes of the fetal head at 11-13 weeks' gestation from 407 euploid and 88 chromosomally abnormal fetuses ({{trisomy 21}}, n = 40; {{trisomy 18}}, n = 19; {{trisomy 13}}, n = 7; triploidy, n = 14; {{Turner syndrome}}, n = 8) were analyzed. The subarachnoid space diameters, measured in the sagittal and transverse planes of the fetal head, in relation to biparietal diameter (BPD) in each group of aneuploidies was compared to that in euploid fetuses. A total of 20 head volumes were randomly selected and all the measurements were recorded by two different observers to examine the interobserver variability in measurements. In euploid fetuses, the anteroposterior, transverse and sagittal diameters of the subarachnoid space increased with BPD. The median of the observed to expected diameters for BPD were significantly increased in triploidy and {{trisomy 13}} but were not significantly altered in {{trisomy 21}} and {{trisomy 18}} or {{Turner syndrome}}. In triploidy, the subarachnoid space diameters for BPD were above the 95th centile of euploid fetuses in 92.9% (13 of 14) cases. The intraclass reliability or agreement was excellent for all three subarachnoid space diameters. Most fetuses with triploidy at 11-13 weeks' gestation demonstrate increased subarachnoid space diameters."		* '''Subarachnoid space diameter in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 11-13 weeks' gestation'''{{#pmid:29338474\|PMID29338474}} "To examine the subarachnoid space diameters in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 11-13 weeks' gestation. Stored three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound volumes of the fetal head at 11-13 weeks' gestation from 407 euploid and 88 chromosomally abnormal fetuses ({{trisomy 21}}, n = 40; {{trisomy 18}}, n = 19; {{trisomy 13}}, n = 7; triploidy, n = 14; {{Turner syndrome}}, n = 8) were analyzed. The subarachnoid space diameters, measured in the sagittal and transverse planes of the fetal head, in relation to biparietal diameter (BPD) in each group of aneuploidies was compared to that in euploid fetuses. A total of 20 head volumes were randomly selected and all the measurements were recorded by two different observers to examine the interobserver variability in measurements. In euploid fetuses, the anteroposterior, transverse and sagittal diameters of the subarachnoid space increased with BPD. The median of the observed to expected diameters for BPD were significantly increased in triploidy and {{trisomy 13}} but were not significantly altered in {{trisomy 21}} and {{trisomy 18}} or {{Turner syndrome}}. In triploidy, the subarachnoid space diameters for BPD were above the 95th centile of euploid fetuses in 92.9% (13 of 14) cases. The intraclass reliability or agreement was excellent for all three subarachnoid space diameters. Most fetuses with triploidy at 11-13 weeks' gestation demonstrate increased subarachnoid space diameters." {{ventricular}}

	* '''Diagnosis of Fetal Structural Anomalies at 11 to 14 Weeks'''{{#pmid:29476550\|PMID29476550}} "To assess the performance of first-trimester ultrasound (US) in identifying major fetal structural abnormalities in an unselected population. ...In the first trimester, we identified 79% of all major structural anomalies. The highest detection rates were achieved for abdominal wall defects (100%), major central nervous system anomalies (88%), cardiac defects (74%), and skeletal anomalies (71%). The nuchal translucency was increased in 35% of the cases with structural anomalies, and 95% of these were diagnosed in the first trimester."

	* '''Dating of Pregnancy in First versus Second Trimester in Relation to Post-Term Birth Rate: A Cohort Study'''{{#pmid:26760299\|PMID26760299}} "To evaluate in a national standardised setting whether the performance of ultrasound dating during the first rather than the second trimester of pregnancy had consequences regarding the definition of pre- and post-term birth rates. A cohort study of 8,551 singleton pregnancies with spontaneous delivery was performed from 2006 to 2012 at Copenhagen University Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark. We determined the duration of pregnancy calculated by last menstrual period, crown rump length (CRL), biparietal diameter (1st trimester), BPD (2nd trimester), and head circumference and compared mean and median durations, the mean differences, the systematic discrepancies, and the percentages of pre-term and post-term pregnancies in relation to each method. The primary outcomes were post-term and pre-term birth rates defined by different dating methods. ...Systematic discrepancies were identified when biometric formulas were used to determine duration of pregnancy. This should be corrected in clinical practice to avoid an overestimation of post-term birth and unnecessary inductions when first trimester formulas are used."

	* '''Uterine Doppler velocimetry of the uterine arteries in the second and third trimesters for the prediction of gestational outcome'''{{#pmid:24554228\|PMID24554228}} "The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the value of uterine artery Doppler sonography during the second and third trimesters in the prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome in low-risk (205 singleton pregnant) women. ...The uterine artery PI and RI values for both second and third-trimester evaluations were significantly higher in patients with adverse pregnancy outcome than in normal women." {{doppler ultrasound}} \| {{Placental cord}}

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	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}

			* '''Diagnosis of Fetal Structural Anomalies at 11 to 14 Weeks'''{{#pmid:29476550\|PMID29476550}} "To assess the performance of first-trimester ultrasound (US) in identifying major fetal structural abnormalities in an unselected population. ...In the first trimester, we identified 79% of all major structural anomalies. The highest detection rates were achieved for abdominal wall defects (100%), major central nervous system anomalies (88%), cardiac defects (74%), and skeletal anomalies (71%). The nuchal translucency was increased in 35% of the cases with structural anomalies, and 95% of these were diagnosed in the first trimester."

			* '''Dating of Pregnancy in First versus Second Trimester in Relation to Post-Term Birth Rate: A Cohort Study'''{{#pmid:26760299\|PMID26760299}} "To evaluate in a national standardised setting whether the performance of ultrasound dating during the first rather than the second trimester of pregnancy had consequences regarding the definition of pre- and post-term birth rates. A cohort study of 8,551 singleton pregnancies with spontaneous delivery was performed from 2006 to 2012 at Copenhagen University Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark. We determined the duration of pregnancy calculated by last menstrual period, crown rump length (CRL), biparietal diameter (1st trimester), BPD (2nd trimester), and head circumference and compared mean and median durations, the mean differences, the systematic discrepancies, and the percentages of pre-term and post-term pregnancies in relation to each method. The primary outcomes were post-term and pre-term birth rates defined by different dating methods. ...Systematic discrepancies were identified when biometric formulas were used to determine duration of pregnancy. This should be corrected in clinical practice to avoid an overestimation of post-term birth and unnecessary inductions when first trimester formulas are used."

			* '''Uterine Doppler velocimetry of the uterine arteries in the second and third trimesters for the prediction of gestational outcome'''{{#pmid:24554228\|PMID24554228}} "The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the value of uterine artery Doppler sonography during the second and third trimesters in the prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome in low-risk (205 singleton pregnant) women. ...The uterine artery PI and RI values for both second and third-trimester evaluations were significantly higher in patients with adverse pregnancy outcome than in normal women." {{doppler ultrasound}} \| {{Placental cord}}

	* '''13-14-week fetal anatomy scan: a 5-year prospective study'''{{#pmid:20205205\|PMID20205205}} "To assess the potential value of an early (first-trimester) ultrasound examination in depicting fetal anomalies by transabdominal (TAS) and transvaginal (TVS) sonography, to compare it with the traditional mid-trimester anomaly ultrasound examination and to evaluate the degree of patient acceptance of early sonography by the transvaginal route. ...TVS was significantly better in visualizing the cranium, spine, stomach, kidneys, bladder and upper and lower limbs (P < 0.001). Complete fetal anatomical surveys were achieved by TAS in 64% of cases versus 82% of the cases in which it was attempted by TVS (P < 0.001). ...Besides its importance in screening for chromosomal abnormalities, the early scan has great potential in visualizing with precision fetal anatomy. TVS can be used to compliment difficult TAS examinations; however, patients do not always agree to undergo TVS. The mid-trimester scan remains crucial for detailed fetal anatomical survey."		* '''13-14-week fetal anatomy scan: a 5-year prospective study'''{{#pmid:20205205\|PMID20205205}} "To assess the potential value of an early (first-trimester) ultrasound examination in depicting fetal anomalies by transabdominal (TAS) and transvaginal (TVS) sonography, to compare it with the traditional mid-trimester anomaly ultrasound examination and to evaluate the degree of patient acceptance of early sonography by the transvaginal route. ...TVS was significantly better in visualizing the cranium, spine, stomach, kidneys, bladder and upper and lower limbs (P < 0.001). Complete fetal anatomical surveys were achieved by TAS in 64% of cases versus 82% of the cases in which it was attempted by TVS (P < 0.001). ...Besides its importance in screening for chromosomal abnormalities, the early scan has great potential in visualizing with precision fetal anatomy. TVS can be used to compliment difficult TAS examinations; however, patients do not always agree to undergo TVS. The mid-trimester scan remains crucial for detailed fetal anatomical survey."

Z8600021 at 01:28, 15 April 2020

2020-04-15T01:28:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:28, 15 April 2020
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	Ultrasound can also be used in combination with other techniques to locate both embryo and placenta for other prenatal tests (More? [[Prenatal Diagnosis\|prenatal diagnosis]]). Development of modern ultrasound techniques now allow the measurement of blood flow (doppler) as well as computer three-dimensional reconstruction of embryos or structures.		Ultrasound can also be used in combination with other techniques to locate both embryo and placenta for other prenatal tests (More? [[Prenatal Diagnosis\|prenatal diagnosis]]). Development of modern ultrasound techniques now allow the measurement of blood flow (doppler) as well as computer three-dimensional reconstruction of embryos or structures.


	The ultrasound technique can be used at any stage during pregnancy for fetal and placenta monitoring (More? {{placenta}} \| [[Placenta_-_Abnormalities\|Placenta Abnormalities]] \| [[Prenatal Diagnosis]]).		The ultrasound technique can be used at any stage during pregnancy for fetal and placenta monitoring (More? {{placenta}} \| [[Placenta_-_Abnormalities\|Placenta Abnormalities]] \| [[Prenatal Diagnosis]]).

			Some diagnostic measurements include:
			* Trisomies - Nuchal translucency (NT), nasal bone visualization (NB)
			* Cardiovascular - tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR), "a"-wave pattern, DV PIV, S-wave (peak systolic velocity), D-wave (peak diastolic velocity), a-wave (atrial contraction in late diastole), time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMXV)

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Z8600021 at 15:43, 9 March 2020

2020-03-09T15:43:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:43, 10 March 2020
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			* '''Diagnosing Small for Gestational Age during second trimester routine screening: Early sonographic clues'''{{#pmid:32127152}} "Small for gestational age (SGA) is generally defined as birth weight being at or below the 10th percentile. Children with SGA have a higher risk for complications. There is a need for early predictors, as the accurate diagnosis rate is only 50%. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate diagnostic performance of {{ultrasound}} (US)/color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) parameters (umbilical vein-UV, right portal vein-RPV diameter/flow rate, and portal sinus-PS diameter) examined at 20-22 gestational week as SGA diagnostic factors.
			CONCLUSION: UV, RPV, and PS diameters can be earlier predictors for SGA diagnosis. Routinely evaluation of these parameters during second trimester screening can increase SGA diagnosis rates and serve for early diagnose."

	* '''Longitudinal Doppler references for monochorionic twins and comparison with singletons'''{{#pmid:31809530\|PMID}} "To construct monochorionic (MC) twin-specific longitudinal {{Doppler ultrasound}} references for umbilical artery pulsatility index (UA-PI), middle cerebral artery (MCA) PI and peak systolic velocity (PSV) and ductus venosus (DV) PI derived from a strictly selected cohort of uncomplicated MC twins. The secondary aim of the study was to compare our findings with singleton reference charts. The study group comprised 150 uncomplicated MC twin pairs. Estimated centiles (3rd, 5th, 10th, 50th, 90th, 95th, 97th) of UA-PI, MCA-PI, MCA-PSV and DV-PI in function of the gestational age are presented. The comparison with singletons showed substantial differences, with higher UA-PI and lower MCA-PI and PSV median values in MC twins. Median DV PI values were similar to the values for singletons, while the upper centiles were higher in MC twins." {{twinning}}		* '''Longitudinal Doppler references for monochorionic twins and comparison with singletons'''{{#pmid:31809530\|PMID}} "To construct monochorionic (MC) twin-specific longitudinal {{Doppler ultrasound}} references for umbilical artery pulsatility index (UA-PI), middle cerebral artery (MCA) PI and peak systolic velocity (PSV) and ductus venosus (DV) PI derived from a strictly selected cohort of uncomplicated MC twins. The secondary aim of the study was to compare our findings with singleton reference charts. The study group comprised 150 uncomplicated MC twin pairs. Estimated centiles (3rd, 5th, 10th, 50th, 90th, 95th, 97th) of UA-PI, MCA-PI, MCA-PSV and DV-PI in function of the gestational age are presented. The comparison with singletons showed substantial differences, with higher UA-PI and lower MCA-PI and PSV median values in MC twins. Median DV PI values were similar to the values for singletons, while the upper centiles were higher in MC twins." {{twinning}}

Z8600021 at 22:07, 28 December 2019

2019-12-28T22:07:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:07, 29 December 2019
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			* '''Longitudinal Doppler references for monochorionic twins and comparison with singletons'''{{#pmid:31809530\|PMID}} "To construct monochorionic (MC) twin-specific longitudinal {{Doppler ultrasound}} references for umbilical artery pulsatility index (UA-PI), middle cerebral artery (MCA) PI and peak systolic velocity (PSV) and ductus venosus (DV) PI derived from a strictly selected cohort of uncomplicated MC twins. The secondary aim of the study was to compare our findings with singleton reference charts. The study group comprised 150 uncomplicated MC twin pairs. Estimated centiles (3rd, 5th, 10th, 50th, 90th, 95th, 97th) of UA-PI, MCA-PI, MCA-PSV and DV-PI in function of the gestational age are presented. The comparison with singletons showed substantial differences, with higher UA-PI and lower MCA-PI and PSV median values in MC twins. Median DV PI values were similar to the values for singletons, while the upper centiles were higher in MC twins." {{twinning}}

	* '''Sensitivity of prenatal {{ultrasound}} for detection of {{trisomy 18}}'''{{#pmid:29712489\|PMID29712489}} "To evaluate the sensitivity of prenatal ultrasound (US) for trisomy (T18) diagnosis and describe US findings in a large tertiary care institution in the USA. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective cohort of all T18 cases diagnosed at our institution from October 2004 to October 2014 based on prenatal or postnatal genetic diagnostic testing. We included all women with a fetus affected by T18 who had a comprehensive US by a maternal-fetal medicine specialist performed at our institution. US findings were reviewed, classified by organ system, and categorized as an anomaly or soft marker. Chi-square or t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: We included 128 cases of T18 with confirmed cytogenetic analysis -110 (86%) of which were diagnosed prenatally or suspected by cell-free DNA and confirmed postnatally, and 18 of which underwent neonatal blood sampling alone. One hundred and twenty-one (95%) had at least one abnormal US finding. Anomalies were more frequently identified on US at ≥20 weeks as compared with <20 weeks (93% versus 76%; p = .004). The mean number of findings detected per fetus was 5.1 ± 3.0. Fetuses diagnosed by postnatal sampling alone had a similar number of US exams performed and number of abnormal findings compared to those diagnosed prenatally. Conclusion: Ninety-five percent of fetuses with T18 had at least one abnormal US finding. This sensitivity of is higher than reported in most prior studies, but is not 100%, and should be considered when counseling women regarding prenatal diagnosis of T18. Rationale: Historical detection rates for abnormal sonographic findings in trisomy 18 fetuses range from 70% to 100%. These studies are limited by small sample sizes. This is a contemporary study of ultrasound findings in a large group of women with confirmed trisomy 18 by prenatal or postnatal genetic diagnosis. We provide expansive detail on soft markers and anomalies broken down by organ-system and gestational age."		* '''Sensitivity of prenatal {{ultrasound}} for detection of {{trisomy 18}}'''{{#pmid:29712489\|PMID29712489}} "To evaluate the sensitivity of prenatal ultrasound (US) for trisomy (T18) diagnosis and describe US findings in a large tertiary care institution in the USA. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective cohort of all T18 cases diagnosed at our institution from October 2004 to October 2014 based on prenatal or postnatal genetic diagnostic testing. We included all women with a fetus affected by T18 who had a comprehensive US by a maternal-fetal medicine specialist performed at our institution. US findings were reviewed, classified by organ system, and categorized as an anomaly or soft marker. Chi-square or t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: We included 128 cases of T18 with confirmed cytogenetic analysis -110 (86%) of which were diagnosed prenatally or suspected by cell-free DNA and confirmed postnatally, and 18 of which underwent neonatal blood sampling alone. One hundred and twenty-one (95%) had at least one abnormal US finding. Anomalies were more frequently identified on US at ≥20 weeks as compared with <20 weeks (93% versus 76%; p = .004). The mean number of findings detected per fetus was 5.1 ± 3.0. Fetuses diagnosed by postnatal sampling alone had a similar number of US exams performed and number of abnormal findings compared to those diagnosed prenatally. Conclusion: Ninety-five percent of fetuses with T18 had at least one abnormal US finding. This sensitivity of is higher than reported in most prior studies, but is not 100%, and should be considered when counseling women regarding prenatal diagnosis of T18. Rationale: Historical detection rates for abnormal sonographic findings in trisomy 18 fetuses range from 70% to 100%. These studies are limited by small sample sizes. This is a contemporary study of ultrasound findings in a large group of women with confirmed trisomy 18 by prenatal or postnatal genetic diagnosis. We provide expansive detail on soft markers and anomalies broken down by organ-system and gestational age."

Z8600021 at 00:44, 7 November 2019

2019-11-07T00:44:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:44, 7 November 2019
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			* '''Sensitivity of prenatal {{ultrasound}} for detection of {{trisomy 18}}'''{{#pmid:29712489\|PMID29712489}} "To evaluate the sensitivity of prenatal ultrasound (US) for trisomy (T18) diagnosis and describe US findings in a large tertiary care institution in the USA. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective cohort of all T18 cases diagnosed at our institution from October 2004 to October 2014 based on prenatal or postnatal genetic diagnostic testing. We included all women with a fetus affected by T18 who had a comprehensive US by a maternal-fetal medicine specialist performed at our institution. US findings were reviewed, classified by organ system, and categorized as an anomaly or soft marker. Chi-square or t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: We included 128 cases of T18 with confirmed cytogenetic analysis -110 (86%) of which were diagnosed prenatally or suspected by cell-free DNA and confirmed postnatally, and 18 of which underwent neonatal blood sampling alone. One hundred and twenty-one (95%) had at least one abnormal US finding. Anomalies were more frequently identified on US at ≥20 weeks as compared with <20 weeks (93% versus 76%; p = .004). The mean number of findings detected per fetus was 5.1 ± 3.0. Fetuses diagnosed by postnatal sampling alone had a similar number of US exams performed and number of abnormal findings compared to those diagnosed prenatally. Conclusion: Ninety-five percent of fetuses with T18 had at least one abnormal US finding. This sensitivity of is higher than reported in most prior studies, but is not 100%, and should be considered when counseling women regarding prenatal diagnosis of T18. Rationale: Historical detection rates for abnormal sonographic findings in trisomy 18 fetuses range from 70% to 100%. These studies are limited by small sample sizes. This is a contemporary study of ultrasound findings in a large group of women with confirmed trisomy 18 by prenatal or postnatal genetic diagnosis. We provide expansive detail on soft markers and anomalies broken down by organ-system and gestational age."

	* '''Subarachnoid space diameter in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 11-13 weeks' gestation'''{{#pmid:29338474\|PMID29338474}} "To examine the subarachnoid space diameters in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 11-13 weeks' gestation. Stored three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound volumes of the fetal head at 11-13 weeks' gestation from 407 euploid and 88 chromosomally abnormal fetuses ({{trisomy 21}}, n = 40; {{trisomy 18}}, n = 19; {{trisomy 13}}, n = 7; triploidy, n = 14; {{Turner syndrome}}, n = 8) were analyzed. The subarachnoid space diameters, measured in the sagittal and transverse planes of the fetal head, in relation to biparietal diameter (BPD) in each group of aneuploidies was compared to that in euploid fetuses. A total of 20 head volumes were randomly selected and all the measurements were recorded by two different observers to examine the interobserver variability in measurements. In euploid fetuses, the anteroposterior, transverse and sagittal diameters of the subarachnoid space increased with BPD. The median of the observed to expected diameters for BPD were significantly increased in triploidy and {{trisomy 13}} but were not significantly altered in {{trisomy 21}} and {{trisomy 18}} or {{Turner syndrome}}. In triploidy, the subarachnoid space diameters for BPD were above the 95th centile of euploid fetuses in 92.9% (13 of 14) cases. The intraclass reliability or agreement was excellent for all three subarachnoid space diameters. Most fetuses with triploidy at 11-13 weeks' gestation demonstrate increased subarachnoid space diameters."		* '''Subarachnoid space diameter in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 11-13 weeks' gestation'''{{#pmid:29338474\|PMID29338474}} "To examine the subarachnoid space diameters in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 11-13 weeks' gestation. Stored three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound volumes of the fetal head at 11-13 weeks' gestation from 407 euploid and 88 chromosomally abnormal fetuses ({{trisomy 21}}, n = 40; {{trisomy 18}}, n = 19; {{trisomy 13}}, n = 7; triploidy, n = 14; {{Turner syndrome}}, n = 8) were analyzed. The subarachnoid space diameters, measured in the sagittal and transverse planes of the fetal head, in relation to biparietal diameter (BPD) in each group of aneuploidies was compared to that in euploid fetuses. A total of 20 head volumes were randomly selected and all the measurements were recorded by two different observers to examine the interobserver variability in measurements. In euploid fetuses, the anteroposterior, transverse and sagittal diameters of the subarachnoid space increased with BPD. The median of the observed to expected diameters for BPD were significantly increased in triploidy and {{trisomy 13}} but were not significantly altered in {{trisomy 21}} and {{trisomy 18}} or {{Turner syndrome}}. In triploidy, the subarachnoid space diameters for BPD were above the 95th centile of euploid fetuses in 92.9% (13 of 14) cases. The intraclass reliability or agreement was excellent for all three subarachnoid space diameters. Most fetuses with triploidy at 11-13 weeks' gestation demonstrate increased subarachnoid space diameters."

Z8600021 at 13:16, 1 Haziran 2019

2019-06-01T13:16:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:16, 2 Haziran 2019
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	* '''Uterine Doppler velocimetry of the uterine arteries in the second and third trimesters for the prediction of gestational outcome'''{{#pmid:24554228\|PMID24554228}} "The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the value of uterine artery Doppler sonography during the second and third trimesters in the prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome in low-risk (205 singleton pregnant) women. ...The uterine artery PI and RI values for both second and third-trimester evaluations were significantly higher in patients with adverse pregnancy outcome than in normal women." {{doppler ultrasound}} \| {{Placental cord}}		* '''Uterine Doppler velocimetry of the uterine arteries in the second and third trimesters for the prediction of gestational outcome'''{{#pmid:24554228\|PMID24554228}} "The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the value of uterine artery Doppler sonography during the second and third trimesters in the prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome in low-risk (205 singleton pregnant) women. ...The uterine artery PI and RI values for both second and third-trimester evaluations were significantly higher in patients with adverse pregnancy outcome than in normal women." {{doppler ultrasound}} \| {{Placental cord}}

	* '''13-14-week fetal anatomy scan: a 5-year prospective study'''{{#pmid:20205205\|PMID20205205}} "To assess the potential value of an early (first-trimester) ultrasound examination in depicting fetal anomalies by transabdominal (TAS) and transvaginal (TVS) sonography, to compare it with the traditional mid-trimester anomaly ultrasound examination and to evaluate the degree of patient acceptance of early sonography by the transvaginal route. ...TVS was significantly better in visualizing the cranium, spine, stomach, kidneys, bladder and upper and lower limbs (P < 0.001). Complete fetal anatomical surveys were achieved by TAS in 64% of cases versus 82% of the cases in which it was attempted by TVS (P < 0.001). ...Besides its importance in screening for chromosomal abnormalities, the early scan has great potential in visualizing with precision fetal anatomy. TVS can be used to compliment difficult TAS examinations; however, patients do not always agree to undergo TVS. The mid-trimester scan remains crucial for detailed fetal anatomical survey."

	* '''Comparison between ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in assessment of fetal cytomegalovirus infection'''{{#pmid:18551722\|PMID18551722}} "MRI can provide important additional information with regard to abnormal gyration, cerebellar hypoplasia, or abnormal signal in white matter. It is certainly useful in the assessment of fetuses with extracerebral features without brain abnormalities detected with ultrasounds. If the fetal ultrasound is strictly normal in an infected fetus, MRI may not detect brain anomalies; however, it seems difficult to not perform this noninvasive procedure."

	* '''Prenatal diagnosis of vasa previa through color Doppler and three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography'''{{#pmid:16903253\|PMID16903253}} "Vasa previa occurs in pregnancy when one of the membrane vessels extends down to the level of the internal cervical os, ahead of the fetal presenting part and unsupported by the placenta tissue or umbilical cord. The rupture of the vessels might happen spontaneously or artificially and frequently results in fetal exsanguination and demise. Ultrasound prenatal diagnosis is highly important as it allows the identification of patients at risk, thus an elective cesarean can be performed before rupture the membranes. We report a case of vasa previa diagnosed through color Doppler mode in the 30th week of gestation, emphasizing the contribution of three-dimensional power Doppler to the adequate mapping of aberrant vessels, which greatly contributed to the success of the perinatal result."
	\|}		\|}
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fetal+Ultrasound ''Fetal Ultrasound'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fetal+Ultrasound ''Fetal Ultrasound'']
			\|}
			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! Older papers
			\|-
			\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''13-14-week fetal anatomy scan: a 5-year prospective study'''{{#pmid:20205205\|PMID20205205}} "To assess the potential value of an early (first-trimester) ultrasound examination in depicting fetal anomalies by transabdominal (TAS) and transvaginal (TVS) sonography, to compare it with the traditional mid-trimester anomaly ultrasound examination and to evaluate the degree of patient acceptance of early sonography by the transvaginal route. ...TVS was significantly better in visualizing the cranium, spine, stomach, kidneys, bladder and upper and lower limbs (P < 0.001). Complete fetal anatomical surveys were achieved by TAS in 64% of cases versus 82% of the cases in which it was attempted by TVS (P < 0.001). ...Besides its importance in screening for chromosomal abnormalities, the early scan has great potential in visualizing with precision fetal anatomy. TVS can be used to compliment difficult TAS examinations; however, patients do not always agree to undergo TVS. The mid-trimester scan remains crucial for detailed fetal anatomical survey."

			* '''Comparison between ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in assessment of fetal cytomegalovirus infection'''{{#pmid:18551722\|PMID18551722}} "MRI can provide important additional information with regard to abnormal gyration, cerebellar hypoplasia, or abnormal signal in white matter. It is certainly useful in the assessment of fetuses with extracerebral features without brain abnormalities detected with ultrasounds. If the fetal ultrasound is strictly normal in an infected fetus, MRI may not detect brain anomalies; however, it seems difficult to not perform this noninvasive procedure."

	~~<pubmed limit=5>Fetal~~ Ultrasound~~</pubmed>~~		* '''Prenatal diagnosis of vasa previa through color Doppler and three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography'''{{#pmid:16903253\|PMID16903253}} "Vasa previa occurs in pregnancy when one of the membrane vessels extends down to the level of the internal cervical os, ahead of the fetal presenting part and unsupported by the placenta tissue or umbilical cord. The rupture of the vessels might happen spontaneously or artificially and frequently results in fetal exsanguination and demise. Ultrasound prenatal diagnosis is highly important as it allows the identification of patients at risk, thus an elective cesarean can be performed before rupture the membranes. We report a case of vasa previa diagnosed through color Doppler mode in the 30th week of gestation, emphasizing the contribution of three-dimensional power Doppler to the adequate mapping of aberrant vessels, which greatly contributed to the success of the perinatal result."
	\|}		\|}
	==Ultrasound Movies==		==Ultrasound Movies==

Z8600021 at 07:04, 1 Haziran 2019

2019-06-01T07:04:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:04, 1 Haziran 2019
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	* '''Dating of Pregnancy in First versus Second Trimester in Relation to Post-Term Birth Rate: A Cohort Study'''{{#pmid:26760299\|PMID26760299}} "To evaluate in a national standardised setting whether the performance of ultrasound dating during the first rather than the second trimester of pregnancy had consequences regarding the definition of pre- and post-term birth rates. A cohort study of 8,551 singleton pregnancies with spontaneous delivery was performed from 2006 to 2012 at Copenhagen University Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark. We determined the duration of pregnancy calculated by last menstrual period, crown rump length (CRL), biparietal diameter (1st trimester), BPD (2nd trimester), and head circumference and compared mean and median durations, the mean differences, the systematic discrepancies, and the percentages of pre-term and post-term pregnancies in relation to each method. The primary outcomes were post-term and pre-term birth rates defined by different dating methods. ...Systematic discrepancies were identified when biometric formulas were used to determine duration of pregnancy. This should be corrected in clinical practice to avoid an overestimation of post-term birth and unnecessary inductions when first trimester formulas are used."		* '''Dating of Pregnancy in First versus Second Trimester in Relation to Post-Term Birth Rate: A Cohort Study'''{{#pmid:26760299\|PMID26760299}} "To evaluate in a national standardised setting whether the performance of ultrasound dating during the first rather than the second trimester of pregnancy had consequences regarding the definition of pre- and post-term birth rates. A cohort study of 8,551 singleton pregnancies with spontaneous delivery was performed from 2006 to 2012 at Copenhagen University Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark. We determined the duration of pregnancy calculated by last menstrual period, crown rump length (CRL), biparietal diameter (1st trimester), BPD (2nd trimester), and head circumference and compared mean and median durations, the mean differences, the systematic discrepancies, and the percentages of pre-term and post-term pregnancies in relation to each method. The primary outcomes were post-term and pre-term birth rates defined by different dating methods. ...Systematic discrepancies were identified when biometric formulas were used to determine duration of pregnancy. This should be corrected in clinical practice to avoid an overestimation of post-term birth and unnecessary inductions when first trimester formulas are used."

	* '''Uterine Doppler velocimetry of the uterine arteries in the second and third trimesters for the prediction of gestational outcome'''{{#pmid:24554228\|PMID24554228}} "The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the value of uterine artery Doppler sonography during the second and third trimesters in the prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome in low-risk (205 singleton pregnant) women. ...The uterine artery PI and RI values for both second and third-trimester evaluations were significantly higher in patients with adverse pregnancy outcome than in normal women." ~~[[Placenta_-_Cord~~\|~~Placenta - Cord]]~~		* '''Uterine Doppler velocimetry of the uterine arteries in the second and third trimesters for the prediction of gestational outcome'''{{#pmid:24554228\|PMID24554228}} "The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the value of uterine artery Doppler sonography during the second and third trimesters in the prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome in low-risk (205 singleton pregnant) women. ...The uterine artery PI and RI values for both second and third-trimester evaluations were significantly higher in patients with adverse pregnancy outcome than in normal women." {{doppler ultrasound}} \| {{Placental cord}}

	* '''13-14-week fetal anatomy scan: a 5-year prospective study'''{{#pmid:20205205\|PMID20205205}} "To assess the potential value of an early (first-trimester) ultrasound examination in depicting fetal anomalies by transabdominal (TAS) and transvaginal (TVS) sonography, to compare it with the traditional mid-trimester anomaly ultrasound examination and to evaluate the degree of patient acceptance of early sonography by the transvaginal route. ...TVS was significantly better in visualizing the cranium, spine, stomach, kidneys, bladder and upper and lower limbs (P < 0.001). Complete fetal anatomical surveys were achieved by TAS in 64% of cases versus 82% of the cases in which it was attempted by TVS (P < 0.001). ...Besides its importance in screening for chromosomal abnormalities, the early scan has great potential in visualizing with precision fetal anatomy. TVS can be used to compliment difficult TAS examinations; however, patients do not always agree to undergo TVS. The mid-trimester scan remains crucial for detailed fetal anatomical survey."		* '''13-14-week fetal anatomy scan: a 5-year prospective study'''{{#pmid:20205205\|PMID20205205}} "To assess the potential value of an early (first-trimester) ultrasound examination in depicting fetal anomalies by transabdominal (TAS) and transvaginal (TVS) sonography, to compare it with the traditional mid-trimester anomaly ultrasound examination and to evaluate the degree of patient acceptance of early sonography by the transvaginal route. ...TVS was significantly better in visualizing the cranium, spine, stomach, kidneys, bladder and upper and lower limbs (P < 0.001). Complete fetal anatomical surveys were achieved by TAS in 64% of cases versus 82% of the cases in which it was attempted by TVS (P < 0.001). ...Besides its importance in screening for chromosomal abnormalities, the early scan has great potential in visualizing with precision fetal anatomy. TVS can be used to compliment difficult TAS examinations; however, patients do not always agree to undergo TVS. The mid-trimester scan remains crucial for detailed fetal anatomical survey."

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:04, 1 Haziran 2019
Line 41:		Line 41:
	* '''Dating of Pregnancy in First versus Second Trimester in Relation to Post-Term Birth Rate: A Cohort Study'''{{#pmid:26760299\|PMID26760299}} "To evaluate in a national standardised setting whether the performance of ultrasound dating during the first rather than the second trimester of pregnancy had consequences regarding the definition of pre- and post-term birth rates. A cohort study of 8,551 singleton pregnancies with spontaneous delivery was performed from 2006 to 2012 at Copenhagen University Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark. We determined the duration of pregnancy calculated by last menstrual period, crown rump length (CRL), biparietal diameter (1st trimester), BPD (2nd trimester), and head circumference and compared mean and median durations, the mean differences, the systematic discrepancies, and the percentages of pre-term and post-term pregnancies in relation to each method. The primary outcomes were post-term and pre-term birth rates defined by different dating methods. ...Systematic discrepancies were identified when biometric formulas were used to determine duration of pregnancy. This should be corrected in clinical practice to avoid an overestimation of post-term birth and unnecessary inductions when first trimester formulas are used."		* '''Dating of Pregnancy in First versus Second Trimester in Relation to Post-Term Birth Rate: A Cohort Study'''{{#pmid:26760299\|PMID26760299}} "To evaluate in a national standardised setting whether the performance of ultrasound dating during the first rather than the second trimester of pregnancy had consequences regarding the definition of pre- and post-term birth rates. A cohort study of 8,551 singleton pregnancies with spontaneous delivery was performed from 2006 to 2012 at Copenhagen University Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark. We determined the duration of pregnancy calculated by last menstrual period, crown rump length (CRL), biparietal diameter (1st trimester), BPD (2nd trimester), and head circumference and compared mean and median durations, the mean differences, the systematic discrepancies, and the percentages of pre-term and post-term pregnancies in relation to each method. The primary outcomes were post-term and pre-term birth rates defined by different dating methods. ...Systematic discrepancies were identified when biometric formulas were used to determine duration of pregnancy. This should be corrected in clinical practice to avoid an overestimation of post-term birth and unnecessary inductions when first trimester formulas are used."

	* '''Uterine Doppler velocimetry of the uterine arteries in the second and third trimesters for the prediction of gestational outcome'''{{#pmid:24554228\|PMID24554228}} "The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the value of uterine artery Doppler sonography during the second and third trimesters in the prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome in low-risk (205 singleton pregnant) women. ...The uterine artery PI and RI values for both second and third-trimester evaluations were significantly higher in patients with adverse pregnancy outcome than in normal women." ~~[[Placenta_-_Cord~~\|~~Placenta - Cord]]~~		* '''Uterine Doppler velocimetry of the uterine arteries in the second and third trimesters for the prediction of gestational outcome'''{{#pmid:24554228\|PMID24554228}} "The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the value of uterine artery Doppler sonography during the second and third trimesters in the prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome in low-risk (205 singleton pregnant) women. ...The uterine artery PI and RI values for both second and third-trimester evaluations were significantly higher in patients with adverse pregnancy outcome than in normal women." {{doppler ultrasound}} \| {{Placental cord}}

	* '''13-14-week fetal anatomy scan: a 5-year prospective study'''{{#pmid:20205205\|PMID20205205}} "To assess the potential value of an early (first-trimester) ultrasound examination in depicting fetal anomalies by transabdominal (TAS) and transvaginal (TVS) sonography, to compare it with the traditional mid-trimester anomaly ultrasound examination and to evaluate the degree of patient acceptance of early sonography by the transvaginal route. ...TVS was significantly better in visualizing the cranium, spine, stomach, kidneys, bladder and upper and lower limbs (P < 0.001). Complete fetal anatomical surveys were achieved by TAS in 64% of cases versus 82% of the cases in which it was attempted by TVS (P < 0.001). ...Besides its importance in screening for chromosomal abnormalities, the early scan has great potential in visualizing with precision fetal anatomy. TVS can be used to compliment difficult TAS examinations; however, patients do not always agree to undergo TVS. The mid-trimester scan remains crucial for detailed fetal anatomical survey."		* '''13-14-week fetal anatomy scan: a 5-year prospective study'''{{#pmid:20205205\|PMID20205205}} "To assess the potential value of an early (first-trimester) ultrasound examination in depicting fetal anomalies by transabdominal (TAS) and transvaginal (TVS) sonography, to compare it with the traditional mid-trimester anomaly ultrasound examination and to evaluate the degree of patient acceptance of early sonography by the transvaginal route. ...TVS was significantly better in visualizing the cranium, spine, stomach, kidneys, bladder and upper and lower limbs (P < 0.001). Complete fetal anatomical surveys were achieved by TAS in 64% of cases versus 82% of the cases in which it was attempted by TVS (P < 0.001). ...Besides its importance in screening for chromosomal abnormalities, the early scan has great potential in visualizing with precision fetal anatomy. TVS can be used to compliment difficult TAS examinations; however, patients do not always agree to undergo TVS. The mid-trimester scan remains crucial for detailed fetal anatomical survey."