Trophoblast - Revision history

Z8600021 at 23:21, 28 July 2020

2020-07-28T23:21:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:21, 29 July 2020
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			* '''TEAD4 ensures postimplantation development by promoting trophoblast self-renewal: An implication in early human pregnancy loss'''{{#pmid:32669432\|PMID32669432}} "Here, we provide evidence that transcription factor TEAD4 ensures survival of postimplantation mouse and human embryos by controlling self-renewal and stemness of trophoblast progenitors within the placenta primordium. In an early postimplantation mouse embryo, TEAD4 is selectively expressed in trophoblast stem cell-like progenitor cells (TSPCs), and loss of Tead4 in postimplantation mouse TSPCs impairs their self-renewal, leading to embryonic lethality before embryonic day {{ME9.0}}, a developmental stage equivalent to the first trimester of human gestation. Both TEAD4 and its cofactor, yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), are specifically expressed in cytotrophoblast (CTB) progenitors of a first-trimester human placenta. We also show that a subset of unexplained recurrent pregnancy losses (idiopathic RPLs) is associated with impaired TEAD4 expression in CTB progenitors. Furthermore, by establishing idiopathic RPL patient-specific human trophoblast stem cells (RPL-TSCs), we show that loss of TEAD4 is associated with defective self-renewal in RPL-TSCs and rescue of TEAD4 expression restores their self-renewal ability. Unbiased genomics studies revealed that TEAD4 directly regulates expression of key cell cycle genes in both mouse and human TSCs and establishes a conserved transcriptional program. Our findings show that TEAD4, an effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, is essential for the establishment of pregnancy in a postimplantation mammalian embryo and indicate that impairment of the Hippo signaling pathway could be a molecular cause for early human pregnancy loss." [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q15561 uniprot] \| [https://www.omim.org/entry/601714 OMIM]

	* '''Dynamics of {{trophoblast}} differentiation in peri-{{implantation}}-stage human embryos'''{{#pmid:31636193\|PMID31636193}} "Single-cell RNA sequencing of cells from cultured human blastocysts has enabled us to define the transcriptomic landscape of placental trophoblast (TB) that surrounds the epiblast and associated embryonic tissues during the enigmatic day 8 (D8) to D12 peri-implantation period before the villous placenta forms. We analyzed the transcriptomes of 3 early placental cell types, cytoTB (CTB), syncytioTB (STB), and migratoryTB (MTB), picked manually from cultured embryos dissociated with trypsin and were able to follow sublineages that emerged from proliferating CTB at the periphery of the conceptus. A unique form of CTB with some features of STB was detectable at D8, while mature STB was at its zenith at D10. A form of MTB with a mixed MTB/CTB phenotype arose around D10. By D12, STB generation was in decline, CTB had entered a new phase of proliferation, and mature MTB cells had begun to move from the main body of the conceptus. Notably, the MTB transcriptome at D12 indicated enrichment of transcripts associated with IFN signaling, migration, and invasion and up-regulation of HLA-C, HLA-E, and HLA-G. The STB, which is distinct from the STB of later villous STB, had a phenotype consistent with intense protein export and placental hormone production, as well as migration and invasion. The studies show that TB associated with human embryos is in rapid developmental flux during peri-implantation period when it must invade, signal robustly to the mother to ensure that the pregnancy continues, and make first contact with the maternal immune system."		* '''Dynamics of {{trophoblast}} differentiation in peri-{{implantation}}-stage human embryos'''{{#pmid:31636193\|PMID31636193}} "Single-cell RNA sequencing of cells from cultured human blastocysts has enabled us to define the transcriptomic landscape of placental trophoblast (TB) that surrounds the epiblast and associated embryonic tissues during the enigmatic day 8 (D8) to D12 peri-implantation period before the villous placenta forms. We analyzed the transcriptomes of 3 early placental cell types, cytoTB (CTB), syncytioTB (STB), and migratoryTB (MTB), picked manually from cultured embryos dissociated with trypsin and were able to follow sublineages that emerged from proliferating CTB at the periphery of the conceptus. A unique form of CTB with some features of STB was detectable at D8, while mature STB was at its zenith at D10. A form of MTB with a mixed MTB/CTB phenotype arose around D10. By D12, STB generation was in decline, CTB had entered a new phase of proliferation, and mature MTB cells had begun to move from the main body of the conceptus. Notably, the MTB transcriptome at D12 indicated enrichment of transcripts associated with IFN signaling, migration, and invasion and up-regulation of HLA-C, HLA-E, and HLA-G. The STB, which is distinct from the STB of later villous STB, had a phenotype consistent with intense protein export and placental hormone production, as well as migration and invasion. The studies show that TB associated with human embryos is in rapid developmental flux during peri-implantation period when it must invade, signal robustly to the mother to ensure that the pregnancy continues, and make first contact with the maternal immune system."

	* '''Gene expression patterns associated with human placental trophoblast differentiation'''{{#pmid:29329728\|PMID29329728}} "Cell fusion is a hallmark of placental trophoblast cell differentiation and the mature syncytiotrophoblasts play essential roles for fetal-maternal exchange and production of pregnancy-related hormones. Using a well-established in vitro trophoblast differentiation model, we performed a microarray analysis on mRNA expression in trophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cell cultures. Dramatic changes in gene expression patterns were detected during trophoblast differentiation. Real-time PCR analysis confirmed the reliability of the microarray data. As many as 3524 novel and known genes have been found to be up- or down-regulated for >2-fold. A number of cell cycle regulator including CDC6, CDC20, Cyclins B2, L1 and E2, were down-regulated in the syncytiotrophoblast, providing a mechanism for the loss of mitotic activity during trophoblast differentiation."		* '''Gene expression patterns associated with human placental trophoblast differentiation'''{{#pmid:29329728\|PMID29329728}} "Cell fusion is a hallmark of placental trophoblast cell differentiation and the mature syncytiotrophoblasts play essential roles for fetal-maternal exchange and production of pregnancy-related hormones. Using a well-established in vitro trophoblast differentiation model, we performed a microarray analysis on mRNA expression in trophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cell cultures. Dramatic changes in gene expression patterns were detected during trophoblast differentiation. Real-time PCR analysis confirmed the reliability of the microarray data. As many as 3524 novel and known genes have been found to be up- or down-regulated for >2-fold. A number of cell cycle regulator including CDC6, CDC20, Cyclins B2, L1 and E2, were down-regulated in the syncytiotrophoblast, providing a mechanism for the loss of mitotic activity during trophoblast differentiation."

	* '''A comparative study of five physiological key parameters between four different human trophoblast'''-derived cell lines{{#pmid:28724925\|PMID28724925}} "Here, we present a comparative study on the functional aspects of the choriocarcinoma cell lines BeWo, JAR and Jeg-3, as well as the first trimester trophoblast cell line ACH-3P as placental in vitro barrier models for endocrine and transport studies. Functional assays including tight junction immunostaining, sodium fluorescein retardation, trans epithelial resistance, glucose transport, hormone secretion as well as size-dependent polystyrene nanoparticle transport were performed using the four cell types to evaluate key functional parameters of each cell line to act a relevant in vitro placental barrier model."
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			* '''A comparative study of five physiological key parameters between four different human trophoblast'''-derived cell lines{{#pmid:28724925\|PMID28724925}} "Here, we present a comparative study on the functional aspects of the choriocarcinoma cell lines BeWo, JAR and Jeg-3, as well as the first trimester trophoblast cell line ACH-3P as placental in vitro barrier models for endocrine and transport studies. Functional assays including tight junction immunostaining, sodium fluorescein retardation, trans epithelial resistance, glucose transport, hormone secretion as well as size-dependent polystyrene nanoparticle transport were performed using the four cell types to evaluate key functional parameters of each cell line to act a relevant in vitro placental barrier model."

	* '''Human extravillous trophoblasts penetrate decidual veins and lymphatics before remodeling spiral arteries during early pregnancy'''{{#pmid:28081266\|PMID28081266}} "To study the invasion of maternal endometrium between (W) 5.5 - 12 weeks of gestation by EVTs, we combined fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry to determine the presence of (male) EVTs in the vasculature of the maternal decidua. We observed that interstitial mononuclear EVTs directly entered decidual veins and lymphatics from W5.5. This invasion of decidual veins and lymphatics occurred long before endovascular EVTs remodelled decidual spiral arteries."		* '''Human extravillous trophoblasts penetrate decidual veins and lymphatics before remodeling spiral arteries during early pregnancy'''{{#pmid:28081266\|PMID28081266}} "To study the invasion of maternal endometrium between (W) 5.5 - 12 weeks of gestation by EVTs, we combined fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry to determine the presence of (male) EVTs in the vasculature of the maternal decidua. We observed that interstitial mononuclear EVTs directly entered decidual veins and lymphatics from W5.5. This invasion of decidual veins and lymphatics occurred long before endovascular EVTs remodelled decidual spiral arteries."

Z8600021 at 00:55, 17 July 2020

2020-07-17T00:55:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:55, 17 July 2020
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	==Trophoblast Cell Lines==		==Trophoblast Cell Lines==
	A useful component of current placentation and trophoblast research are a number of trophoblast cell lines that have been derived from a number of different sources including term placenta, choriocarcinomas and transformation of primary isolated cells. BeWo cell line is the earliest human choriocarcinoma, established in 1968.{{#pmid:~~5753554PPMID5753554~~}} Most appear to be examples of extravillous trophoblast cells, some examples of various human "trophoblast" cell lines are listed below.		A useful component of current placentation and trophoblast research are a number of trophoblast cell lines that have been derived from a number of different sources including term placenta, choriocarcinomas and transformation of primary isolated cells. BeWo cell line is the earliest human choriocarcinoma, established in 1968.{{#pmid:5753554\|PMID5753554}} Most appear to be examples of extravillous trophoblast cells, some examples of various human "trophoblast" cell lines are listed below.

	* '''BeWo''' - human choriocarcinoma{{#pmid:5753554\|PMID5753554}}, hypotetraploid (modal number = 86; range = 71 to 178) (ATCC [http://www.atcc.org/Products/All/CCL-98.aspx CCL-98])		* '''BeWo''' - human choriocarcinoma{{#pmid:5753554\|PMID5753554}}, hypotetraploid (modal number = 86; range = 71 to 178) (ATCC [http://www.atcc.org/Products/All/CCL-98.aspx CCL-98])
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	==Rauber's Layer==		==Rauber's Layer==
			[[File:August Rauber.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|alt=August Rauber (1841-1917)\|August Rauber (1841-1917)]]
			Rauber's layer is a thinned-out {{trophoblast}} membrane lying over the embryonic disk in developing carnivores and ungulates. A recent study of cattle has shown that prevention of the loss of this polar trophoblast layer leads to ectopic domains of BRACHYURY, a {{gastrulation}} marker.

			The layer is named after August A. Rauber (1841-1917) a German embryologist and anatomist.

	Rauber's layer is a thinned-out {{trophoblast}} membrane lying over the embryonic disk in developing carnivores and ungulates. In cattle, prevention of the loss of this polar trophoblast layer leads to ectopic domains of BRACHYURY, a gastrulation marker. The layer is named after August A. Rauber (1841-1917) a German embryologist and anatomist.

Z8600021 at 00:50, 17 July 2020

2020-07-17T00:50:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:50, 17 July 2020
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	==History==		==History==
	[[File:Ambrosius_Hubrecht.jpg\|thumb\|alt=image of Ambrosius Arnold Willem Hubrecht\|Ambrosius Arnold Willem Hubrecht (1853 – 1915)]]		[[File:Ambrosius_Hubrecht.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|alt=image of Ambrosius Arnold Willem Hubrecht\|Ambrosius Arnold Willem Hubrecht (1853 – 1915)]]

	The name "Trophoblast" was used for the first time by [[Embryology_History_-_Ambrosius_Hubrecht\|Ambrosius Arnold Willem Hubrecht (1853 – 1915)]] at the meeting of the Anatomical Congress at Wiirzburg in 1888, and its earliest definition is found in the report of that meeting in Nos. 17 and 18 of the Anatomischer Anzeiger, Bd. III. "We there read, concerning a very early stage of the hedgehog (p. 510) : ''Die aussere Wand der Keimblase ist verdickt (drei bis vierschichtig) und besitzt wabige Lacunen. Fur diese aussere (epiblastische) Schicht sei der. Name Trophoblast gewahlt.''"		The name "Trophoblast" was used for the first time by [[Embryology_History_-_Ambrosius_Hubrecht\|Ambrosius Arnold Willem Hubrecht (1853 – 1915)]] at the meeting of the Anatomical Congress at Wiirzburg in 1888, and its earliest definition is found in the report of that meeting in Nos. 17 and 18 of the Anatomischer Anzeiger, Bd. III. "We there read, concerning a very early stage of the hedgehog (p. 510) : ''Die aussere Wand der Keimblase ist verdickt (drei bis vierschichtig) und besitzt wabige Lacunen. Fur diese aussere (epiblastische) Schicht sei der. Name Trophoblast gewahlt.''"

Z8600021 at 12:24, 16 July 2020

2020-07-16T12:24:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:24, 16 July 2020
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	===Reviews===		===Reviews===
			{{#pmid:32654051}}

			{{#pmid:32638281}}

	{{#pmid:19876840}}		{{#pmid:19876840}}

	===Articles===		===Articles===
			{{#pmid:32659011}}

	{{#pmid:20081188}}		{{#pmid:20081188}}

Z8600021 at 12:18, 16 July 2020

2020-07-16T12:18:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:18, 16 July 2020
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	<br>		<br>

	Historic Embryology: [[Paper - The Trophoblast - A Rejoinder (1904)\|1904 Hubrecht]] \| [[Paper - On the implantation of the human ovum and the early development of the trophoblast (1925)\|1925 Trophoblast at Implantation] \| [[Paper - Human ovum fifteen days old with reference to the vascular arrangements and morphology of the trophoblast (1932)\|1932 Trophoblast Morphology]] \| [[Paper - On the development of the early human ovum, with special reference to the trophoblast of the previllous stage (1944)\|1944 Trophoblast at previllous stage]]		Historic Embryology: [[Paper - The Trophoblast - A Rejoinder (1904)\|1904 Hubrecht]] \| [[Paper - On the implantation of the human ovum and the early development of the trophoblast (1925)\|1925 Trophoblast at Implantation]] \| [[Paper - Human ovum fifteen days old with reference to the vascular arrangements and morphology of the trophoblast (1932)\|1932 Trophoblast Morphology]] \| [[Paper - On the development of the early human ovum, with special reference to the trophoblast of the previllous stage (1944)\|1944 Trophoblast at previllous stage]]
	<br>		<br>
	{{Blastocyst Links}}		{{Blastocyst Links}}

Z8600021 at 12:17, 16 July 2020

2020-07-16T12:17:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:17, 16 July 2020
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	<br>		<br>

	Historic Embryology: [[Paper - The Trophoblast - A Rejoinder (1904)\|1904 Hubrecht]] \| [[Paper - On the implantation of the human ovum and the early development of the trophoblast (1925)\|1925 Trophoblast at Implantation] \| [[Paper - Human ovum fifteen days old with reference to the vascular arrangements and morphology of the trophoblast (1932)\|1932 Trophoblast Morphology]]		Historic Embryology: [[Paper - The Trophoblast - A Rejoinder (1904)\|1904 Hubrecht]] \| [[Paper - On the implantation of the human ovum and the early development of the trophoblast (1925)\|1925 Trophoblast at Implantation] \| [[Paper - Human ovum fifteen days old with reference to the vascular arrangements and morphology of the trophoblast (1932)\|1932 Trophoblast Morphology]] \| [[Paper - On the development of the early human ovum, with special reference to the trophoblast of the previllous stage (1944)\|1944 Trophoblast at previllous stage]]
	<br>		<br>
	{{Blastocyst Links}}		{{Blastocyst Links}}

Z8600021 at 12:14, 16 July 2020

2020-07-16T12:14:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:14, 16 July 2020
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	:'''Links:''' {{blastocyst}} \| {{implantation}} \| [[Week 2]] \| [[Week 3]] \| {{placenta}} \| [[Prenatal Diagnosis]] \| [[Trophoblast - Protein Expression]] \| [[Ectopic Implantation Research]]		:'''Links:''' {{blastocyst}} \| {{implantation}} \| [[Week 2]] \| [[Week 3]] \| {{placenta}} \| [[Prenatal Diagnosis]] \| [[Trophoblast - Protein Expression]] \| [[Ectopic Implantation Research]]
			<br>

			Historic Embryology: [[Paper - The Trophoblast - A Rejoinder (1904)\|1904 Hubrecht]] \| [[Paper - On the implantation of the human ovum and the early development of the trophoblast (1925)\|1925 Trophoblast at Implantation] \| [[Paper - Human ovum fifteen days old with reference to the vascular arrangements and morphology of the trophoblast (1932)\|1932 Trophoblast Morphology]]
	<br>		<br>
	{{Blastocyst Links}}		{{Blastocyst Links}}

Z8600021 at 12:05, 16 July 2020

2020-07-16T12:05:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:05, 16 July 2020
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	:'''Links:''' [[Paper_-_The_Trophoblast_-_A_Rejoinder_(1904)\|The Trophoblast - A Rejoinder (1904)]] \| [[Embryology_History_-_Ambrosius_Hubrecht\|Ambrosius Arnold Willem Hubrecht]] \| [[Hubrecht Collection]] \| [[History_-_Embryologists\|Embryologists]] \| [[Embryology History]]		:'''Links:''' [[Paper_-_The_Trophoblast_-_A_Rejoinder_(1904)\|The Trophoblast - A Rejoinder (1904)]] \| [[Embryology_History_-_Ambrosius_Hubrecht\|Ambrosius Arnold Willem Hubrecht]] \| [[Hubrecht Collection]] \| [[History_-_Embryologists\|Embryologists]] \| [[Embryology History]]

	==Rauber's Layer===		==Rauber's Layer==

	Rauber's layer is a thinned-out {{trophoblast}} membrane lying over the embryonic disk in developing carnivores and ungulates. In cattle, prevention of the loss of this polar trophoblast layer leads to ectopic domains of BRACHYURY, a gastrulation marker. The layer is named after August A. Rauber (1841-1917) a German anatomist.		Rauber's layer is a thinned-out {{trophoblast}} membrane lying over the embryonic disk in developing carnivores and ungulates. In cattle, prevention of the loss of this polar trophoblast layer leads to ectopic domains of BRACHYURY, a gastrulation marker. The layer is named after August A. Rauber (1841-1917) a German embryologist and anatomist.

Z8600021 at 12:00, 16 July 2020

2020-07-16T12:00:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:00, 16 July 2020
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	* '''A comparative study of five physiological key parameters between four different human trophoblast'''-derived cell lines{{#pmid:28724925\|PMID28724925}} "Here, we present a comparative study on the functional aspects of the choriocarcinoma cell lines BeWo, JAR and Jeg-3, as well as the first trimester trophoblast cell line ACH-3P as placental in vitro barrier models for endocrine and transport studies. Functional assays including tight junction immunostaining, sodium fluorescein retardation, trans epithelial resistance, glucose transport, hormone secretion as well as size-dependent polystyrene nanoparticle transport were performed using the four cell types to evaluate key functional parameters of each cell line to act a relevant in vitro placental barrier model."		* '''A comparative study of five physiological key parameters between four different human trophoblast'''-derived cell lines{{#pmid:28724925\|PMID28724925}} "Here, we present a comparative study on the functional aspects of the choriocarcinoma cell lines BeWo, JAR and Jeg-3, as well as the first trimester trophoblast cell line ACH-3P as placental in vitro barrier models for endocrine and transport studies. Functional assays including tight junction immunostaining, sodium fluorescein retardation, trans epithelial resistance, glucose transport, hormone secretion as well as size-dependent polystyrene nanoparticle transport were performed using the four cell types to evaluate key functional parameters of each cell line to act a relevant in vitro placental barrier model."

	* '''Human extravillous trophoblasts penetrate decidual veins and lymphatics before remodeling spiral arteries during early pregnancy'''{{#pmid:28081266\|PMID28081266}} "To study the invasion of maternal endometrium between (W) 5.5 - 12 weeks of gestation by EVTs, we combined fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry to determine the presence of (male) EVTs in the vasculature of the maternal decidua. We observed that interstitial mononuclear EVTs directly entered decidual veins and lymphatics from W5.5. This invasion of decidual veins and lymphatics occurred long before endovascular EVTs remodelled decidual spiral arteries."

	\|}		\|}

	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! More recent papers		! More recent papers
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}		\| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg\|90px\|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}


	Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Trophoblast ''Trophoblast''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cytotrophoblast ''Cytotrophoblast''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Syncytiotrophoblast ''Syncytiotrophoblast''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Extravillous+Trophoblast ''Extravillous Trophoblast''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=syncytins ''syncytins'']		Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Trophoblast ''Trophoblast''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cytotrophoblast ''Cytotrophoblast''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Syncytiotrophoblast ''Syncytiotrophoblast''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Extravillous+Trophoblast ''Extravillous Trophoblast''] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=syncytins ''syncytins'']

	\|}		\|}
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	\| {{Older papers}}		\| {{Older papers}}
			* '''Human extravillous trophoblasts penetrate decidual veins and lymphatics before remodeling spiral arteries during early pregnancy'''{{#pmid:28081266\|PMID28081266}} "To study the invasion of maternal endometrium between (W) 5.5 - 12 weeks of gestation by EVTs, we combined fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry to determine the presence of (male) EVTs in the vasculature of the maternal decidua. We observed that interstitial mononuclear EVTs directly entered decidual veins and lymphatics from W5.5. This invasion of decidual veins and lymphatics occurred long before endovascular EVTs remodelled decidual spiral arteries."

	* '''The trophoblast plug during early pregnancy: a deeper insight'''{{#pmid:27510415\|PMID27510415}} "During the first trimester of pregnancy, foetal endovascular trophoblasts invade into maternal spiral arteries, accumulate and form plugs in the lumen of the vessels. These plugs only allow blood plasma to seep through. Hence, during the first trimester of pregnancy, a first flow of fluids through the placental intervillous space is established, resulting in a physiological oxygen gradient between mother and foetus. The trophoblast plugs block spiral arteries until the beginning of the second trimester (11-14 weeks)."		* '''The trophoblast plug during early pregnancy: a deeper insight'''{{#pmid:27510415\|PMID27510415}} "During the first trimester of pregnancy, foetal endovascular trophoblasts invade into maternal spiral arteries, accumulate and form plugs in the lumen of the vessels. These plugs only allow blood plasma to seep through. Hence, during the first trimester of pregnancy, a first flow of fluids through the placental intervillous space is established, resulting in a physiological oxygen gradient between mother and foetus. The trophoblast plugs block spiral arteries until the beginning of the second trimester (11-14 weeks)."

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	:'''Links:''' [[Paper_-_The_Trophoblast_-_A_Rejoinder_(1904)\|The Trophoblast - A Rejoinder (1904)]] \| [[Embryology_History_-_Ambrosius_Hubrecht\|Ambrosius Arnold Willem Hubrecht]] \| [[Hubrecht Collection]] \| [[History_-_Embryologists\|Embryologists]] \| [[Embryology History]]		:'''Links:''' [[Paper_-_The_Trophoblast_-_A_Rejoinder_(1904)\|The Trophoblast - A Rejoinder (1904)]] \| [[Embryology_History_-_Ambrosius_Hubrecht\|Ambrosius Arnold Willem Hubrecht]] \| [[Hubrecht Collection]] \| [[History_-_Embryologists\|Embryologists]] \| [[Embryology History]]

			==Rauber's Layer===

			Rauber's layer is a thinned-out {{trophoblast}} membrane lying over the embryonic disk in developing carnivores and ungulates. In cattle, prevention of the loss of this polar trophoblast layer leads to ectopic domains of BRACHYURY, a gastrulation marker. The layer is named after August A. Rauber (1841-1917) a German anatomist.


			:'''Links:''' [https://www.pnas.org/content/117/28/16409.abstract?etoc PNAS 2020]
	==Abnormalities==		==Abnormalities==
	===Hydatidiform Mole===		===Hydatidiform Mole===

Z8600021 at 23:04, 19 November 2019

2019-11-19T23:04:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:04, 20 November 2019
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			* '''Dynamics of {{trophoblast}} differentiation in peri-{{implantation}}-stage human embryos'''{{#pmid:31636193\|PMID31636193}} "Single-cell RNA sequencing of cells from cultured human blastocysts has enabled us to define the transcriptomic landscape of placental trophoblast (TB) that surrounds the epiblast and associated embryonic tissues during the enigmatic day 8 (D8) to D12 peri-implantation period before the villous placenta forms. We analyzed the transcriptomes of 3 early placental cell types, cytoTB (CTB), syncytioTB (STB), and migratoryTB (MTB), picked manually from cultured embryos dissociated with trypsin and were able to follow sublineages that emerged from proliferating CTB at the periphery of the conceptus. A unique form of CTB with some features of STB was detectable at D8, while mature STB was at its zenith at D10. A form of MTB with a mixed MTB/CTB phenotype arose around D10. By D12, STB generation was in decline, CTB had entered a new phase of proliferation, and mature MTB cells had begun to move from the main body of the conceptus. Notably, the MTB transcriptome at D12 indicated enrichment of transcripts associated with IFN signaling, migration, and invasion and up-regulation of HLA-C, HLA-E, and HLA-G. The STB, which is distinct from the STB of later villous STB, had a phenotype consistent with intense protein export and placental hormone production, as well as migration and invasion. The studies show that TB associated with human embryos is in rapid developmental flux during peri-implantation period when it must invade, signal robustly to the mother to ensure that the pregnancy continues, and make first contact with the maternal immune system."

	* '''Gene expression patterns associated with human placental trophoblast differentiation'''{{#pmid:29329728\|PMID29329728}} "Cell fusion is a hallmark of placental trophoblast cell differentiation and the mature syncytiotrophoblasts play essential roles for fetal-maternal exchange and production of pregnancy-related hormones. Using a well-established in vitro trophoblast differentiation model, we performed a microarray analysis on mRNA expression in trophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cell cultures. Dramatic changes in gene expression patterns were detected during trophoblast differentiation. Real-time PCR analysis confirmed the reliability of the microarray data. As many as 3524 novel and known genes have been found to be up- or down-regulated for >2-fold. A number of cell cycle regulator including CDC6, CDC20, Cyclins B2, L1 and E2, were down-regulated in the syncytiotrophoblast, providing a mechanism for the loss of mitotic activity during trophoblast differentiation."		* '''Gene expression patterns associated with human placental trophoblast differentiation'''{{#pmid:29329728\|PMID29329728}} "Cell fusion is a hallmark of placental trophoblast cell differentiation and the mature syncytiotrophoblasts play essential roles for fetal-maternal exchange and production of pregnancy-related hormones. Using a well-established in vitro trophoblast differentiation model, we performed a microarray analysis on mRNA expression in trophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cell cultures. Dramatic changes in gene expression patterns were detected during trophoblast differentiation. Real-time PCR analysis confirmed the reliability of the microarray data. As many as 3524 novel and known genes have been found to be up- or down-regulated for >2-fold. A number of cell cycle regulator including CDC6, CDC20, Cyclins B2, L1 and E2, were down-regulated in the syncytiotrophoblast, providing a mechanism for the loss of mitotic activity during trophoblast differentiation."