Talk:Lymph Node Development - Revision history

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	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=lymph+node+development&report=imagesdocsum Pubmed Central Images - Lymph Node Development] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=lymph+node&report=imagesdocsum Pubmed Central Images - Lymph Node]		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=lymph+node+development&report=imagesdocsum Pubmed Central Images - Lymph Node Development] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=lymph+node&report=imagesdocsum Pubmed Central Images - Lymph Node]

			==2019==

			Trends Immunol. 2019 Jan;40(1):35-48. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2018.11.004. Epub 2018 Nov 27.
			===Subcapsular Sinus Macrophages: The Seat of Innate and Adaptive Memory in Murine Lymph Nodes===

			{{#pmid:30502023}}

			Moran I1, Grootveld AK2, Nguyen A3, Phan TG4.
			Author information
			Abstract
			Subcapsular sinus (SCS) macrophages are strategically positioned at the lymph-tissue interface in the lymph node to trap and present antigen to B cells. Recent murine data has shown that SCS macrophages also prevent the systemic spread of lymph-borne pathogens and are capable of activating a diverse range of innate effector and adaptive memory cells, including follicular memory T cells and memory B cells (Bmems), that are either pre-positioned or rapidly recruited to the subcapsular niche following infection and inflammation. Furthermore, Bmems are rapidly reactivated to differentiate into plasma cells in subcapsular proliferative foci (SPF). Thus, understanding how SCS macrophages coordinate both innate and adaptive memory responses in the subcapsular niche can provide new opportunities to bolster immunity against pathogens and cancer.
			Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
			PMID: 30502023 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.11.004

	==2018==		==2018==

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	==2018==		==2018==

			===A Fresh View on Lymph Node Organogenesis===
			{{#pmid:30150089}}

			Lymph nodes (LNs) are strategically positioned outposts of the immune system that underpin regional immune surveillance. The current model describing LN formation in mice is based on a two cell-type interaction scheme with lymphoid tissue inducer cells regulating the activation of mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer cells. We highlight here the key role of lymphatic endothelial cells during the initiation of LN formation. The involvement of lymphatic endothelial cells as an additional organizer cell type in LN organogenesis unveils multiple control levels that govern the generation of lymphoid organs. Moreover, the linkage between lymphangiogenic and lymphvasculogenic processes and guidance of the accumulation and activation of lymphoid tissue inducer cells in the embryo suggests that LN formation may be driven on demand by developing organ systems.
			Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
			KEYWORDS:
			development; fibroblastic reticular cells; innate lymphoid cells; lymphatic endothelial cells; lymphoid tissue inducer cells; secondary lymphoid organs; stromal cells



	===Development of the LYVE-1 gene with an acidic-amino-acid-rich (AAAR) domain in evolution is associated with acquisition of lymph nodes and efficient adaptive immunity===		===Development of the LYVE-1 gene with an acidic-amino-acid-rich (AAAR) domain in evolution is associated with acquisition of lymph nodes and efficient adaptive immunity===

Z8600021 at 02:37, 20 December 2018

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	==2018==		==2018==

			===Development of the LYVE-1 gene with an acidic-amino-acid-rich (AAAR) domain in evolution is associated with acquisition of lymph nodes and efficient adaptive immunity===


			J Cell Physiol. 2018 Apr;233(4):2681-2692. doi: 10.1002/jcp.26159. Epub 2017 Oct 4.

			Huang SS1, Li YW2, Wu JL2, Johnson FE3, Huang JS4.

			Abstract
			CRSBP-1 (mammalian LYVE-1) is a membrane glycoprotein highly expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). It has multiple ligands, including hyaluronic acid (HA) and growth factors/cytokines (e.g., PDGF-BB and VEGF-A) containing CRS motifs (clusters of basic amino-acid residues). The ligand binding activities are mediated by Link module and acidic-amino-acid-rich (AAAR) domains, respectively. These CRSBP-1/LYVE-1 ligands have been shown to induce opening of lymphatic intercellular junctions in LEC monolayers and in lymphatic vessels in wild-type mice. We hypothesize that CRSBP-1/LYVE-1 ligands, particularly CRS-containing growth factors/cytokines, are secreted by immune and cancer cells for lymphatic entry during adaptive immune responses and lymphatic metastasis. We have looked into the origin of the Link module and AAAR domain of LYVE-1 in evolution and its association with the development of lymph nodes and efficient adaptive immunity. Lymph nodes represent the only major recent innovation of the adaptive immune systems in evolution particularly to mammals and bird. Here we demonstrate that the development of the LYVE-1 gene with the AAAR domain in evolution is associated with acquisition of lymph nodes and adaptive immunity. LYVE-1 from other species, which have no lymph nodes, lack the AAAR domain and efficient adaptive immunity. Synthetic CRSBP-1 ligands PDGF and VEGF peptides, which contain the CRS motifs of PDGF-BB and VEGF-A, respectively, specifically bind to CRSBP-1 but do not interact with either PDGFβR or VEGFR2. These peptides function as adjuvants by enhancing adaptive immunity of pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine in pigs. These results support the notion that LYVE-1 is involved in adaptive immunity in mammals.

			KEYWORDS:
			LYVE-1 evolution; adaptive immunity; adjuvants; lymph nodes
			PMID: 28833090 PMCID: PMC6123220 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26159

	===Expression of Pref-1 and Related Chemokines during the Development of Rat Mesenteric Lymph Nodes===		===Expression of Pref-1 and Related Chemokines during the Development of Rat Mesenteric Lymph Nodes===

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Talk Page}}
-==10 Most Recent==
+==PubMed==
-{{10 Most Recent}}
+===PubMed Central Images===
-===Lymph Node Embryology===
+CONCLUSION:
-<pubmed limit=5>Lymph Node Embryology</pubmed>
+Adipocyte progenitor cells are involved in the rat MLNs development through differentiation into FRC and FDC. The expression of the relevant chemokines during the development of MLNs is dynamic and may be related to the maintenance of lymph nodes self-balance state.
-===Lymph Node Development===
+Copyright © 2018 The Editorial Board of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. Published by China CDC. All rights reserved.
-==PubMed==
+KEYWORDS:
-===PubMed Central Images===
+Adipocyte progenitor cells; Chemokines; Development; Mesenteric lymph nodes; Rat; Ultrastructure
-[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=lymph+node+development&report=imagesdocsum Pubmed Central Images - Lymph Node Development] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=lymph+node&report=imagesdocsum Pubmed Central Images - Lymph Node]
+KEYWORDS:
 ==2017==

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	PMID 25998961 PMCID: PMC5152733 DOI: 10.1038/nri3846		PMID 25998961 PMCID: PMC5152733 DOI: 10.1038/nri3846

			===Two-photon microscopy for imaging germinal centers and T follicular helper cells===
			Methods Mol Biol. 2015;1291:63-75. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2498-1_6.

			Clatworthy MR1.

			Abstract
			One of the principle features of immune cells is their dynamic nature. Lymphocytes circulate in the blood between secondary lymphoid organs and tissues in an effort to maximize the likelihood of a rapid and appropriate immune response to invading pathogens and tissue damage. Conventional experimental techniques such as histology and flow cytometry have greatly increased our understanding of immune cells, but in the last decade, two-photon microscopy has revolutionized our ability to interrogate the dynamic behavior of immune cells, a facet so critical to their function. Two-photon microscopy relies on the excitation of fluorophores by simultaneous application of two photons of longer wavelength light. This allows a greater depth of imaging with minimal photodamage. Thus, living tissues can be imaged, including immune cells in lymph nodes. This technique has been used to interrogate the events occurring in a germinal center response and the interactions between cells in the germinal center, including T follicular helper cells (Tfh), germinal center B cells, and follicular dendritic cells (FDC). Herein, a method is described by which the interactions between Tfh and B cells within a germinal center in a popliteal lymph node can be imaged in a live mouse.

			PMID 25836302 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2498-1_6

	==2014==		==2014==

Z8600021 at 22:40, 20 February 2017

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	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=lymph+node+development&report=imagesdocsum Pubmed Central Images - Lymph Node Development] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=lymph+node&report=imagesdocsum Pubmed Central Images - Lymph Node]		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=lymph+node+development&report=imagesdocsum Pubmed Central Images - Lymph Node Development] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=lymph+node&report=imagesdocsum Pubmed Central Images - Lymph Node]

			==2017==

			===Lymph Node Stroma Dynamics and Approaches for Their Visualization===
			Trends Immunol. 2017 Feb 14. pii: S1471-4906(17)30019-4. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2017.01.005. [Epub ahead of print]

			Gentek R1, Bajénoff M2.

			Abstract

			Lymphoid stromal cells are best known as the architectural cells of lymphoid organs. For decades, they have been considered as inert elements of the immune system but this view has changed dramatically in recent years, when it was discovered that they are endowed with critical immunoregulatory functions. It is now accepted that without them, the adaptive immune response would be compromised, if not abrogated entirely. Here, we review the function of the major lymphoid stromal cell types; the way they remodel upon inflammation; discuss the available tools to track their behavior; and introduce several methodological approaches that we believe will help improving our knowledge of these pivotal cell types.

			Copyright Â© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

			PMID 28214099 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.01.005

			==2016==

			===Persistence and Adaptation in Immunity: T Cells Balance the Extent and Thoroughness of Search===
			PLoS Comput Biol. 2016 Mar 18;12(3):e1004818. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004818. eCollection 2016.

			Fricke GM1, Letendre KA2, Moses ME1,2,3, Cannon JL4,5.

			Abstract

			Effective search strategies have evolved in many biological systems, including the immune system. T cells are key effectors of the immune response, required for clearance of pathogenic infection. T cell activation requires that T cells encounter antigen-bearing dendritic cells within lymph nodes, thus, T cell search patterns within lymph nodes may be a crucial determinant of how quickly a T cell immune response can be initiated. Previous work suggests that T cell motion in the lymph node is similar to a Brownian random walk, however, no detailed analysis has definitively shown whether T cell movement is consistent with Brownian motion. Here, we provide a precise description of T cell motility in lymph nodes and a computational model that demonstrates how motility impacts T cell search efficiency. We find that both Brownian and Lévy walks fail to capture the complexity of T cell motion. Instead, T cell movement is better described as a correlated random walk with a heavy-tailed distribution of step lengths. Using computer simulations, we identify three distinct factors that contribute to increasing T cell search efficiency: 1) a lognormal distribution of step lengths, 2) motion that is directionally persistent over short time scales, and 3) heterogeneity in movement patterns. Furthermore, we show that T cells move differently in specific frequently visited locations that we call "hotspots" within lymph nodes, suggesting that T cells change their movement in response to the lymph node environment. Our results show that like foraging animals, T cells adapt to environmental cues, suggesting that adaption is a fundamental feature of biological search.

			PMID 26990103 PMCID: PMC4798282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004818

			http://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004818

			==2015==

			===Lymph node fibroblastic reticular cells in health and disease===
			Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jun;15(6):350-61.

			Fletcher AL, Acton SE, Knoblich K.
			Abstract

			Over the past decade, a series of discoveries relating to fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) — immunologically specialized myofibroblasts found in lymphoid tissue — has promoted these cells from benign bystanders to major players in the immune response. In this Review, we focus on recent advances regarding the immunobiology of lymph node-derived FRCs, presenting an updated view of crucial checkpoints during their development and their dynamic control of lymph node expansion and contraction during infection. We highlight the robust effects of FRCs on systemic B cell and T cell responses, and we present an emerging view of FRCs as drivers of pathology following acute and chronic viral infections. Lastly, we review emerging therapeutic advances that harness the immunoregulatory properties of FRCs.

			PMID 25998961 PMCID: PMC5152733 DOI: 10.1038/nri3846


	==2014==		==2014==

Z8600021 at 02:11, 26 February 2015

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	Although the initial event in lymphatic endothelial specification occurs slightly before the initiation of lymph node formation in mice, the development of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes occurs within the same embryonic time frame. Specification of lymphatic endothelial cells starts around embryonic day 10 (E10), followed by endothelial cell budding and formation of the first lymphatic structures. Through lymphatic endothelial cell sprouting these lymph sacs give rise to the lymphatic vasculature which is complete by E15.5 in mice. It is within this time frame that lymph node formation is initiated and the first structure is secured in place. As lymphatic vessels are crucially involved in the functionality of the lymph nodes, the recent insight that both structures depend on common developmental signals for their initiation provides a molecular mechanism for their coordinated formation. Here, we will describe the common developmental signals needed to properly start the formation of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes and their interdependence in adult life.		Although the initial event in lymphatic endothelial specification occurs slightly before the initiation of lymph node formation in mice, the development of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes occurs within the same embryonic time frame. Specification of lymphatic endothelial cells starts around embryonic day 10 (E10), followed by endothelial cell budding and formation of the first lymphatic structures. Through lymphatic endothelial cell sprouting these lymph sacs give rise to the lymphatic vasculature which is complete by E15.5 in mice. It is within this time frame that lymph node formation is initiated and the first structure is secured in place. As lymphatic vessels are crucially involved in the functionality of the lymph nodes, the recent insight that both structures depend on common developmental signals for their initiation provides a molecular mechanism for their coordinated formation. Here, we will describe the common developmental signals needed to properly start the formation of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes and their interdependence in adult life.

	PMID 24276888		PMID 24276888

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	==2014==		==2014==

			===Development of secondary lymphoid organs in relation to lymphatic vasculature===
			Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 2014;214:81-91. doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1646-3_7.

			van de Pavert SA1, Mebius RE.

			Abstract

			Although the initial event in lymphatic endothelial specification occurs slightly before the initiation of lymph node formation in mice, the development of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes occurs within the same embryonic time frame. Specification of lymphatic endothelial cells starts around embryonic day 10 (E10), followed by endothelial cell budding and formation of the first lymphatic structures. Through lymphatic endothelial cell sprouting these lymph sacs give rise to the lymphatic vasculature which is complete by E15.5 in mice. It is within this time frame that lymph node formation is initiated and the first structure is secured in place. As lymphatic vessels are crucially involved in the functionality of the lymph nodes, the recent insight that both structures depend on common developmental signals for their initiation provides a molecular mechanism for their coordinated formation. Here, we will describe the common developmental signals needed to properly start the formation of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes and their interdependence in adult life.
			PMID 24276888

	==2013==		==2013==

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	==2012==		==2012==
			===Lymphoid tissue inducer cells: innate cells critical for CD4+ T cell memory responses?===

			Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012 Jan;1247:1-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06284.x. Epub 2012 Jan 19.

			Lane PJ1, Gaspal FM, McConnell FM, Kim MY, Anderson G, Withers DR.
			Author information

			Abstract
			Lymphoid tissue inducer cells (LTi) are a relatively new arrival on the immunological cellular landscape, having first been characterized properly only 15 years ago. They are members of an emerging family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Elucidation of their function reveals links not only with the ancient innate immune system, but also with adaptive immune responses, in particular the development of lymph nodes and CD4(+) T cell memory immune responses, which on one hand underpin the success of vaccination strategies, and on the other hand drive many human immunologically mediated diseases. This perspective article is not an exhaustive account of the role of LTi in the development of lymphoid tissues, as there have been many excellent reviews published already. Instead, we combine current knowledge of genetic phylogeny and comparative immunology, together with classical mouse genetics, to suggest how LTi might have evolved from a primitive lymphocytic innate cell in the ancestral 500-million-year-old vertebrate immune system into a cell critical for adaptive CD4(+) T cell immune responses in mammals.
			© 2012 New York Academy of Sciences.

			PMID 22260374


	===The origins, function, and regulation of T follicular helper cells===		===The origins, function, and regulation of T follicular helper cells===

Z8600021 at 08:44, 2 March 2014

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	==2009==		==2009==

			===Development of secondary lymphoid organs===
			Annu Rev Immunol. 2008;26:627-50. doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090257.

			Randall TD1, Carragher DM, Rangel-Moreno J.
			Author information

			Abstract

			Secondary lymphoid organs develop during embryogenesis or in the first few weeks after birth according to a highly coordinated series of interactions between newly emerging hematopoietic cells and immature mesenchymal or stromal cells. These interactions are orchestrated by homeostatic chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors that attract hematopoietic cells to sites of future lymphoid organ development and promote their survival and differentiation. In turn, lymphotoxin-expressing hematopoietic cells trigger the differentiation of stromal and endothelial cells that make up the scaffolding of secondary lymphoid organs. Lymphotoxin signaling also maintains the expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines that govern the ultimate structure and function of secondary lymphoid organs. Here we describe the current paradigm of secondary lymphoid organ development and discuss the subtle differences in the timing, molecular interactions, and cell types involved in the development of each secondary lymphoid organ.

			PMID 18370924

	===Lymph sacs are not required for the initiation of lymph node formation===		===Lymph sacs are not required for the initiation of lymph node formation===