Talk:Lecture - Week 3 Development - Revision history

Z8600021 at 22:06, 30 July 2018

2018-07-30T22:06:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:06, 31 July 2018
Line 4:		Line 4:

	J Cell Physiol. 2018 Sep;233(9):7120-7133. doi: 10.1002/jcp.26528. Epub 2018 Mar 25.		J Cell Physiol. 2018 Sep;233(9):7120-7133. doi: 10.1002/jcp.26528. Epub 2018 Mar 25.
	~~High salt-induced excess reactive oxygen species production resulted in heart tube malformation during gastrulation.~~
	Gao LR1,2, Wang G1,2, Zhang J1, Li S1, Chuai M3, Bao Y4, Hocher B1,5, Yang X1,2.		Gao LR1,2, Wang G1,2, Zhang J1, Li S1, Chuai M3, Bao Y4, Hocher B1,5, Yang X1,2.
	Author information		Author information
Line 12:		Line 12:
	cardiac progenitor migration and differentiation; chick embryo; heart tube; high salt; reactive oxygen species		cardiac progenitor migration and differentiation; chick embryo; heart tube; high salt; reactive oxygen species
	PMID: 29574800 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26528		PMID: 29574800 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26528

			Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2017 Oct;48:33-39. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.04.006. Epub 2017 Jun 3.
			Regulation of gastrulation movements by emergent cell and tissue interactions.PMID: 28586710
			Williams ML1, Solnica-Krezel L2.
			Author information
			Abstract
			It is during gastrulation that the primordial germ layers are specified, embryonic axes become morphologically manifest, and the embryonic body plan begins to take shape. As morphogenetic movements push and pull nascent tissues into position within the gastrula, new interactions are established between neighboring cells and tissues. These interactions represent an emergent property within gastrulating embryos, and serve to regulate and promote ensuing morphogenesis that establishes the next set of cell/tissue contacts, and so on. Several recent studies demonstrate the critical roles of such interactions during gastrulation, including those between germ layers, along embryonic axes, and at tissue boundaries. Emergent tissue interactions result from - and result in - morphogen signaling, cell contacts, and mechanical forces within the gastrula. Together, these comprise a dynamic and complex regulatory cascade that drives gastrulation morphogenesis.
			PMID: 28586710 PMCID: PMC5835147 [Available on 2018-10-01] DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.04.006

	==2017==		==2017==

Z8600021 at 00:44, 30 July 2018

2018-07-30T00:44:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:44, 30 July 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
			==2018==
			[[User:Z8600021\|Mark Hill]] ([[User talk:Z8600021\|talk]]) 10:44, 30 July 2018 (AEST) Reformatted referencing.


			J Cell Physiol. 2018 Sep;233(9):7120-7133. doi: 10.1002/jcp.26528. Epub 2018 Mar 25.
			High salt-induced excess reactive oxygen species production resulted in heart tube malformation during gastrulation.
			Gao LR1,2, Wang G1,2, Zhang J1, Li S1, Chuai M3, Bao Y4, Hocher B1,5, Yang X1,2.
			Author information
			Abstract
			An association has been proved between high salt consumption and cardiovascular mortality. In vertebrates, the heart is the first functional organ to be formed. However, it is not clear whether high-salt exposure has an adverse impact on cardiogenesis. Here we report high-salt exposure inhibited basement membrane breakdown by affecting RhoA, thus disturbing the expression of Slug/E-cadherin/N-cadherin/Laminin and interfering with mesoderm formation during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT). Furthermore, the DiI+ cell migration trajectory in vivo and scratch wound assays in vitro indicated that high-salt exposure restricted cell migration of cardiac progenitors, which was caused by the weaker cytoskeleton structure and unaltered corresponding adhesion junctions at HH7. Besides, down-regulation of GATA4/5/6, Nkx2.5, TBX5, and Mef2c and up-regulation of Wnt3a/β-catenin caused aberrant cardiomyocyte differentiation at HH7 and HH10. High-salt exposure also inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Most importantly, our study revealed that excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS)generated by high salt disturbed the expression of cardiac-related genes, detrimentally affecting the above process including EMT, cell migration, differentiation, cell proliferation and apoptosis, which is the major cause of malformation of heart tubes.
			KEYWORDS:
			cardiac progenitor migration and differentiation; chick embryo; heart tube; high salt; reactive oxygen species
			PMID: 29574800 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26528

	==2017==		==2017==

Z8600021 at 23:59, 30 July 2017

2017-07-30T23:59:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:59, 31 July 2017
Line 1:		Line 1:
			==2017==


			==2016==

			[[Media:Lecture_2016_-_Week_3_Development.pdf\|Lecture - Print PDF]]


	==2015==		==2015==
	Link added after Lecture.		Link added after Lecture.

Z8600021 at 04:04, 15 August 2016

2016-08-15T04:04:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:04, 15 August 2016
Line 1:		Line 1:
			==2015==
			Link added after Lecture.
			[[File:ECHO360_icon.gif\|right\|link=https://lectures.unsw.edu.au/ess/portal/section/5157_00900]]

			Links only work with currently enrolled UNSW students.

	[[Media:ANAT2341_Lecture_4_-_2014_Week_3_Development.pdf\|2014 Lecture 4 PDF]]		[[Media:ANAT2341_Lecture_4_-_2014_Week_3_Development.pdf\|2014 Lecture 4 PDF]]

Z8600021 at 04:20, 10 August 2015

2015-08-10T04:20:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:20, 10 August 2015
Line 1:		Line 1:

			[[Media:ANAT2341_Lecture_4_-_2014_Week_3_Development.pdf\|2014 Lecture 4 PDF]]


	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	! ECHO360 Recording		! ECHO360 Recording

Z8600021 at 04:19, 10 August 2015

2015-08-10T04:19:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:19, 10 August 2015
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
			! ECHO360 Recording
			\|-
			\| [[File:ECHO360_icon.gif\|right\|link=https://lectures.unsw.edu.au/ess/portal/section/691ba9a0-7c35-4ad2-8fd0-846db7771557]]
			[[Lecture - Week 3 Development\|Lecture 4]] - [https://lectures.unsw.edu.au/ess/echo/presentation/000e10bf-7019-4b47-be03-2e3f129dcc66 Rich Media Playback] \| [https://lectures.unsw.edu.au/ess/echo/presentation/000e10bf-7019-4b47-be03-2e3f129dcc66/media.m4v Vodcast Playback] \| [https://lectures.unsw.edu.au/ess/echo/presentation/000e10bf-7019-4b47-be03-2e3f129dcc66/media.mp3 Podcast Playback]
			Links only work with currently enrolled UNSW students.

			*[http://lectopia.telt.unsw.edu.au/lectopia/lectopia.lasso?ut=153&id=140218 2012 Lecture 4 - Week 3 Development]

			\|}

	* [[File:ANAT2341_Lecture_3_-_Beverdam_-_Week_3.pdf 2013 Lecture]] Lecture Date: 2012-08-13 Lecture Time: 16:00 Venue: Biomedical Theatre E Speaker: Annemiek Beverdam		* [[File:ANAT2341_Lecture_3_-_Beverdam_-_Week_3.pdf 2013 Lecture]] Lecture Date: 2012-08-13 Lecture Time: 16:00 Venue: Biomedical Theatre E Speaker: Annemiek Beverdam

Z8600021 at 02:16, 11 August 2014

2014-08-11T02:16:23Z

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-=Week 3 Development=
+* [[File:ANAT2341_Lecture_3_-_Beverdam_-_Week_3.pdf 2013 Lecture]] Lecture Date: 2012-08-13  Lecture Time: 16:00 Venue: Biomedical Theatre E Speaker: Annemiek Beverdam
 {|
@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 '''MH -''' Much of our knowledge of this structure comes from the study of animal models of development.
 == References ==
@@ Line 138: / Line 115: @@
 * '''Week 3 Slides''' [[2009 Lecture 4|2009]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Science/ANAT2341lecture04.htm Lecture 4 2008] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/pdf/ANAT2341L3Week1s1.pdf Lecture 4 2008 slides]

Z8600021: /* Week 3 Development */

2012-07-29T22:32:40Z

Week 3 Development

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 =Week 3 Development=
 == Introduction ==
 [[File:Inner_cell_mass_cartoon.jpg|thumb|Inner cell mass]]

S8600021: Created page with "=Week 3 Development= == Introduction == Inner cell mass This lecture will continue from the second week into the third week and discuss..."

2011-07-30T04:23:54Z

Created page with "=Week 3 Development= == Introduction == thumb|Inner cell mass This lecture will continue from the second week into the third week and discuss..."

New page

=Week 3 Development=
== Introduction ==
[[File:Inner_cell_mass_cartoon.jpg|thumb|Inner cell mass]]
This lecture will continue from the second week into the third week and discuss '''early placentation''', '''gastrulation''' and '''notochord formation'''. Note that we will be covering only the early events of placentation and a later lecture will cover this topic in more detail.

{|
| <wikiflv height="220" width="248" autostart="true" repeat="true">Week2_001.flv|File:Week2_001_icon.jpg</wikiflv>
| This animation shows the process of implantation, occurring during week 2 of development in humans.

(More? [[Development Animation - Implantation]])
|}

==Lecture Overview==
* Understand broadly the events of week 2-3 of human development
* Understand the process early [[Placenta Development|placentation]], villi formation
* Understand the process of [[Gastrulation|gastrulation]]
* Understand the process of [[Notochord|axis formation]]

== Early Placentation ==
[[Development Animation - Implantation]]
[[Image:Placenta anchoring villi.jpg|thumb|Early placenta anchoring villi]]
The trophoblast layer has now differentiated into two morphologically distinct cellular layers.

*'''Syncitiotrophoblast'''s - form a multinucleated cytoplasmic mass by cytotrophoblast cell fusion and both invade the decidua and secrete hCG
*'''Cytotrophoblasts''' - form a cellular layer around the blastocyst, proliferates and extends behind syncitiotrophoblasts

Early Utero-Placental exchange - transfer of nutrition from maternal lacunae filled with secretions from uterine glands and maternal blood from blood vessels.
The development of trophoblast villi extending into the uterine decidua.

There are three stages of villi development:
* Primary Villi - cytotrophoblast
* Secondary Villi - cytotrophoblast + extraembryonic mesoderm
* Tertiary Villi - cytotrophoblast + extraembryonic mesoderm+ blood vessels
There are two main types of early villi:
* Anchoring villi - attached to decidua
* Floating villi - not attached to decidua, floating in maternal lacunae.

'''Maternal endometrium'''
* Decidual reaction

== Gastrulation ==
[[Development Animation - Mesoderm]] | [[Gastrulation]]
[[Image:Stage7 features.jpg|thumb|Embryonic Disc showing primitive streak]]
Gastrulation, (Greek = belly) means the formation of gut, but has been used in a more looser sense to to describe the formation of the trilaminar embryo. The epiblast layer, consisting of totipotential cells, derives all 3 embryo layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. The primitive streak is the visible feature which represents the site of cell migration to form the additional layers.

Historically, gastrulation was one of the earliest observable morphological event occurring in the frog embryo. Currently, the molecular and physical mechanisms that regulate patterning and migration during this key event are being investigated in several different animal models. In humans, it is proposed that similar mechanisms regulate gastrulation to those found in other vertebrates.

* '''primitive node''' - region in the middle of the early embryonic disc epiblast from which the primitive streak extends caudally (tail)
** nodal cilia establish the embryo left/right axis
** axial process extends from the nodal epiblast
* '''primitive streak''' - region of cell migration from the epiblast layer forming sequentially the two germ cell layers (endoderm and mesoderm)

===Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition===
{|
| [[File:Chicken-gastrulation2.jpg|400px]]
| [[File:Chicken-gastrulation3.jpg|400px]]
|}

Epithelial cells (organised cellular layer) which loose their organisation and migrate/proliferate as a mesenchymal cells (disorganised cellular layers) are said to have undergone an Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Mesenchymal cells have an embryonic connective tissue-like cellular arrangement, that have undergone this process may at a later time and under specific signaling conditions undergo the opposite process, mesenchyme to epithelia. In development, this process can be repeated several times during tissue differentiation.

This process occurs at the primitive streak where epiblast cells undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition in order to delaminate and migrate.

'''MH -''' there are a number of common cellular changes that occur during embryonic development at different times and in different tissues, which we can classify into "developmental mechanisms".

== Notochord ==
[[Development Animation - Notochord]]
[[Image:Stage7 axial process.jpg|thumb|Stage7 axial process]]
The notochord is a structure which has an early mechanical role in embryonic disc folding and a major signaling role in patterning surrounding embryonic tissue development. This signaling role patterns many different tissues (neural plate, neural tube, somites, endodermal organs). It has its own sequence of development from a primitive axial process and is a developmental feature not present in the adult anatomy.
* '''axial process''' an initial epiblast hollow epithelial tube which extends in the midline from the primitive pit, cranially in the embryonic disc (toward the oral membrane).
** '''neuroenteric canal''' is a transient communication between the amnionic cavity and the yolk sac cavity formed by the axial process.
* '''notochordal plate''' forms from the axial process merging with the endoderm layer.
* '''notochord''' forms from the notochordal plate which then separates back into the mesoderm layer as a solid column of cells lying in the midline of the embryonic disc and running rostro-caudally (head to tail).
** An alternate name for the notochord is "axial mesoderm".

'''MH -''' Much of our knowledge of this structure comes from the study of animal models of development.

==Movies==

{| border='0px'

|-
| [[File:Week2_001 icon.jpg|90px|link=Development_Animation_-_Implantation]]
| [[File:Mesoderm 001 icon.jpg|90px|link=Development_Animation_-_Mesoderm]]
| [[File:Notochord 01 icon.jpg|90px|link=Development_Animation_-_Notochord]]
| [[File:Notochord 02 icon.jpg|90px|link=Development_Animation_-_Notochord]]
| [[File:Chorion 001 icon.jpg|90px|link=Development Animation - Chorionic Cavity]]
| [[File:Amnion 001 icon.jpg|90px|link=Development Animation - Amniotic Cavity]]
| [[File:Week3_folding icon.jpg|90px|link=Development Animation - Week 3]]
|-
| [[Development_Animation_-_Implantation|Implantation]]
| [[Development_Animation_-_Mesoderm|Mesoderm]]
| [[Development_Animation_-_Notochord|Notochord]]
| [[Development_Animation_-_Notochord|Notochord]]
| [[Development Animation - Chorionic Cavity|Chorionic Cavity]]
| [[Development Animation - Amniotic Cavity|Amniotic Cavity]]
| [[Development_Animation_-_Week 3|Week 3]]
|-
|}

== References ==
===Textbooks===
* '''The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology''' (8th Edition) by Keith L. Moore and T.V.N Persaud - Chapter 3
* '''Larsen’s Human Embryology''' by GC. Schoenwolf, SB. Bleyl, PR. Brauer and PH. Francis-West - Chapter 3

===Online Textbooks===
* '''Developmental Biology''' by Gilbert, Scott F. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=dbio.figgrp.2615 Figure 11.22. The cleavage of a single mouse embryo in vitro] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=dbio.figgrp.2618 Figure 11.25. Mouse blastocyst hatching from the zona pellucida] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=implantation&rid=dbio.figgrp.2612 Figure 11.20. Development of a human embryo from fertilization to implantation] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=blastocyst&rid=dbio.figgrp.2617 Figure 11.24. Implantation of the mammalian blastocyst into the uterus]
* '''Molecular Biology of the Cell''' 4th ed. Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter New York and London: Garland Science; c2002 - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=mboc4.section.3738 Fertilization] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=mboc4.figgrp.3955 Figure 21-84. Scanning electron micrographs of the early mouse embryo] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=mboc4.figgrp.3927 Figure 21-69. The blastula]
* '''Molecular Cell Biology''' by Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James E. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c1999 Chapter 13. Regulation of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
* '''The Cell - A Molecular Approach''' by Cooper, Geoffrey M. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=cooper.figgrp.2492 Figure 14.37. Meiosis of vertebrate oocytes]
* '''HSTAT''' - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=hstat6.section.1395#1396 In Vitro Fertilization As A Medical Treatment For Male or Female Infertility]
* '''Human Molecular Genetics 2''' Strachan, Tom and Read, Andrew P. New York and London: Garland Science; c1999 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=morula&rid=hmg.figgrp.928 Figure 8.19. Changes in DNA methylation during mammalian development]

===Search ===

* '''Bookshelf''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=placentation placentation] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=placenta placenta] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=implantation implantation] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=gastrulation gastrulation] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=notochord notochord]

* '''Pubmed''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=placentation placentation] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=placenta placenta] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=implantation implantation] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=gastrulation gastrulation] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=notochord notochord]

==Archive Links==

* '''Week 3 Slides''' [[2009 Lecture 4|2009]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Science/ANAT2341lecture04.htm Lecture 4 2008] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/pdf/ANAT2341L3Week1s1.pdf Lecture 4 2008 slides]
* '''Week 3 Movies''' [[Development Animation - Notochord]] | [[Development Animation - Implantation]] | [[Development_Animation_-_Mesoderm|Movie - Gastrulation]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Movies/week2/chorcav.mov Chorionic cavity] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Movies/week2/exoves.mov Extracoelomic cavity] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Movies/week3/week3NodeCilia.htm Nodal Cilia Movement]
* '''Week 3 Notes''' [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week3.htm Week 3] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week3_3.htm Gastrulation] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week3_4.htm Trilaminar Embryo] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week3_5.htm Neural Tube Formation] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week3_6.htm Early Somite Formation] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/mechanism.htm Developmental Mechanisms] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/mechanism1.htm Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/MolDev/MolDev.htm Molecular Development] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week3_2.htm Abnormalities] |