Talk:Book - Principles of Embryology (1956) - Revision history

Z8600021: /* CHAPTER VII THE ASCIDIANS AND AMPHIOXUS */

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CHAPTER VII THE ASCIDIANS AND AMPHIOXUS

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	(After Reverberi 1948.)		(After Reverberi 1948.)
	CHAPTER VIII		==CHAPTER VIII THE INSECTS==
	THE INSECTS

	THE GREAT group of insects contains an enormous range of different forms,		THE GREAT group of insects contains an enormous range of different forms,
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	For pupation hormones, Williams 1951, Wigglesworth 1954, Scidel 1952a.		For pupation hormones, Williams 1951, Wigglesworth 1954, Scidel 1952a.
	CHAPTER IX		==CHAPTER IX THE VERTEBRATES: THE AMPHIBIA AND BIRDS==
	THE VERTEBRATES: THE AMPHIBIA AND BIRDS

	THE GROuP of vertebrates contains a variety of types which are sufliciently		THE GROuP of vertebrates contains a variety of types which are sufliciently
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	on early stages. For the chick, Waddington 19524, Chapter 2, Hamilton 1953, Rudnick		on early stages. For the chick, Waddington 19524, Chapter 2, Hamilton 1953, Rudnick
	1948.		1948.
	CHAPTER X
	THE EPIGENETICS OF THE EMBRYONIC AXIS		==CHAPTER X THE EPIGENETICS OF THE EMBRYONIC AXIS==

	1. Amphibia		1. Amphibia
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	aspects, Brachet 1944, Chapters 9 and 10, Boell 1948. Other valuable discussions, Brachet		aspects, Brachet 1944, Chapters 9 and 10, Boell 1948. Other valuable discussions, Brachet
	1952a, b, Holtfreter 19486, 1951, Toivonen 1950.		1952a, b, Holtfreter 19486, 1951, Toivonen 1950.
	~~CHAPTER XI~~

	EMBRYO FORMATION IN OTHER GROUPS OF		==CHAPTER XI EMBRYO FORMATION IN OTHER GROUPS OF VERTEBRATES==
	VERTEBRATES

	UNTIL fairly recently embryology has been in the main a comparative study.		UNTIL fairly recently embryology has been in the main a comparative study.
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	Pasteels 1940, Waddington 1952b or 1952a, pp. 39-50. For teleosts, Oppenheimer 1947;		Pasteels 1940, Waddington 1952b or 1952a, pp. 39-50. For teleosts, Oppenheimer 1947;
	for mammals Gluecksohn-Schoenheimer 1949, Dalcq 19514.		for mammals Gluecksohn-Schoenheimer 1949, Dalcq 19514.
	CHAPTER XII
	ORGAN DEVELOPMENT IN VERTEBRATES		==CHAPTER XII ORGAN DEVELOPMENT IN VERTEBRATES==

	ir is clearly impossible, in a book of this size, to do more than sketch in		ir is clearly impossible, in a book of this size, to do more than sketch in
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	1954.		1954.
	~~CHAPTER XIII~~

	GROWTH		==CHAPTER XIII GROWTH==

	1. Overall growth		1. Overall growth
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	SUGGESTED READING		SUGGESTED READING
	_ Medawar 1945, Reeve and Huxley 1945, Weiss 19494, Zuckerman 1950.		_ Medawar 1945, Reeve and Huxley 1945, Weiss 19494, Zuckerman 1950.
	CHAPTER XIV
	REGENERATION		==CHAPTER XIV REGENERATION==

	THE WoRD ‘regeneration’ is used to refer to the processes by which an		THE WoRD ‘regeneration’ is used to refer to the processes by which an
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	last chapter deals with the other aspect of development, the moulding of		last chapter deals with the other aspect of development, the moulding of
	tissues into organs of definite shape and form.		tissues into organs of definite shape and form.
	CHAPTER XV
	THE ROLE OF GENES IN THE EPIGENETIC SYSTEM		==CHAPTER XV THE ROLE OF GENES IN THE EPIGENETIC SYSTEM==

	THE SCIENCE of genetics has clearly shown that when an animal differs from		THE SCIENCE of genetics has clearly shown that when an animal differs from
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	Beadle 1945, Ephrussi 1942, Goldschmidt 1938, pp. 3-98, Hadorn 19484, 1950,		Beadle 1945, Ephrussi 1942, Goldschmidt 1938, pp. 3-98, Hadorn 19484, 1950,
	Griineberg 1948, Waddington 1940b, 19484, Weiss 1947, 1950b, Wright 1941 or 1942.		Griineberg 1948, Waddington 1940b, 19484, Weiss 1947, 1950b, Wright 1941 or 1942.
	~~CHAPTER XVI~~

	THE ACTIVATION OF GENES BY THE CYTOPLASM		==CHAPTER XVI THE ACTIVATION OF GENES BY THE CYTOPLASM==

	ir HAS frequently been argued that genes control only the later-developed		ir HAS frequently been argued that genes control only the later-developed
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	Baltzer 19526, Beale 1954, pp. 77-123, 148-163, Beerman 1952, King and Briggs		Baltzer 19526, Beale 1954, pp. 77-123, 148-163, Beerman 1952, King and Briggs
	1953, Mather 19484.		1953, Mather 19484.
	CHAPTER XVII
	THE SYNTHESIS OF NEW SUBSTANCES		==CHAPTER XVII THE SYNTHESIS OF NEW SUBSTANCES==

	IN CONSIDERING separately the influence of the cytoplasm on the genes, by		IN CONSIDERING separately the influence of the cytoplasm on the genes, by
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	Brachet 1952a, b, Haldane 1954, Chapter 2, Goldschmidt 1951, Muller 1947, Pontecorvo 19524, b, Spiegelman 1948, Schultz 1952, Wright 1945.		Brachet 1952a, b, Haldane 1954, Chapter 2, Goldschmidt 1951, Muller 1947, Pontecorvo 19524, b, Spiegelman 1948, Schultz 1952, Wright 1945.
	CHAPTER XVIII
	PLASMAGENES		==CHAPTER XVIII PLASMAGENES==

	IN RECENT years a considerable body of evidence has accumulated for the		IN RECENT years a considerable body of evidence has accumulated for the
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	Darlington 1944, Ephrussi 1953, Haldane 1954, Chapter 7, Medawar 1947, Monod		Darlington 1944, Ephrussi 1953, Haldane 1954, Chapter 7, Medawar 1947, Monod
	1947, Sonneborn 19514 or b, Weisz 1951.		1947, Sonneborn 19514 or b, Weisz 1951.
	CHAPTER XIX
	THE DIFFERENTIATING SYSTEM		==CHAPTER XIX THE DIFFERENTIATING SYSTEM==

	IT IS now time to try to formulate a general theory of differentiation based		IT IS now time to try to formulate a general theory of differentiation based
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	Horowitz 1951, Lehmann 1950, Schultz 1952.		Horowitz 1951, Lehmann 1950, Schultz 1952.
	~~CHAPTER XX~~

	INDIVIDUATION—THE FORMATION OF PATTERN AND
	SHAPE		==CHAPTER XX INDIVIDUATION—THE FORMATION OF PATTERN AND SHAPE==

	DIFFERENTIATION does not consist merely in the production of new		DIFFERENTIATION does not consist merely in the production of new

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	For the relations between embryology and phylogeny, de Beer (1951).		For the relations between embryology and phylogeny, de Beer (1951).

	==CHAPTER II THE GAMETES==		==CHAPTER II THE GAMETES==

Z8600021: /* CHAPTER I THE SCIENCE OF EMBRYOLOGY */

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CHAPTER I THE SCIENCE OF EMBRYOLOGY

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	For the relations between embryology and phylogeny, de Beer (1951).		For the relations between embryology and phylogeny, de Beer (1951).
	CHAPTER II		==CHAPTER II THE GAMETES==
	THE GAMETES

	DEVELOPMENT in sexually reproducing organisms is usually considered to		DEVELOPMENT in sexually reproducing organisms is usually considered to
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	spiral, round a central core. (After Selman and Waddington 1952.)		spiral, round a central core. (After Selman and Waddington 1952.)



	3
	4

	SUGGESTED READING		SUGGESTED READING
	Rothschild 1951.		Rothschild 1951.
	CHAPTER III		==CHAPTER III FERTILISATION==
	FERTILISATION

	THE Moment of fertilisation is the conventional point of origin from which		THE Moment of fertilisation is the conventional point of origin from which
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	Tyler 1941, 1948, Rothschild and Swann 1949, Runnstrém 1952a.		Tyler 1941, 1948, Rothschild and Swann 1949, Runnstrém 1952a.
	CHAPTER IV		==CHAPTER IV CLEAVAGE==
	CLEAVAGE

	1. General features		1. General features
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	Fankhauser 1948, Mitchison 1952, Swann 1952, Lehmann 1946.		Fankhauser 1948, Mitchison 1952, Swann 1952, Lehmann 1946.
	CHAPTER V
	ECHINODERMS		==CHAPTER V ECHINODERMS==

	1. Normal development		1. Normal development
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	Hérstadius 1939, 1949, Gustafson and Lenique 1952 or Gustafson 1953, 1954, Hultin		Hérstadius 1939, 1949, Gustafson and Lenique 1952 or Gustafson 1953, 1954, Hultin
	1953).		1953).
	CHAPTER VI
	SPIRALLY CLEAVING EGGS		==CHAPTER VI SPIRALLY CLEAVING EGGS==

	THE SPIRAL type of cleavage is sufficiently definite to allow one to recognise the existence of a common pattern in several groups of animals which		THE SPIRAL type of cleavage is sufficiently definite to allow one to recognise the existence of a common pattern in several groups of animals which
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	Hérstadius 1937, Raven 1948, Lehmann 19484, Costello 1948.		Hérstadius 1937, Raven 1948, Lehmann 19484, Costello 1948.
	CHAPTER VII		==CHAPTER VII THE ASCIDIANS AND AMPHIOXUS==
	THE ASCIDIANS AND AMPHIOXUS

	THE ASCIDIANS stand midway between the invertebrate and vertebrate		THE ASCIDIANS stand midway between the invertebrate and vertebrate

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	~~Bee~~

	~~¢ €0??900 TOED O~~

	~~AACA AR~~

	~~___!OHM/18~~
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	PRINCIPLES OF EMBRYOLOGY		PRINCIPLES OF EMBRYOLOGY
	SURO aer eee		SURO aer eee
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	~~CONTENTS~~		==Contents==

	PART ONE		PART ONE
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	DEVELOPMENT		DEVELOPMENT

	CHAPTER I		==CHAPTER I THE SCIENCE OF EMBRYOLOGY==
	THE SCIENCE OF EMBRYOLOGY

	1. The place of embryology among the biological sciences		1. The place of embryology among the biological sciences

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IN WRITING this book I have had three aims in mind. I have tried to expound a picture of embryology, which has been formed during a quarter
of a century’s work, and to do so in a form sufficiently factual and systematic to be useful as a textbook for students specialising in that subject,
or in the allied fields of genetics or experimental zoology. At the same time,
I have attempted to meet the needs of research workers in other branches
of biology who wish to find out what is going on in the study of development at the present time.

Embryology grew up as a branch of comparative anatomy; and when
the science is referred to without qualification, even to-day most biologists
probably think first of a descriptive account of developmental changes in
anatomy and histology. But there is, of course, by now a very large body
of data relating to the causal analysis of development. This is often regarded as a separate corpus of knowledge, referred to not as ‘embryology’
but as ‘experimental embryology’. A few decades ago, phylogeny and the
evolutionary aspects of comparative anatomy constituted the core of
animal biology, and it was not unjustified for the descriptive approach to
development to be accorded the title ‘embryology’ tout simple. But now
the situation seems to me to be different. The part of our subject which is
of prime interest as a facet of general biology is that which deals with
causal analysis, and if anyone claims to have studied embryology, this is
the part which we ought to expect him to know about. I have therefore
distributed the weight in this book in a manner quite different to that
usual in textbooks of embryology, with more emphasis on the experimental and less on the descriptive approach. In fact, of the latter I have
provided only the bare minimum which suffices to make the experimental
work comprehensible. This book is, however, not intended to be for most
students their first contact with embryology, but rather to serve the needs
of their later university years; and it is to be expected that most users of
it will have made some preliminary acquaintance with the anatomical
facts, either in practical class work or through one of the many elementary
texts which exist. Perhaps the ideal previous reading would be Barth’s
excellent Embryology, which has the advantage of providing not only a
fuller descriptive account, but also a very stimulating introduction to the
experimental analysis.

In surveying such a wide field as embryology, within a compass that
can be used as a text by students, a considerable amount of selection has
to be exercised. It is natural, and indeed probably desirable, that an author
should devote most attention to those aspects of the subject on which he
has himself worked. I am conscious that I have given more space to the

Vv
V1 PREFACE

amphibia, birds and Drosophila, and less, say, to the echinoderms and the
problems of fertilisation, than some other authors might have done. I
think, however, that it is not merely a bee in my personal bonnet which
has led me to include in the book a considerable discussion of topics which
are conventionally counted as belonging to genetics. Embryology at the
present time is in a betwixt-and-between state. It can no longer be wholly
satisfied to operate in terms of the ‘complex components’ (such as organisers, fields and the like), which were discovered in the first successful
experimental forays. On the other hand it is still too early to hope to
find biochemical approaches which throw a general illumination on the
scene. It is probably useful to try to formulate conceptional schemes in
generalised chemical terms, such as those proposed by Weiss, or that
discussed in Chapter XIX; but these must be recognised as no more than
very abstract guides to possible directions which our thoughts may take,
We have still to work through a region of facts and theories which deal
with cellular constituents; and among this group of entities, which includes
microsomes, mitochondria and such bodies, the genes (and possibly the
plasmagenes) are certainly of crucial importance. It seems probable then
that the most fundamental embryological theories of the immediate future
will be phrased largely in terms of genes or of other bodies of a similar
order of complexity; and in so far as this is true, no adequate discussion
of embryology can be given without devoting a great deal of attention
to the related aspects of genetics.

One of the difficulties in writing a book of this kind is to decide what
references to literature should be provided. Anything approaching a complete bibliography would be too unwieldy. I have attempted two things;
to provide an introduction to modern trends of work by giving a fairly
large number of citations of recent papers whose results are being quoted;
and to strike a balance between giving credit to the first discoverers of
various facts and ideas, and indicating the most up-to-date summaries and
reviews of the different topics. I can only beg the indulgence of any of my
colleagues who may feel that I have cither overlooked their priority or
failed to recognise the soundness of a recent summing-up. In any case, the
bibliographic apparatus of such a book is inevitably a forest in which the
student can only too easily lose himself. I have therefore, at the end of each
chapter, given a very short selection of works which are suggested as valuable further reading, either to bring the student in contact with some of the
original factual material, or to introduce him to some of the stimulating
ideas which run parallel to, or even contradict, those advanced in the text.

Edinburgh, July 1954 C.H.W.
Preface